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PubMed2000

[Comparison of various diagnostic kits and antigens for the detection of chlamydial antibodies in the serum of patients with respiratory diseases] .

Examination of sera of patients with respiratory diseases did not reveal any substantial difference in detection of chlamydial antibodies by ELISA using two commercial kits (Chlamydia STAT and rRLISA) demonstrating IgG antibodies and two corpuscular antigens prepared from Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia pneumoniae in the Institute of Virology, SAS, in Bratislava detecting whole serum antibodies. However, higher sensitivity of rELISA diagnostic kit was found when analyzing immunoglobulin classes, namely in case of IgG antibodies. Results of ELISA were in a great majority of cases, confirmed by examination of sera by microimmunofluorescence test, corpuscular antigens from the Institute of Virology being somewhat more sensitive than the commercial Micro-IF test kit. (Tab. 4, Ref. 23.)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Viral respiratory disease at Lowry Air Force Base in Denver, 1952-1982.

Surveillance of febrile respiratory diseases at Lowry Air Force Base, Denver, has been maintained from 1952 to 1982 with laboratory confirmation of diagnosis. Unvaccinated recruit populations were extremely vulnerable to explosive outbreaks of influenza A. Ten controlled trials demonstrated the protective efficacy of inactivated vaccines. Recent military vaccines have raised the hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody levels of most persons into the "protective" range. Despite repeated introduction of influenza viruses onto the base, when all personnel were vaccinated the impact of influenza was reduced to an insignificant level except in one year of antigenic shift (1968) and one of major antigenic drift (1972). Adenovirus disease has been virtually eliminated since live oral types 4 and 7 vaccines have been given to incoming recruits. Rubella and rubeola have disappeared since seronegative recruits have received vaccine. Overall rates of febrile respiratory diseases have been greatly reduced.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1995

Omega-3 fatty acids in respiratory diseases: a review.

The health benefits of dietary omega-3 fatty acids have been investigated in a variety of conditions but there have been few studies of their effects in human respiratory diseases. Although many of the physiological changes associated with omega-3 polyunsaturate ingestion have been attributed to alterations in endogenous eicosanoid production, effects on blood rheology, host-microbial interactions and lung surfactant production have also been described. In reviewing the literature, there is little evidence that these polyunsaturates have beneficial effects in allergic disorders, but they may have potential as modulators of respiratory diseases involving chronic inflammatory and infectious processes or impaired pulmonary blood flow. Further work on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids in several chronic pulmonary syndromes, for which there are currently no effective therapies, appears to be warranted.

Asthma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Relation between blood eosinophilia and allergic respiratory disease in 2 different school-age populations].

Two groups of children from 6 to 14 years old have been compared to explain correlation between haematic eosinophils and allergic respiratory diseases related with the environment where they live. First group was formed by 350 pupils of Sesto S. Giovanni, and industrialized town, the second group by 345 pupils of Cogliate, a country place. The screening was been preceded by a set of questions self-managed and it consisted in the determinations percentage of peripheral blood eosinophils. Patients whose eosinophils were more than 4% have been considered eosinophilia carrier. The results have been elaborated with statistical method "chi square". Results proved the greatest prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases in urban population with a greater eosinophilia spreading (33% in comparison with 26%; p less than 0.05). Eosinophilia appeared connected with recurrent rhinitis (p less than 0.001) relapsing bronchitis (p less than 0.001) relapsing bronchitis (p less than 0.001) asthmatic bronchitis (p less than 0.001) positive results of skin tests to 4 allergens (p less than 0.001) and in rural district also with male sex (p less than 0.05). In industrialized areas, in special way there is a closed relation between respiratory diseases and peripheral blood eosinophils increased. Eosinophilia will be find in relapsing respiratory pathology and it will apply to allergology controls. It could represent an unfavourable element of prognosis foresee the possibility that episodic bronchus-spasms will be frequent in patients with asthmatic syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Effect of a complex system of controlling influenza on a citywide scale on the etiological structure of acute respiratory diseases].

