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PubMed1982

Autoradiographic localisation of 3H-biotin in chick tissues.

In an autoradiographic study with a 243 days' exposure time of the autoradiographs, the tissue distribution of 3H-labelled biotin was investigated. Label being always related to cytoplasma, no label was found in the nucleus in cells suitable for such an observation. High labelling was found in differentiated cells, e.g. in hepatocytes, proximal tubular cells of kidney, villous epithelia of small intestine, fat cells, epithelial cells of proventriculus, and uropygial gland and in ependymal cells of the plexus chorioideus. Undifferentiated and rapidly proliferating tissue compartments were only weakly labelled as for example undifferentiated kidney cortex, bone marrow, lymphatic tissue. Organs engaged in fat synthesis showed intensive labelling. In these organs as well as in liver and kidney the accumulation of label is in agreement with the known biochemical function. The accumulation of label, e.g. in osteoblasts or in the ependymal cells of the plexus chorioideus, gives evidence that biotin is an essential vitamin not only for the liver and the kidney.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Neurotensin immunoreactive cells in the gastrointestinal epithelium of the chicken, pigeon and Japanese quail.

Distribution and frequency of neurotensin immunoreactive cells were investigated in the digestive tract of the chicken, pigeon and Japanese quail by an immunohistochemical technique. Immunoreactive cells were distributed in the epithelium of the pylorus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon, but not in the epithelium of the tongue, crop and esophagus. The pylorus showed the highest frequency of the immunoreactive cells in the three species and the chicken revealed the highest frequency among them. In the chicken and Japanese quail, there were a few immunoreactive cells in the epithelium of the proventriculus and gizzard. In the caecum, the pigeon showed the highest frequency in the three species, although the size of the caecum is very small. These results indicate that neurotensin cells in the avian digestive tract show similar patterns of localization and suggest that the avian gastrointestinal tract acts as a wide source of neurotensin secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactive nervous structures in the duck gut during development.

The ontogeny and distribution of nerve cell bodies and fibers which are substance P-like (SPL) immunoreactive have been studied in the duck gastrointestinal tract by means of immunohistochemistry. The appearance of SPL immunoreactivity was observed in cell bodies of the oesophagus, proventriculus, gizzard and antrum region at 6 days of incubation. At 9 days of incubation SPL immunoreactive nervous structures were observed in the whole length of the intestine. In each area of the gut, SPL immunoreactivity was initially observed in cell bodies of the myenteric plexus and then of the submucous plexus. Successively, immunoreactive fibers appeared in the same plexuses and also in the circular muscle, longitudinal muscle and muscularis mucosae plexus. Only around hatching were SPL immunoreactive nervous structures seen in the mucous plexus. It was observed that in adult ducks, immunoreactive nerve cell perikarya were less numerous than in embryos and in newly-hatched ducks. The pattern of distribution of SPL immunoreactivity in adult ducks was rather similar to that of the chick and other vertebrate species.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Libyostrongylus dentatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from ostriches in North America, with comments on the genera Libyostrongylus and Paralibyostrongylus.

Libyostrongylus dentatus sp. n. is described from ostriches on farms from North Carolina and Texas. Nematodes were recovered from the posterior proventriculus and under the koilon lining of the gizzard; the parasites occurred in mixed infections with Libyostrongylus douglassii. The species is distinguished from congeners by the presence of a prominent, dorsal, esophageal tooth; in males by the structure of the dorsal ray and spicules; and in females by small eggs (52-62 microns in length), a sublateral vulva situated at 93% of the body length from the anterior, and a strongly curled, digitate, tail with cuticular inflations at the anus. Conflicts in the generic diagnoses of Libyostrongylus and Paralibyostrongylus were apparent, based on the structure of the dorsal ray or position of rays 3-5 of the copulatory bursa. These can only be resolved based on phylogenetic analyses of the 11 nominal species referred to these genera.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

An epizootic attributable to western equine encephalitis virus infection in emus in Texas.

