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PubMed1985

Vestibular response in denatured rape oil intoxication.

During the spring of 1981 a massive intoxication broke out in Spain, which is presently attributed to the ingestion of denatured rape oil, and which has been called 'Toxic Syndrome' (TS). We studied 51 patients affected by the TS one year after the onset of their disease, analyzing their vestibular responses in the caloric test with the help of an analog-digital computer. A significant decrease in the number of nystagmic beats of the affected patients can be observed, while the rest of the parameters studied show similar values to those found simultaneously in 30 normal subjects. It is suggested that these differences are yet another manifestation of the polyneuropathy found in intoxication by denatured rape oil.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Uptake of thallium from artificially and naturally contaminated soils into rape (Brassica napus L.).

An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) method was used for the evaluation of thallium transfer from naturally (pedogeochemically) and artificially contaminated soils into rape. Two sets of three different types of top soils (heavy, medium, and light) were used for pot experiments. The first set was collected from areas with high levels of pedogeochemical thallium (0.3, 1.5, and 3.3 mg kg(-1) DM). The second set of three soils with naturally low content of thallium was artificially contaminated with thallium sulfate to achieve five levels of contamination (0, 0.4, 2, 4, and 6 mg kg(-1) DM Tl). The soil samples and the samples of winter and spring rape (straw, seeds) from both sets were collected and analyzed. Plant and soil samples from fields were collected at 42 selected sites situated in South Bohemia and in Czech-Moravian Highlands where higher pedogeochemical content of thallium was expected. More intensive transport (better availability) of Tl was observed in the case of artificially contaminated soils. The physicochemical form and the total content of Tl in soil were found to be the main factors influencing its uptake by plants. The concentration of Tl in rapeseeds in the field samplings was mostly 45% of its content in the particular soil. Nevertheless the uptake of Tl from soils with naturally high pedogeochemical content can be high enough to seriously endanger food chains. These findings are very important because of the high toxicity of Tl and the absence of threshold limits for Tl in soils, agricultural products, feedstuffs, and foodstuffs in most countries including the Czech Republic.

Brassica napus↗
PubMed2006

N-(2-bromophenyl)-2-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy)benzylamine, a new selective postemergent herbicide for weed control in winter oilseed rape.

N-(2-Bromophenyl)-2-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy)benzylamine is a highly active herbicide, which belongs to a novel class of chemistry. The compound is de novo synthesized in good yield, and the structure is confirmed by (1)H NMR, IR, MS, microanalysis, and X-ray. Its herbicidal activity is assessed under greenhouse conditions. It is effective against many grass weed species, as well as broadleaf weeds, under greenhouse conditions. Field trials indicate that it controls major weeds with a good tolerance on oilseed rape by postemergence application at rates of 15-90 g of active ingredient/ha. This compound possesses low mammalian toxicity and favorable environmental profile. These results suggest that the compound has potential as a new selective postemergent herbicide in winter oilseed rape.

Benzylamines↗
PubMed2000

Chlorophyll breakdown in oilseed rape.

Chlorophyll catabolism accompanying leaf senescence is one of the most spectacular natural phenomena. Despite this fact, the metabolism of chlorophyll has been largely neglegted until recently. Oilseed rape has been used extensively as a model plant for the recent elucidating of structures of chlorophyll catabolites and for investigation of the enzymic reactions of the chlorophyll breakdown pathway. The key reaction which causes loss of green color is catalyzed in a two-step reaction by pheophorbide a oxygenase and red chlorophyll catabolite reductase. In this Minireview, we summarize the actual knowledge about catabolites and enzymes of chlorophyll catabolism in oilseed rape and discuss the significance of this pathway in respect to chlorophyll degradation during Brassica napus seed development.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Pea lectin expressed transgenically in oilseed rape reduces growth rate of pollen beetle larvae.

