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PubMed2005

Full genome sequence of peste des petits ruminants virus, a member of the Morbillivirus genus.

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes an acute febrile illness in small ruminant species, mostly sheep and goats. PPRV is a member of the Morbillivirus genus which includes measles, rinderpest (cattle plague), canine distemper, phocine distemper and the morbilliviruses found in whales, porpoises and dolphins. Full length genome sequences for these morbilliviruses are available and reverse genetic rescue systems have been developed for the viruses of terrestrial mammals, with the exception of PPRV. This paper presents the first published full length genome sequence for PPRV. The genome was found to be consistent with the rule-of-six and open reading frames (ORFs) were identified that encoded the eight proteins characteristic of morbilliviruses. At the nucleotide (nt) level, the full length genome of PPRV was most similar to that of rinderpest, the other ruminant morbillivirus. However, at the protein level five of the six structural proteins and the V protein showed a greater similarity to the dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) while only the C and L proteins showed a high relationship to rinderpest.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, febrile viral disease of small ruminants, caused by a virus of the genus Morbillivirus. PPR and rinderpest viruses are antigenically related and need to be differentiated serologically. In the present study, 23 mouse monoclonal antibodies were produced by polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-mediated fusion of sensitized lymphocytes and myeloma cells. Among these, two belong to the IgM class and the remaining 21 to various subclasses of IgG. The MAbs from the IgG class designated 4B6 and 4B11 neutralized PPR virus in vitro. In radioimmunoprecipitation assay, 10 MAbs recognized nucleoprotein, 4 recognized the matrix protein and one each haemagglutinin and phosphoprotein. The remaining 7 MAbs failed to precipitate any defined viral protein. The reactivity pattern of the monoclonal antibodies in indirect ELISA indicated a close antigenic relationship within three Indian PPR (lineage 4) virus isolates and also within two rinderpest vaccine strains. All PPR virus isolates could be distinguished from rinderpest vaccine viruses on the basis of the reactivity pattern of all MAbs and anti-N protein MAbs. A set of six monoclonal antibodies specific to PPR virus could also be identified from the panel. From the panel of MAbs available, two MAbs were selected for diagnostic applications, one each for the detection of antigens and antibodies to PPR virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Monoclonal antibody-based blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for specific detection and titration of peste-des-petits-ruminants virus antibody in caprine and ovine sera.

A blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (B-ELISA), using two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), was established and compared with the virus neutralization test (VNT) for detecting specific peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) antibody in caprine and ovine sera. This technique was developed because VNT, the only available specific serological test for PPRV and the cross-reactive rinderpest virus (RPV), is time-consuming and unaffordable for most laboratories in regions where both peste des petits ruminants and rinderpest occur. The test depends on the blocking of the binding of the MAb to a specific epitope in the presence of positive serum. Test conditions were optimized by using peste-des-petits-ruminants and rinderpest sera that were known to be VNT positive and negative. A blocking format, in which serum is preincubated with a solid-phase PPRV antigen and then incubated with the MAb, yielded levels of sensitivity and specificity superior to those of a competitive format, in which the two reagents are added simultaneously. A threshold value of 45% inhibition, representing the mean for a negative population (n = 277) plus 2.7 standard deviations, was adopted for routine screening. A total of 605 serum samples were screened by B-ELISA and the VNT. The sensitivity and specificity of B-ELISA relative to the VNT were 90.4 and 98.9%, respectively. Of 264 field serum samples tested, 11 (4.2%) could not be assayed by the VNT because of contamination or cytotoxicity; the overall agreement quotient between results of the two tests (n = 253) was 0.91. A high correlation (r>/=0.98) was observed between B-ELISA and the VNT for endpoint titration of sera (n=57). Because B-ELISA proved to be nearlyas sensitive and specific as the VNT while being simpler and more rapid, it would be an adequate substitute for the VNT for assessing herd immune status and for epidemiologic surveillance.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Etiology of the stomatitis pneumoenteritis complex in Nigerian dwarf goats.

The causative agent of stomatitis pneumoenteritis complex was isolated in domesticated goats and Vero cell culture. It was identified immunologically and morphologically as identical with the "Peste des Petits Ruminants" virus. There were cross reactions between stomatitis pneumoenteritis complex virus isolate and rinderpest virus by immunodiffusion and complement fixation tests but no cross neutralization. Goats recovered from stomatitis pneumoenteritis complex were protected against a challenge with rinderpest virus that was lethal to control goats. Ultrastructural morphology revealed intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions made up of random arrays of fibrillar strands. Pleomorphic particles budded from the plasma membrane of infected cells and enveloped virions were seen extracellularly. Specific ferritin tagging was demonstrated in the stomatitis pneumoenteritis complex virus infected cells treated with homologous and peste des petits ruminants viral antibody systems but little, if any, tagging in the heterologous rinderpest system.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Experience with veterinary vaccines in warm climates.