An epizootic of encephalomyelitis attributable to western equine encephalitis virus was identified in emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) from several flocks in western Texas in July 1992. Affected emus ranged from 3 months to 3 years old. Morbidity of emus in 8 flocks ranged from 15 to 50%, and 17 of 193 (8.8%) emus died. The diagnosis was confirmed by isolation and characterization of the causative virus and detection of antibody to the virus in emus that were currently ill and emus that had been ill but recovered. Clinical signs varied from mild to severe and included anorexia, lethargy with sternal recumbency, ataxia, muscle tremors, head tilt, unnatural positioning of the head on the back, acute onset of paralysis, and lateral recumbency with paddling. A few emus died without prior evidence of clinical disease. Post-mortem examination revealed 3 to 5 ml of clear pale-yellow pericardial fluid that contained a fibrin clot. Volume of the contents of the proventriculus and ventriculus were less than anticipated. Microscopic examination of numerous tissues revealed multifocal vasculitis with infiltration of plasmacytes, lymphocytes, and a few heterophilic leukocytes. The epizootic developed during a period of unseasonably heavy rainfall that resulted in higher numbers of mosquitoes than was typical for that season of year. A concurrent increase in the number of horses with encephalomyelitis attributable to western equine encephalities virus was not reported.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diazinon toxicity in broilers.

Ten 3-day-old chicks were submitted from a flock experiencing high mortality. Necropsy revealed lacrimation, diarrhea, pleural effusion, hemorrhage and ulceration of the proventriculus, and swollen, hemorrhagic livers. Numerous yellow granules were present in the crop. Assayed crop contents contained 39 ppm diazinon [O,O-diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidyl)phosphorothioate]. The insecticide had been applied to the litter to control fire ants. The high mortality abated after new litter was added on top of the old litter. Diazinon toxicosis was traced to ingestion of diazinon-impregnated granules and was reproduced experimentally.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

Link protein is ubiquitously expressed in non-cartilaginous tissues where it enhances and stabilizes the interaction of proteoglycans with hyaluronic acid.

Link protein (LP) is an abundant protein of cartilage which stabilizes the interaction of aggrecan with hyaluronic acid (HA). In this study we report that LP is also present in a large number of embryonic non-cartilaginous tissues. We demonstrate, using RNase protection experiments, that the coding region of the LP mRNAs isolated from these tissues is identical to that present in cartilage. Furthermore, we show that the LP mRNAs are translated in non-cartilaginous tissues by the identification of LP polypeptides with monoclonal antibody 4B6/A5 in Western blots. LP is localized in the extracellular matrix of the mesoderm along the entire digestive tract and in the dermis of the embryonic skin as revealed by immunofluorescence analysis. Investigations on the interactions between LP and proteoglycans from skin and proventriculus demonstrate that LP can enhance the binding of proteoglycans from these tissues to HA. In addition, we find that the same proteoglycans bound to HA in the presence of LP are always more resistant to competition by soluble HA than in the absence of LP. Our results suggest that LP is involved in the stabilization of extracellular matrices of a wide variety of non-cartilaginous tissues.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Postmortem findings of ostriches submitted to the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory.

A review of 121 ostrich necropsies from the files at the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory was conducted. The birds ranged in age from unhatched embryos to 4 years; the majority were less than 3 weeks old. The most common cause of death was ostrich chick fading syndrome (OCFS). OCFS is characterized by depression, anorexia, and death 3-5 days after onset of clinical signs in ostriches less than 3 weeks old. Escherichia coli and/or Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from various organs in these cases, and mortality ranged from 40% to 100%. Other conditions observed were edema in chicks associated with high incubator humidity levels, aspergillosis, leg deformities, and impaction of the proventriculus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Histological study of Ceratophyllus consimilis Wagn. fleas infected with the causative agent of listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes)].

Histological studies have shown that in experimentally infected fleas (C. consimilis) Listeria are preserved in the alimentary canal. In infected individuals microbes occur along the whole intestine, from oesophagus to the rectum but most often they are recorded from the mid-gut and proventriculus. Listeria are able to penetrate into its muscular tissue and in some cases enter the body cavity of the insect. The finding of Listeria in the oesophagus confirms the possibility of the transmission of the infarction by fleas through the bite without blocking.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A sequential histopathologic and immunocytochemical study of chicken anemia virus infection at one day of age.

Detection systems for chicken anemia virus (CAV) antigen in paraffin sections were evaluated. Mouse monoclonal antibodies to CAV used in conjunction with an avidin-biotin-peroxidase-complex detection system gave best results. Immunoreactivity of CAV was markedly affected by fixation. Fixation in neutral buffered formalin for 6 hours gave best results. Use of decalcifying fluid containing formic acid eliminated immunoreactivity of CAV, whereas use of an EDTA solution did not. In a sequential study, CAV antigen and lesions were first detected in bone marrow, thymus, and spleen at days 3-4 postinoculation (PI). Subsequently, antigen and/or cells containing nuclear inclusions were found in many tissues, but usually within lymphoid tissue therein. Thymus, spleen, bone marrow, proventriculus, and ascending duodenum contained most antigen. No antigen was detected after 26 days PI. The results indicated that CAV replicates in thymic lymphoblasts, intra- and extra-sinusoidal hemocytoblasts, and reticular cells, with consequent lymphocytic depletion of the thymic cortex and hypoplasia of the bone marrow, and that CAV antigen is widely distributed in the body.

