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PubMed1997

Psychophysiological hypotheses regarding multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome.

This paper proposes several hypotheses and research strategies for exploring possible psychological factors contributing to multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS). The hypotheses are based on concepts of individual response stereotypy, situational response specificity, classical conditioning of chemical-induced responses, and psychophysiological reactions to active and passive coping orientations. Hypotheses regarding hypersensitivity to perception and/or aversiveness of chemical stimulation also are presented. Strategies for evaluating these hypotheses are described based on experimental literature on psychophysiology and psychophysics.

Cognition↗
PubMed1992

Stability of psychological impairment: two year follow-up of former microelectronics workers' affective and personality disturbance.

For the past twenty years women's complaints in the microelectronics industry have often been diagnosed as mass psychogenic illness, despite evidence of potential exposure to organic solvents, which have been associated with affect and mood changes. In the present study, the standard version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was used to evaluate affective and personality disturbance among 63 former microelectronics workers (56 women and 7 men) over a two-year period of time. In both 1986 and 1988, the former workers obtained mean scale score elevations beyond two standard deviations above the normative sample (T = greater than 70) on the MMPI clinical scales of schizophrenia, hypochondriasis, psychasthenia, depression and hysteria. For most scales, 86-88 mean score differences did not attain the 0.05 significance level (two-tailed paired t-test) and no significant differences were observed for 86-88 comparison scale scores = greater than 70 (McNemar paired statistic). Although there were too few men to perform gender comparisons, men scored higher than women on 5 scales and all of the men had scores = greater than 70 on hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychasthenia and schizophrenia. These findings reveal that these former microelectronics workers manifested affective and personality disturbances, consistent with organic solvent toxicity, which persisted over a two year period, indicating that they were not reactive, transient hysterical neurosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Gender differences in the historical trauma response among the Lakota.

The historical trauma response is a constellation of characteristics associated with massive cumulative group trauma across generations, similar to those found among Jewish Holocaust survivors and descendants. Trauma response features include elevated mortality rates and health problems emanating from heart disease, hypertension, alcohol abuse, and suicidal behavior. This article explores gender differences in the historical trauma response among the Lakota (Teton Sioux) and the correlation with health and mental health statistics. The theory of a Lakota historical trauma response is first explained. Traditional gender roles are described in combination with modifications engendered by traumatic Lakota history. Then, data from a study on Lakota historical trauma are presented, including gender differences in response to an experimental intervention aimed at facilitating a trauma resolution process. The data revealed significant gender differences. The sample of women presented initially with a greater degree of conscious affective experience of historical trauma. In contrast, the men reported more lifespan trauma associated with boarding school attendance and appeared to be at an earlier stage of grief. However, at the end of the intervention, women's experience of survivor guilt--a significant trauma response feature-decreased while men's consciousness of historical trauma and unresolved grief increased. Degree of traditional presentation-of-self, including phenotype, appeared to interact with gender to place male participants at greater risk for being traumatized over the lifespan and perhaps subsequently utilizing more rigid defenses against the conscious experience of the trauma with the exception of survivor guilt. The article concludes with a discussion of health and mental health implications for prevention and treatment of the trauma response which could positively impact the health status of the Lakota. Recommendations for future research are suggested.

Comorbidity↗
PubMed2001

Self-perception of breath odor.

BACKGROUND: Bad breath, also known as halitosis, is a common concern for millions of people. Yet there is almost no reliable way for people to properly assess their breath odor. While many develop faulty perceptions about having bad breath that affect their entire lives, others who have halitosis are unaware of their condition. OVERVIEW: The authors discuss the issues affecting self-perception of breath odor in patients who complain of halitosis, as well as in a more general, "noncomplaining" population. The article presents self-perception of breath odor as a multifactorial, psychophysiological issue that is related closely to one's body image and psychopathological profile. CONCLUSIONS: Based on their data, the authors suggest that every patient has a breath odor self-image. This self-image ranges from little or no distortion to severe psychopathology. Because treating patients with a specific complaint of oral malodor primarily is the responsibility of the dental practitioner, several treatment approaches are outlined: collecting odor samples from the mouth to increase objectivity, involving a confidant in diagnosis and follow-up, corroborating odor judges' scores with objective measurements, increasing the patient's sense of control over the problem and obtaining guidance from mental health professionals, when necessary. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Dentists increasingly are being called on to help patients with complaints of bad breath. In diagnosing and treating such cases, dentists should consider psychological and physiological factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Psychoanalysis and the mind-body relation: Psychosomatic perspectives.