After a short description of the African laboratories manufacturing veterinary vaccines, the authors explain the main constraints for the use, in the field, of veterinary vaccines in warm climates. The need to respect the cold chain from the supplier of vaccines to the recipient animal is emphasised. In the Ivory Coast, during national vaccination campaigns, it has been proved that the quality of the rinderpest and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia vaccines is satisfactory when there is no disruption in the cold transport services. The data of this survey are exposed. In the framework of a project entitled "Thermostable rinderpest Vaccine, Transfer of Technology", a thermostable vaccine has been developed. It is manufactured in different African laboratories and integrated in some Pan African Rinderpest Campaign (PARC) vaccination programmes. On the other hand, the prospects offered by new thermotolerant attenuated vaccines against Newcastle disease are exposed. Finally, the authors present an outlook on the development of thermoresistant veterinary vaccines, such as those produced by genetic engineering, in particular with pox virus vectors.

Africa↗
PubMed2000

Microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) populations throughout Africa.

Genetic diversity in nine African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) populations throughout Africa was analysed with 14 microsatellites to study the effects of rinderpest epidemics and habitat fragmentation during the 20th century. A gradient of declining expected heterozygosity was observed among populations in Save Valley Conservancy (Zimbabwe), and northern and southern Kruger National Park (South Africa). This was explained by a high mortality in northern Kruger National Park during the rinderpest pandemic at the end of the 19th century followed by recolonization from neighbouring populations, resulting in intermediate heterozygosity levels in northern Kruger National Park. In other populations expected heterozygosity was very high, indicating that rinderpest and recent habitat fragmentation had a limited effect on genetic diversity. From expected heterozygosity, estimates of long-term effective population size were derived. Migration rates among populations in eastern and southern Africa were very high, as shown by a weak isolation by distance and significant correlation in allele frequencies between populations. However, there were indications that dry habitats could limit migration. Genetic distances within buffalo in central Africa were relatively large, supporting their status as distinct subspecies. Finally, it was observed that the higher polymorphic microsatellites were less sensitive at detecting isolation by distance and differences in Ne, which may be a result of the high mutation pressure at these loci.

Africa↗
PubMed2005

Rapid competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to peste des petits ruminants virus.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious viral disease of small ruminants that is of economic importance in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. We developed a rapid competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (rapid c-ELISA) for the diagnosis and surveillance of PPR. This assay detects PPR virus (PPRV) antibodies in serum samples by quantifying the amount of monoclonal antibody (MAb) P-3H12 after 30 min of incubation of a serum-MAb conjugate mixture on plates coated with a PPRV recombinant nucleocapsid protein (rPPRV-N). We tested 249 PPRV-positive serum samples and 733 PPRV-negative serum samples from field ruminants. The threshold of percent inhibition (PI) was determined to be <50 on the basis of the mean PI plus 3 standard deviations for sera from PPRV-negative ruminants. The relative specificity and sensitivity of the rapid c-ELISA were 98.5% (722 of 733 serum samples) and 93.4% (234 of 249 serum samples), respectively. The rapid c-ELISA sensitively detected PPRV antibodies in hyperimmune sera (virus neutralization test [VNT] titer, >512), even at dilutions > or = 512 in normal goat serum, and as early as 6 to 13 days postinfection from 12 goats, each of which was infected with one of the four PPRV lineages. Hyperimmune sera from animals experimentally vaccinated with rinderpest virus gave positive results by the rapid c-ELISA when the rinderpest virus VNT titers were >512, although the rapid c-ELISA titers were very low (2 to 16). However, the rapid c-ELISA was negative when the rinderpest virus VNT titer was < or = 128. The rapid c-ELISA developed in the present work provides a short turnaround time and could be a useful tool for the diagnosis of PPR and screening for PPRV in the field.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

An immunohistochemical study of the pneumonia caused by peste des petits ruminants virus.

Ten goats were inoculated with peste des petits ruminants virus, a paramyxovirus closely related to rinderpest virus. All goats developed severe clinical disease, 8/10 having coughing or dyspnea as prominent clinical signs. In addition, all of the goats had stomatitis and diarrhea. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies were done only on the respiratory tracts. Pathologic changes ranged from mild multifocal bronchiolitis and bronchitis to severe bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Lesions were more severe in anteroventral than caudal lobes. The histologic nature of the viral process in the goat lungs had many features in common with the processes of pneumonia in dogs, due to canine distemper, or pneumonia in human beings, due to measles virus. Immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded respiratory tract tissue was performed using an indirect system with rabbit anti-rinderpest virus serum, biotinylated anti-rabbit antibody, streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase, and nitroblue tetrazolium chromogen. Staining was sensitive, highlighting the presence of viral antigen in both lung and trachea of all goats. Viral antigen was found in both cytoplasm and nucleus of tracheal, bronchial, and bronchiolar epithelial cells, type II pneumocytes, syncytial cells, and alveolar macrophages. In general, the amount of staining correlated directly with the severity of the inflammatory process.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Peste des petits ruminants.

The peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is proving to be a disease which has an increasingly significant economic impact on a number of countries in Africa and the Middle East, and possibly also on the Indian sub-continent. The antigenic relationships which exist between the PPR and rinderpest viruses pose problems for diagnosis which complicates rinderpest control and eradication programmes. Progress has recently been made in regard to diagnosis (specific nucleic probes and monoclonal antibodies), as well as control (homologous vaccine). International legislation remains to be established and epidemiological surveys should be conducted in order to determine the exact geographical distribution of the disease.

Africa↗
PubMed1989

The suitability of different microtitre plates for detection of antibody to virus antigens by indirect ELISA.

To optimize enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of virus-specific antibodies, a range of commercially available microtitre plates was evaluated for their ability to bind virus antigen. Rinderpest virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus were investigated as target antigens. Binding capacity for antigen, binding ratios (attachment of specific antibody versus that of non-immune antibody) and the variation in the results of the tests within and between plates were measured. Binding capacity was found to be greater with rinderpest virus (RPV) antigen than with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antigen, although higher binding ratios were obtained with FMDV antigen. Variation within and between plates was generally less with RPV antigen than with FMDV antigen. One plate could not be said to out-perform the other plates in all tests. For our purpose, that is the detection of monoclonal antibody production against a variety of virus antigens, a number of plates were found to be suitable (e.g. Dynatech M129B, Flow 77-172-05 and Nunc 4-39454). The differences in the performances of the microtitre plates with these two virus antigens highlights the need for consideration of the solid phase as part of the standardization procedures for ELISAs.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Improved technique for transient expression and negative strand virus rescue using fowlpox T7 recombinant virus in mammalian cells.

The suitability of recombinant T7 polymerase produced using either the highly attenuated MVA strain of vaccinia (MVA-T7) or fowlpox virus (FP-T7) for transient expression and negative strand virus rescue was compared in two mammalian cell lines (MDBK and Vero) and in primary cells of bovine, ovine and caprine origin. Such primary cells are more permissive for the growth of wild type strains of morbilliviruses, such as Rinderpest virus and Peste des petits ruminants virus. MVA-T7 was found to be highly cytopathic in the primary cells, multiplying rapidly and killing the cells within 3-5 days of infection, even when very low multiplicities of infection (MOI) were used. In contrast, FP-T7, which appeared to express similar amounts of T7 polymerase, was found to be non-cytopathic in a variety of primary and established cell lines of mammalian origin and was suitable for use in virus rescue experiments. MDBK cells and primary cells, unlike Vero cells, could not be efficiently transfected and so were unsuitable for virus rescue. Optimal conditions for rinderpest virus rescue in Vero cells were established using FP-T7 in place of MVA-T7. This system will be suitable for rescuing other viruses which grow in Vero cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease and border disease in Egypt.

In Egypt, bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD) was initially detected as the result of a serological survey of cattle and sheep, using the serum neutralisation test. In 1970, the causal pestivirus was isolated from bovine calves and buffalo calves with pneumonia and enteritis. Mixed viral infections were also prevalent. Cases of immune tolerance were identified. The Egyptian industry had complained of unthrifty cattle and high death rates of bovine calves and buffalo calves. A rinderpest outbreak in 1982 involved some cattle and buffalo which had been vaccinated against the disease, and such animals were positive to the gel diffusion test for BVD-MD pestivirus. Extensive immunosuppression due to BVD MD virus was suspected, because the attenuated cell-culture vaccine against rinderpest, issued in Egypt since 1965, had not been tested for freedom from non-cytopathic BVD-MD virus. Experimental infection of susceptible sheep with BVD-MD virus resulted in symptoms of Border disease. Innocuity of the attenuated C24V bovine pestivirus vaccine for animal tissues and the immune system of calves was confirmed.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Field diagnostic kits: a solution for developing countries?

An exact assessment of the animal health situation in a country is an essential element in formulating eradication and control programmes, and in regulating international trade in animals and animal products from that country. Due to a lack of human and technical resources, Veterinary Services in developing countries often lack precise knowledge on disease occurrence. Since the collection and transmission of reliable information on animal diseases in developing countries are major concerns of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE), a project aimed at improving this situation was implemented with international financial support. This project involved the development by the Centre for the Application of Methodology for the Diagnosis of Animal Diseases (CAMDA) of field kits for the diagnosis of the main diseases present in tropical Africa: rinderpest, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). Several tests already exist, such as complement deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA)-specific probes and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for rinderpest and PPR, DNA probes and PCR for CBPP, capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the agglutination test and the immunobinding peroxidase test for CCPP, etc. With specific reference to these examples, the various problems faced by the OIE and CAMDA are reviewed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Dealing with animal disease emergencies in Africa: prevention and preparedness.