In several studies plant lectins have shown promise as transgenic resistance factors against various insect pests. We have here shown that pea seed lectin is a potential candidate for use against pollen beetle, a serious pest of Brassica oilseeds. In feeding assays where pollen beetle larvae were fed oilseed rape anthers soaked in a 1% solution of pea lectin there was a reduction in survival of 84% compared to larvae on control treatment and the weight of surviving larvae was reduced by 79%. When a 10% solution of pea lectin was used all larvae were dead after 4 days of testing. To further evaluate the potential use of pea lectin, transgenic plants of oilseed rape (Brassica napus cv. Westar) were produced in which the pea lectin gene under control of the pollen-specific promoter Sta44-4 was introduced. In 11 out of 20 tested plants of the T0-generation there was a significant reduction in larval weight, which ranged up to 46% compared to the control. A small but significant reduction in larval survival rate was also observed. In the T2-generation significant weight reductions, with a maximum of 32%, were obtained in 10 out of 33 comparisons between transgenic plants and their controls. Pea lectin concentrations in anthers of transgenic T2-plants ranged up to 1.5% of total soluble protein. There was a negative correlation between lectin concentration and larval growth. Plants from test groups with significant differences in larval weights had a significantly higher mean pea lectin concentration, 0.64% compared to 0.15% for plants from test groups without effect on larval weight. These results support the conclusion that pea lectin is a promising resistance factor for use in Brassica oilseeds against pollen beetles.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Drought stress affects chloroplast lipid metabolism in rape (Brassica napus) leaves.

Rape (Brassica napus L. var. Bienvenue) is a 16:3 plant which contains predominantly prokaryotic species of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol i.e. sn-1 C18, sn-2 C16 (C18/C16 MGDG). Rape plants were exposed to a restricted water supply for 12 days. Under drought conditions, considerable changes in lipid metabolism were observed. Drought stress provoked a decline in leaf polar lipids, which is mainly due to a decrease in MGDG content. Determination of molecular species in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and MGDG indicated that the prokaryotic molecular species of MGDG (C18/C16) decreased after drought stress while the eukaryotic molecular species (C18/C18) remained stable. Drought stress had different effects on two key enzymes of PC and MGDG synthesis. The in vitro activity of MGDG synthase (EC. 2.4.1.46) was reduced in drought stressed plants whereas cholinephosphotransferase (EC. 2.7.8.2) activity was not affected. Altogether these results suggest that the prokaryotic pathway leading to MGDG synthesis was strongly affected by drought stress while the eukaryotic pathway was not. It was also observed that the molecular species of leaf PC became more saturated in drought stressed plants. This could be due to a specific decrease in oleate desaturase activity.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Progressive introgression between Brassica napus (oilseed rape) and B. rapa.

We have earlier shown extensive introgression between oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and B. rapa in a weedy population using AFLP markers specific for the nuclear genomes. In order to describe the progress of this introgression, we examined 117 offspring from 12 maternal plants from the introgressed population with the same AFLP-markers; AFLP data were supported by chromosome counting. We also analysed the offspring with a species-specific chloroplast marker and finally evaluated the reproductive system in selected maternal plants. Our results indicated a high outcrossing rate of the introgressed maternal plants. It seemed that B. rapa most often functioned as the maternal plant in the introgression process and that the amount of oilseed rape DNA was highly diminished in the offspring compared to their introgressed maternal plants. However, our analysis of plants from the weedy population indicated that introgression can lead to both (1) exchange of chloroplast DNA between species producing B. rapa-like plants with B. napus chloroplasts and (2) incorporation of B. napus C-genome DNA into the B. rapa genome. Therefore, we question whether it can be regarded as containment to position transgenes in the chloroplast or in specific parts of the nuclear genome of B. napus.

Brassica napus↗
PubMed1983

Changes in the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase during rape-seed formation.

During the formation of rape-seeds, lipid accumulated in the cotyledons from 16 days after pollination, rising to a plateau after 28 days. The accumulation of lipid was preceded by a marked rise in acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity, which declined rapidly, correlating with the decline in rate of lipid formation. Incubation of rape-seed extracts with avidin-agarose resulted in a decrease in acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity in the extract. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of polypeptides bound to avidin-agarose showed the presence of a polypeptide of Mr 225 000. The intensity of this band increased during the period of increase of acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity in the seeds.

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase↗
PubMed1994

Solubilization and characterization of diacylglycerol acyltransferase from microspore-derived cultures of oilseed rape.