Psychosomatic medicine has been historically an important focus for psychoanalytic theorizing. The mind-body relation has special relevance for understanding psychosomatic conditions because psychological and psychodynamic factors are so intimately intertwined with physiological parameters that they cannot for all practical purposes be disentangled. Dualistic impressions of mind and body have given way to more integrated perspectives in which psychic and bodily processes are conceived of as operating within the same conceptual framework. Implications of a more integrated view of the mind-body relation are discussed in relation to emotions and psychosomatic symptoms, development of psychosomatic vulnerabilities, somatization, and alexithymia.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hospitalization and premature surgeries; language and psychism: a report of 2 cases].

BACKGROUND: mutual influences between body, psychism and language. AIM: The purpose of this work was to analyze the possible connections between hospital internations and surgeries, to which children were submitted at their earliest life years, as well as subsequent language and psychic adversities. METHOD: It is a qualitative/clinical research, of a descriptive/interpretative nature, carried out through the longitudinal analysis of two clinical case studies with small children of approximately three years of age, whose families had co-occurrent complaints: surgeries and premature hospital internations (as a consequence of organical diseases) and subsequent language disorders. Clinical material was analyzed under a theorical perspective, articulating psychoanalytical and speech therapy theories, based on clinical practice. RESULTS: In both cases, speech therapy symptoms decreased progressively as the organic disorders gained space during therapeutic dialogues (between speech therapist and patient), as well as in home-circle narratives. This promoted modifications/surpasses of the language symptoms presented by the patients. CONCLUSION: The organic birth of the studied children was not concomitant to their symbolic birth, thus creating a gap between them. This gap is derived from the lack of compatibility between the development of corporal scheme and subjective processes. The symbolic effects suffered by parents due to the birth of children who are radically divergent from what was expected was devastating, making it impossible for parents to conceive their babies symbolically. After the violent impact of disappointment, these children remained being interpreted by their parents. This created a disturbance in the functioning of language and in the psychism of these children. Thus, unconsciously, parents were only able to represent their children based on the place that was originally given to them: the place of disease.

Child Development↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pediatric referrals to psychiatry: III. Is the psychiatrist's opinion heard?

At least one psychiatric diagnosis was made for 205 of 220 children whose psychiatric evaluation had been requested by the medical service. Only 78 of 242 psychiatric diagnoses given the 205 patients were reflected correctly in the medical discharge diagnoses. In addition, seven of fifteen patients considered to be "normal" by the consulting psychiatrist had a psychiatric or mixed medical-psychiatric diagnoses included in the discharge diagnoses. Psychophysiological disorders, psychoses and special symptom diagnoses were likely to be correctly reflected in the discharge diagnoses, while depression and adjustment reaction were not. Possible reasons why the psychiatrist's diagnostic opinion is not correctly reflected in the discharge diagnosis in over one-half of the referrals are discussed. Pediatricians may be reluctant to label their patients "neurotic" for life, or may consider the problem transient-that is, only a "passing phase". But these theories are discounted by the fact that seven patients considered to be emotionally normal when assessed by the psychiatrist were discharged with a psychiatric or mixed medical-psychiatric diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Follow-up of psychiatric comorbidity in the general hospital.

Although appropriate follow-up is an important task in the consultation setting, little attention has been directed to its frequency, or the risk profile for minimal or maximal follow-up. Eight hundred twenty-three patients from 1983 to 1986 were examined at the Mount Sinai Hospital using a computerized psychiatric consultation database that recorded demographic information, reason for referral, DSM-III 5 Axes diagnosis, recommendations and number of follow-up interviews. Forty-two percent of the consultations had three or less (minimum) follow-up visits. The minimum follow-up group were significantly less often referred for depression or diagnosed as depression (p = .01), had fewer psychosocial stressors (Axis III) (p = .03), and recommendations for psychosocial treatment by the psychiatric consultant (p = .0001), but had significantly more personality disorders (Axis II) (p = .04). Sixty-two percent of the consultation patients were correctly classified into the follow-up groups by the variables: 1) marital status; 2) living situation; 3) problem assessed as chronic illness or pain; 4) absence of an Axis I diagnosis or diagnostic uncertainty; and 5) number of recommendations by the consultant.

Chronic Disease↗