Emergency preparedness planning for animal diseases is a relatively new concept that is only now being applied in Africa. Information can be drawn from numerous recent disease epidemics involving rinderpest, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and Rift Valley fever. These examples clearly demonstrate the shortcomings and value of effective early warning with ensured early reaction in the control of transboundary animal disease events. In concert, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), through the Emergency Prevention-System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases (EMPRES), and Organisation of African Unity/Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources (OAU/IBAR), through the European Commission-funded Pan-African Rinderpest Campaign (PARC), have been actively promoting the concepts and application of emergency preparedness planning and should continue to do so under the proposed successor of PARC, namely: the Pan-African Programme for the Control of Epizootics (PACE). The potential partnership between the normative function of the FAO in developing and promoting emergency preparedness and the implementation of improved national and regional disease surveillance by PACE and other partners could witness the commencement of more progressive control of epidemic diseases in Africa and greater self-reliance by African countries in coping with transboundary animal disease emergencies.

Africa↗
PubMed1999

Disease prevention and preparedness: the Food and Agriculture Organization Emergency Prevention System.

In 1994, the Food and Agriculture Organization undertook to revitalise its activities in the control of transboundary animal disease by establishing a new special programme known as the Emergency Prevention System (EMPRES) against transboundary animal and plant pests and diseases. The emphasis of the EMPRES livestock component is placed on pre-empting outbreaks and losses experienced by agriculture through the enhancement of local capacity to detect and react rapidly to plague events. EMPRES concentrates on the co-ordination of the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme--a time-bound eradication programme--whilst addressing the progressive control of the most serious epidemic diseases within a broad framework of emergency preparedness. Programme activities are discussed in relation to early warning, early reaction, facilitating research and co-ordination. In addition to rinderpest, particular attention has been paid to contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, a re-emerging disease in Africa targeted for strategic attention, and foot and mouth disease, for which co-ordinated regional control in Latin America and South-East Asia has been initiated. Tactical responses to other disease emergencies such as African swine fever, classical swine fever (hog cholera), Rift Valley fever, peste des petits ruminants and lumpy skin disease are described.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1993

Giovanni Maria Lancisi: De bovilla peste and stamping out.

Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1654-1720) was a physician, archiater of the pope, well-known as an anatomist and epidemiologist, who made an important contribution to veterinary medicine of when rinderpest (cattle plague) affected Europe in the XVIIIth century. His times, his life and career and his main contributions to medicine are described. the main features of the great epidemic of rinderpest which started in 1711 are presented. His book De bovilla peste, published in 1715, illustrates the characteristics of cattle plague and, above all, the control measures is discussed. Of the control measures, the most relevant were the introduction of stamping out, with special instructions for the killing and burial of affected animals, the prohibition of animal movements, the adoption of special hygienic and political measures. The relationships between cattle plague and poverty and famine are described, together with the actions taken to deal with them. Lancisi points out the relationship between politics and history on the one hand and cattle plague on the other. He may be considered the modern co-inventor (along with Bates) of stamping out.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1992

[Quality control of the vaccines and cold chain during the national vaccination campaigns].

During the two vaccination campaigns against rinderpest and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in 1989 and 1990, 507 vaccine samples were collected for quality control at each step of the distribution chain from the Veterinary Pharmacy of Abidjan to the vaccinator on the field. Parallel to that, the quality of the cold chain was checked. A total of 463 titrations were performed. All the titration levels were above the OIE/FAO standards, i.e. 10(2.5) DICT50/ml for rinderpest Valence and 10(7) viable germs/ml for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia Valence.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Application of Corynebacterium cutis lysate as an immune stimulant in cattle.

An ultrasonicated lysate of Corynebacterium cutis (Ultracorn, Virbac, France) was administered to 10-day-old calves, 5-month-old calves, and pregnant dams kept under Egyptian environmental conditions. Ninety-five calves and 50 dams were used in the study. All animals were treated with 2 ml/100 kg body weight of killed C cutis. Its effects on body weight gain and on calf mortality and morbidity were recorded. The results obtained showed that treated calves had greater weight gains, reduced susceptibility to common viral pathogens, and lower mortality. When given simultaneously with rinderpest vaccine, an immunopotentiating or adjuvant effect was seen. Thus, treated calves had higher neutralizing antibody titers to rinderpest as compared with untreated calves. When administered to pregnant cows in the last month of pregnancy, the offspring of these animals had higher birth weight, better weight gain, and reduced morbidity.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