Particulate fractions prepared from microspore-derived (MD) embryos of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Reston) and an embryogenic MD cell suspension culture of oilseed rape (B. napus L. cv. Jet Neuf) were used as a source of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20) for enzyme characterization and development of a solubilization procedure. DGAT activity in the 1500-100,000 g fraction from MD embryos was stimulated 4-5-fold by 3 to 4 mg of BSA/ml of reaction mixture. DGAT activity from MD embryos was stimulated 2-3-fold by fluoride salts and 1.4-fold by NaCl, whereas iodide salts caused substantial inhibition of enzyme activity. The effect of the various 1:1 electrolytes on enzyme activity appeared to be related more to their differential effects on solution structure rather than ionic strength. DGAT was solubilized from membranes of MD embryos and the cell suspension culture by about 80 and 50% respectively, using 2 M NaCl in 1% (w/v) octanoyl-N-methyl-glucamide (MEGA-8) (pH 8.0 buffer) at a detergent to protein ratio of 2:1. The specific activity of solubilized DGAT was about 2-fold greater than that of the particulate enzyme. The mechanism of solubilization appeared to be related to the lowering of the critical micellar concentration of MEGA-8 in the presence of NaCl. DGAT, solubilized from MD embryos, eluted with an M(r) of about 2 x 10(6) during gel-filtration chromatography on a Superose 6 column equilibrated in buffer containing 0.1% (w/v) MEGA-8. The solubilized enzyme exhibited optimal activity at pH 7. At concentrations above 2 microM acyl-CoA, the specificity of solubilized DGAT for oleoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA was considerably greater than for stearoyl-CoA.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed2002

Fitness of backcross six of hybrids between transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum).

The process of introgression between a transgenic crop modified for better agronomic characters and a wild relative could lead potentially to increased weediness and adaptation to the environment of the wild species. However, the formation of hybrid and hybrid progeny could be associated with functional imbalance and low fitness, which reduces the risk of gene escape and establishment of the wild species in the field. Our work compares the fitness components of parents and different types of backcross in the sixth generation of hybrids between transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus, AACC, 2n = 38) resistant to the herbicide glufosinate and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum, RrRr, 2n = 18). The backcross with oilseed rape cytoplasm (OBC) has a fitness value 100 times lower than that of the backcross with wild radish cytoplasm (RBC). The herbicide-resistant RBC has similar growth to the susceptible RBC, but final male and female fitness values are two times lower. In turn, susceptible RBC exhibit similar fitness to the control wild radishes. The relative fitnesses of the different types are the same whether or not they grow under competitive conditions. The consequence on fitness of the chromosome location of the transgene conferring resistance and the relevance of these results to the impact of gene flow on the environment are discussed.

Brassica napus↗
PubMed2003

Impact of oilseed rape expressing the insecticidal cysteine protease inhibitor oryzacystatin on the beneficial predator Harmonia axyridis (multicoloured Asian ladybeetle).

Insect-resistant transgenic plants have been suggested to have deleterious effects on beneficial predators through transmission of the transgene product by the pest to the predator. To test this hypothesis, effects of oilseed rape expressing the cysteine protease inhibitor oryzacystatin-1 (OC-1) on the predatory ladybird Harmonia axyridis were investigated using diamondback moth Plutella xylostella as the pest species. As expected, oilseed rape expressing OC-1 had no effects on either development or survival of the pest, which utilizes serine digestive proteases. Immunoassays confirmed accumulation of the transgene product in pest larval tissues at levels of up to 3 ng per gut. Characterization of proteolytic digestive enzymes of H. axyridis demonstrated that larvae and adults utilize cysteine and aspartic proteases; the former activity was completely inhibited by oryzacystatin in vitro. However, when H. axyridis larvae consumed prey reared on OC-1 expressing plants over their entire life cycle, no significant effects upon survival or overall development were observed. The inhibitor initially stimulated development, with a shortening of the developmental period of the second instar by 27% (P < 0.0001) accompanied by a 36% increase in weight of second instar larvae (P = 0.007). OC-1 had no detrimental effects on reproductive fitness of adult H. axyridis. Interestingly there was a significant increase in consumption of OC-1 dosed prey. The results show that prey reared on transgenic plants expressing a protein which inhibited ladybird digestive enzymes in vitro had no effects in vivo; the ladybird was able to up-regulate digestive proteases in response to the inhibitor.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transgene expression and fitness of hybrids between GM oilseed rape and Brassica rapa.