Materials on the etiological structure of acute respiratory diseases (ARD) and the spread of respiratory virus infection among the population of the city under the conditions of mass vaccinal prophylaxis and chemoprophylaxis are presented. These materials indicate that the proportion of influenza A virus in the etiological structure of ARD decreased by half as the result of introducing the complex system of influenza control in the city. The proportion of other causative agents of ARD before and after introducing the complex system of influenza control irregularly varied among different age groups of the population without statistical significance. The indices characterizing the spread of influenza A virus infection among the population of the whole city were found to be significantly decreased during the second period of observation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Effects of air pollution on daily hospital admissions for respiratory disease in London between 1987-88 and 1991-92.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether air pollution levels in London have short term effects on hospital admissions for respiratory disease. DESIGN: Poisson regression analysis of daily counts of hospital admissions, adjusting for effects of trend, seasonal and other cyclical factors, day of the week, holidays, influenza epidemic, temperature, humidity, and autocorrelation. Pollution variables were particulates (black smoke: BS), sulphur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), lagged 0-3 days. SETTING AND PATIENTS: All immediate admissions for respiratory disease (ICD 460-519) to hospitals in London health districts in the five years April 1987 to February 1992 for all ages and the 0-14, 15-64, and 65+ age groups. MAIN RESULTS: O3 (lagged one day) was significantly associated with an increase in daily admissions among all age groups, except the 0-14 group, and this effect was stronger in the "warm" season (April-September). In this season, the relative risks of admission associated with an increase in 8 hour O3 levels of 29 ppb (10th to 90th centile) were 1.0483 (95% CI 1.0246, 1.0726), 1.0294 (0.9930,1.0672), 1.0751 (1.0354,1.1163), and 1.0616 (1.0243,1.1003) for all ages and age groups 0-14, 15-64, and 65+ respectively. Very few significant associations were observed with the other pollutants, though these tended to be positive. Controlling for other pollutants made little difference to the O3 coefficients. There was evidence of a threshold at about 40-60 ppb O3 (maximum hourly or maximum 8 hour). CONCLUSIONS: O3 levels in London have a small but significant effect on hospital admissions for respiratory disease at all ages. The possible role of aerollergen as a confounding factor needs to be examined. Unlike other cities where similar effects have been reported, little or no effect of particulates was observed in London.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

[Respiratory diseases of children in an early age as a cause of absenteeism of the mothers from their working place and economical losses caused herewith (author's transl)].

Acute respiratory diseases of children are the most important factor in all institutions for children before school age. Pediatrics and preventive medicine have here hard to work against many medical social and economic problems. Till now, we did not know exactly, how great is the financial loss and reduction of produced goods, if working woman have as mothers to stay at home to take care for their ill children. Therefore during a whole year (Sept. 1976/Aug. 1977) in the town Thale all children in creeches and other children's institutions before school age were registered. In this period a number of 2 134 days resulted from 120 mothers, obliged to stay at home by an acute respiratory disease of their children. This means a loss of 1 182 102.90 M. For 93 single mothers, 18 065.71 M are to add to this amount payed by insurance. All preventive and therapeutic measures against such respiratory diseases in an early children's age have therefore to be intensified.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1986

Viruses associated with respiratory disease of horses in New Zealand: an update.

Viruses causing or associated with respiratory disease in horses worldwide are reviewed. Results are presented from a serological survey of 121 New Zealand foals and horses that had been affected by respiratory disease, determining the prevalence of antibodies in this country to the major viruses associated with similar disease overseas. To date there is no evidence of equine influenza virus in New Zealand. Both equine herpesvirus type 1 and 2 have been frequently isolated and show high serological prevalences. Serological evidence of equine rhinovirus type 1 and type 2 is presented with a prevalence of 12.3% and 41.2% respectively observed in foal sera, and 37.7% and 84.9% in adult horse sera. Antibody reacting to equine viral arteritis virus antigen was detected in 3/121 test sera. Equine adenovirus has been isolated on occasions and has shown a 39% serological prevalence in one study reviewed. Progress in New Zealand equine virus research is discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

[Virological diagnostics of acute respiratory diseases].

Considering mainly practical aspects, a review of available methods of virological diagnosis of acute respiratory diseases is given. The first part contains the elements of virological diagnostics, especially a description and valuation of rapid detection of virus using fluorescent antibodies, and of haemadsorption technique for rapid diagnosis. Moreover, methods of viral isolation (cell cultures, embryonated eggs), conventional serological tests (CFR, HAIT, NT), and recent, not yet generally applied serological techniques (passive haemagglutination, indirect fluorescent antibody technique, haemadsorption inhibition test, radial immunodiffusion, radial immunohaemolysis, radio immune assay, enzyme linked immune assay) are described and valued as diagnostic tools in viral diseases of respiratory system. The second part deals with the specific diagnostics of infections by influenza, parainfluenza, RS-, adeno-, corona-, and rhinoviruses. Special instructions for the application of available tests and for the interpretation of results are given.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Activity of lymphocyte NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenase and level of hormones in the blood of healthy people and patients with recurrent acute respiratory diseases].

The activity of NAD(P)-dependent lymphocyte dehydrogenases and their correlation with the blood levels of hormones was studied in healthy individuals and patients with frequently recurrent acute respiratory diseases. There were decreases in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate-, malate-, NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenases and direct and reverse reactions catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase. In the blood of the examinees, the content of the hormones was similar to the physiological values; however, a decrease in content of thyroglobulin and somatotropin was found in the patients with acute respiratory disease. A model of multiple linear regression was applied to study the interrelationships between the content of hormones and the activity of the NAD(P)-dependent lymphocyte dehydrogenases. Dissimilar alterations in the activity of these enzymes and in their correlation with the content of hormones as compared with those in healthy persons suggest that decreased rates of immunoreactivity in the patients with acute respiratory disease determined by impairments in immunocompetent cell metabolism and in relationships between the immune and the endocrine systems.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Predictive value of the single-breath nitrogen test for hospitalization due to respiratory disease.