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is sexually compatible with its wild and weedy relative B. rapa, and introgression of genes from B. napus has been found to occur over a few generations. We simulated the early stages of transgene escape by producing F1 hybrids and the first backcross generation between two lines of transgenic B. napus and two populations of weedy B. rapa. Transgene expression and the fitness of the hybrids were examined under different environmental conditions. Expression of the transgenes was analyzed at the mRNA level by quantitative PCR and found to be stable in the hybrids, regardless of the genetic background and the environment, and equal to the level of transcription in the parental B. napus lines. Vigor of the hybrids was measured as the photosynthetic capability; pollen viability and seed set per silique. Photosynthetic capability of first generation hybrids was found to be at the same level, or higher, than that of the parental species, whereas the reproductive fitness was significantly lower. The first backcross generation had a significantly lower photosynthetic capability and reproductive fitness compared to the parental species. This is the first study that examines transgene expression at the mRNA level in transgenic hybrids of B. napus of different genetic background exposed to different environmental conditions. The data presented clarify important details of the overall risk assessment of growing transgenic oilseed rape.

Brassica napus↗
PubMed2006

Monitoring the escape of transgenic oilseed rape around Japanese ports and roadsides.

An investigation was carried out to monitor the escape and spread of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) transgenic plants and the introgression of transgenes to its closely related feral species in Japan. We screened a total of about 7500 feral B. napus, 300 B. rapa, and 5800 B. juncea seedlings from maternal plants in 143 locations at several ports, roadsides, and riverbanks. The presence of glufosinate-resistance or glyphosate-resistance transgenes in these seedlings was confirmed by means of herbicide treatments and also immunochemical and DNA analyses. B. napus plants with herbicide-resistant transgenic seeds were found at five of six major ports and along two of four sampled roadsides in the Kanto District. Transgenic oilseed rape plants have not been commercially cultivated in Japan, suggesting that the transgenes would probably have come from imported transgenic seeds that were spilled during transportation to oilseed processing facilities. No transgenes were detected in seeds collected from B. napus plants growing along riverbanks in the Kanto District or in seeds from closely related species (B. rapa and B. juncea). To our knowledge, this is the first published example of feral, transgenic populations occurring in a nation where the transgenic crop has not been cultivated commercially.

Aminobutyrates↗
PubMed2006

Hybridization between oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and different populations and species of Raphanus.

When cultivating genetically modified varieties, the spontaneous gene flow between crop and wild relatives could be of concern. We analyzed spontaneous hybridization between a transgenic male-sterile line of oilseed rape (Brassica napus, 2n = 38, AACC) and, as pollen donors, three European populations of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum, 2n = 18, Rr,Rr) and a variety of cultivated radish (Raphanus sativus, 2n = 18, RR). Seeds showed size and shape dimorphism that correlated to the frequency of hybrids. The offspring were scored morphologically and analyzed using DNA markers (inter-simple sequence repeats) to quantify hybrid frequencies. Seed set ranged from 0.4-1.2 seeds per pod, and 0.02-0.6 seeds per pod were confirmed as hybrids. The frequency of confirmed hybrids differed significantly among populations of R. raphanistrum. In the cross with a French population, all offspring were hybrids; in the cross with a Swiss population, 53% of the offspring were hybrids; and in the cross with a Danish population, only 2% of the offspring were found to be hybrids. The remaining offspring apparently belonged to two groups: the majority was B. napus-like plants, possibly of matromorphic origin, and a minority from the Danish cross seemed to carry fragments of the Raphanus genome. In the cross with a cultivated R. sativus, all offspring were found to be hybrids. This is the first report on spontaneous hybridization between B. napus and R. sativus. Hybrids from all cross-combinations had low pollen fertility (0-15%). If R. raphanistrum occurs where male-sterile B. napus is cultivated, large regional differences in hybridization frequencies between the species could complicate environmental risk assessment of transgenic oilseed rape.

Brassica napus↗
PubMed1995

Dietary mustard, rape seed oils and selenium exert distinct effects on serum Se, lipids, peroxidation products and platelet aggregability.

OBJECTIVE: A degenerative cardiomyopathy (DCM) has been observed among mustard oil (MUST) users in China who eat 150 ml/week. Though the condition may be a selenium (Se) deficiency, MUST, rich in erucic acid (22:1), may bear a cardiotoxic or pro-oxidant substrate(s). The purpose of this feeding study was to compare the effects of feeding MUST, high erucic acid rape seed oil (HEAR), low erucic acid rape seed oil (LEAR) and corn oil, with or without Se addenda, on serum cholesterol, triglycerides, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), alpha-tocopherol, platelet aggregation and hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSHPXase). Heart muscle pathology was evaluated. METHODS: Eighty male, weanling Wistar rats were divided into four dietary groups and fed AIN76A diet for 8 weeks with one of four oils: 1) MUST, 2) HEAR, 3) LEAR, or CORN oil. Half of each group received 0.43 mg/kg Se supplement. A purified diet was fed for 8 weeks. RESULTS: Neither Se nor oil type affected growth, though serum Se rose with dietary Se addendum (p < 0.01), and hepatic GSHPXase rose for each oil (p < 0.01). Se deprivation led to elevated serum cholesterol, except for the CORN oil group (p < 0.01). Only with LEAR did HDL cholesterol decrease. Serum triglycerides decreased with MUST and LEAR feedings (p < 0.05). In Se deficiency, HEAR led to elevated TBARS (p < 0.01), though not MUST, which contained twice as much alpha-tocopherol. Though supplementary Se protected the HEAR-fed animals from secondary peroxidation as TBARS (p < 0.01), the MUST group was not so protected. Ration Se also spared serum alpha-tocopherol for each diet group except the MUST/Se group (p < 0.05). MUST oil feeding resulted in increased platelet aggregation; MUST and HEAR resulted in increased platelet ATP release compared with CORN oil. CONCLUSION: Oxidative mechanisms may be involved in the DCM involving both Se limitation and pro-oxidant stress related to the usual intake of MUST. Human studies have been undertaken to test this thesis.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2001

Millipedes and earthworms increase the decomposition rate of 15N-labelled winter rape litter in an arable field.

Effects of millipedes and earthworms on the decomposition of 15N-labelled litter of winter oilseed rape were investigated in a microcosm field experiment over a period of 264 days on an oat field near Göttingen managed by integrated farming. A total of 32 microcosms were filled with defaunated soil. 15N-labelled rape litter was placed either on top of the soil or buried into the soil simulating mulching and ploughing, respectively. To the microcosms nine adult individuals of Blaniulus guttulatus (Diplopoda) and two of Aporrectodea caliginosa (Lumbricidae) were added separately or in combination. In general, the presence of the animals accelerated the decomposition rate of the litter material. The effects were most pronounced in the presence of Aporrectodea caliginosa. The total amount of nitrate, ammonium and the amount of 35N leached from the microcosms was increased in the presence of earthworms or of both earthworms and millipedes. Both species proved to be important members of the detritus food web of the agricultural system studied.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Cloning, sequencing and salt induced expression of PEAMT and BADH in oilseed rape (Brassica napus).

Agriculture productivity is severely hampered by soil salinity, drought and other environmental stresses. Studies on stress-resistant plants (halophytes, xerophytes, accumulating plants for specific toxic ions) have illuminated some mechanisms of stress tolerance in plants at metabolic or molecular levels, which gave some clues on how to genetically engineer stress-tolerant crops. With the isolation of more stress-responsive genes, genetic engineering with modified expression of stress responsive genes may be an effective way to produce stress-tolerant crops. In the present report, two genes (PEAMT and BADH) encoding the corresponding key enzymes for choline and glycine betaine (an important osmoprotectant) biosynthesis in plants were isolated in oilseed rape, an important oil crop in the world. Effects of salt stress on their expression were studied with quantitative PCR and their potential use in the genetic engineering of oilseed rape was discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Diaeretiella rapae limits Myzus persicae populations after applications of deltamethrin in oilseed rape.

In fall, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) may exhibit population resurgence in winter oilseed rape in France. This resurgence may arise from pyrethroid treatments against Coleoptera (Psylliodes chrysocephala L.) that either kill parasitoids present during treatment or prevent recolonization by off-crop parasitoids. We studied the impact of Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on populations of M. persicae when parasitoids were introduced on deltamethrin-treated plants at increasing intervals after treatment. Parasitoids were introduced 1, 2, 7, or 14 d posttreatment on individually caged plants infested with established populations of M. persicae. Aphids were counted 7, 14 and 21 d after parasitoid introduction. First, we observed that both the pesticide and the parasitoid reduced aphid population growth and that their effects were additive. Second, there was no mortality of parasitoids exposed to treated leaves in a device with a refuge area, and only 20% of mortality without the refuge area. Furthermore, deltamethrin residues had no effect on the reproduction of D. rapae females. Compared with the known toxicity of deltamethrin to D. rapae on glass, this low mortality may have been due to both the high liposolubility of deltamethrin (leading to a rapid diffusion of residues in the oilseed rape leaf cuticle) and to the existence of a refuge area. This work suggests that D. rapae could limit populations of M. persicae in the fall, even after pyrethroid treatment, because the presence of deltamethrin residues had little impact on the parasitoid.

Animals↗