The relationship between indices of the single-breath nitrogen test (SBNT) measured in 1974 and hospitalization in the 9 year period 1977-1986 was examined in a random population sample of 876 men aged 46-69 years. Men who could not perform acceptable SBNT tracings had an increased risk of hospitalization due to respiratory disease in general. When age and smoking habits were controlled for, slope of phase III was significantly related to hospitalization due to respiratory disease in general and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), whereas closing volume and closing capacity were marginally related to hospitalization due to respiratory disease in general but not to hospitalization due to COPD. The relationship between slope of phase III and hospitalization due to COPD remained significant after the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) was controlled for: odds ratio 1.4 per % N2/L (95% confidence interval 1.1-1.7). The effect of the slope of phase III was considered to be clinically insignificant, and we conclude that in a random population sample indices from only 1 SBNT do not provide prognostic information concerning hospitalization in addition to that provided by FEV1.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

International Primary Care Respiratory Group (IPCRG) Guidelines: diagnosis of respiratory diseases in primary care.

This Diagnosis paper constitutes the second of the IPCRG Guideline papers on the management of chronic respiratory diseases in primary care. Primary care health professionals are usually the first point of contact for patients who can present a wide range of initial symptoms which may or may not constitute their first presentation of a chronic disease such as asthma, COPD, or rhinitis. This paper is focussed upon the early identification and diagnosis of chronic respiratory diseases in primary care. It uses a symptom-based approach, and includes original questionnaires and diagnostic guides to help the primary care clinician proceed systematically through the diagnostic process.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Influenza and the rates of hospitalization for respiratory disease among infants and young children.

BACKGROUND: Young children may be at increased risk for serious complications from influenzavirus infection. However, in population-based studies it has been difficult to separate the effects of influenzavirus from those of respiratory syncytial virus. Respiratory syncytial virus often circulates with influenzaviruses and is the most frequent cause of hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. We studied the rates of hospitalization for acute respiratory-disease among infants and children during periods when the circulation of influenzaviruses predominated over the circulation of respiratory syncytial virus. METHODS: For each season from October to May during the period from 1992 to 1997, we used local viral surveillance data to define periods in Washington State and northern California when the circulation of influenzaviruses predominated over that of respiratory syncytial virus. We calculated the rates of hospitalization for acute respiratory disease, excess rates attributable to influenzavirus, and incidence-rate ratios for all infants and children younger than 18 years of age who were enrolled in either the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California or the Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. RESULTS: The rates of hospitalization for acute respiratory disease among children who did not have conditions that put them at high risk for complications of influenza (e.g., asthma, cardiovascular diseases, or premature birth) and who were younger than two years of age were 231 per 100,000 person-months at Northern California Kaiser sites (from 1993 to 1997) and 193 per 100,000 person-months at Group Health Cooperative sites (from 1992 to 1997). These rates were approximately 12 times as high as the rates among children without high-risk conditions who were 5 to 17 years of age (19 per 100,000 person-months at Northern California Kaiser sites and 16 per 100,000 person-months at Group Health Cooperative sites) and approached the rates among children with chronic health conditions who were 5 to 17 years of age (386 per 100,000 person-months and 216 per 100,000 person-months, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Infants and young children without chronic or serious medical conditions are at increased risk for hospitalization during influenza seasons. Routine influenza vaccination should be considered in these children.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recommendations for patients with chronic respiratory disease considering air travel: a statement from the Canadian Thoracic Society.

Patients with respiratory disease regularly seek the convenience of commercial airline travel. In addition to the stresses that all patients with chronic disease encounter, these patients are exposed to the affects of acute altitudinal hypoxemia. This in turn has the potential to produce significant symptoms and complications in-flight for patients with chronic respiratory disease. This article reviews the current literature, and seeks to help the practicing physician by providing recommendations on which patients should be assessed preflight, the type of assessment that should be carried out and recommendations for providing advice to these travelling patients.

Aircraft↗
PubMed1993

[IgG subclasses in children with recurrent respiratory diseases].

The authors examined IgG sub-classes, using the ELISA method, in 35 patients with relapsing respiratory diseases and 27 children of a control group aged 3-15 years. In children with relapsing respiratory diseases without deficiency of the main immunoglobulin classes they found a statistically significantly reduced value in sub-class IgG2 (P < or = 0.01). The changes found in other sub-classes were not statistically significant. The authors draw attention to the fact that deficiency in IgG sub-classes should be considered in case of repeated respiratory infections caused by encapsulated microorganisms--H. influenzae, Str. pneumoniae--and also when reduced levels of IgG and IgA are found. However, even normal levels do not rule out deficiency.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of inhaled medications to treat respiratory diseases in dogs and cats.

Noninfectious disorders of the respiratory tract, including laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, and asthma are common problems in dogs and cats. Traditional therapies have often included corticosteroids and bronchodilators given by mouth or injection. Side effects of this form of treatment can be severe and can result in cessation of therapy. Inhaled corticosteroid drugs are not as absorbed into the systemic circulation, do not result in significant side effects, and are now the standard of care for dogs and cats with respiratory diseases that would otherwise be treated with systemic medications.

Administration, Inhalation↗