Anemia↗
PubMed1995

[Clinical use of rigid endoscopes in avian patients].

Because of safer anaesthesia, today endoscopy is used not only in healthy birds for sex determination. The technique of laparoscopic examination of the body cavity in combination with biopsies, tracheoscopy, exploration of the ear canal, oropharynx, esophagus and ingluvies are described. Also exploration of the proventriculus entering through an ingluviotomy is discussed. The anatomical situation is described with each entering site.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

bowel, an odd-skipped homolog, functions in the terminal pathway during Drosophila embryogenesis.

The terminal genes of Drosophila specify non-segmented regions of the larval body that are derived from the anterior and posterior regions of the early embryo. Terminal class genes include both maternal-effect loci (typified by the receptor tyrosine kinase torso) that encode components of a signal transduction cascade and zygotic genes (e.g. tailless and huckebein) that are transcribed at the poles of the embryo in response to the local activation of the pathway. We have characterized a zygotic gene, bowel, that was identified as a zinc finger homolog of the pair-rule segmentation gene odd-skipped. bowel transcripts are initially expressed at both poles of the blastoderm embryo and in a single cephalic stripe. This pattern depends upon torso and tailless activity, but is not affected in huckebein mutants. We isolated and sequenced five mutations that affect the bowel protein, including a nonsense mutation upstream of the zinc fingers and a missense mutation in a putative zinc-chelating residue. bowel mutants die as late embryos with defects in terminal derivatives including the hindgut and proventriculus. Our results indicate that the developmental roles of odd-skipped and bowel have diverged substantially, and that bowel represents a new member of the terminal hierarchy that acts downstream of tailless and mediates a subset of tailless functions in the posterior of the embryo.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multicentric histiocytosis in young chickens. Gross and light microscopic pathology.

During 1991-94, tissue specimens from 262 young chicken carcasses condemned at slaughter contained novel multicentric proliferations of histiocytelike cells. These tissues had been submitted to the USDA FSIS Eastern Laboratory because of grossly enlarged spleens, livers, or kidneys. The spleens were two to three times normal diameter and contained miliary white or yellow 1-3-mm foci. Similar miliary foci were present throughout the enlarged livers and kidneys. Microscopic examination of these tissues revealed discrete circular nodules expanding splenic periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths, hepatic periportal nodules, and discrete perivascular and more diffuse interstitial nodules replacing renal tubules. Nodules also were present in the pancreas, bone marrow, proventriculus, and lung, with more diffuse infiltrates in intestinal lamina propria. The cells composing these nodules contained irregularly oval, folded, or pleomorphic nuclei and relatively abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Mitotic figures and pyknotic nuclei were common. These cells were interpreted to be histiocytes (tissue macrophages or dendritic cells) and did not resemble lymphocytes. These proliferating cells also did not resemble the cell population of commonly diagnosed lymphoid neoplasms of young chickens. No intralesional organisms were detected and polymerase chain reaction analysis failed to detect Marek's herpesvirus DNA or leukosis/sarcoma and reticuloendotheliosis proviral DNA.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Flea Ceratophyllus fasciatus as the vector of the Altai-mountain strain of plague microbe].

The work was conducted with a typical strain of the plague agent, which is virulent to white mice and little virulent to guinea pigs (subcutaneous infection), and with C. fasciatus. The fleas of this species can be infected, form the block of proventriculus within 4 to 35 days, transmit the agent during bloodsucking to healthy animals and cause the death both white mice and guinea pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Development of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei in Glossina morsitans inoculated into the tsetse haemocoel.

Classically, infective development of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei in tsetse flies is thought to take the route crop-midgut-hindgut proventriculus-hypopharynx-salivary gland, where the parasites reach their infective phase. It has been shown experimentally that T. (T.) brucei is capable of developing up to the infective stage in G. morsitans following inoculation of bloodstream form trypanosomes into the haemocoel. The rabbit on which flies were maintained became infected 18 days after exposure to the bite of experimentally inoculated flies. The possibility that T. (T.) brucei may be transmitted cyclically from tsetse flies to a mammalian host without necessarily following the classical, prescribed route is discussed. Apart from the normal longitudinal binary fission, various modes of multiplication were observed among trypanosomes in the haemocoel, modes which have not been observed previously in the tsetse fly.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Distribution of alpha-vascular smooth muscle actin in the smooth muscle cells of the gastrointestinal tract of the chicken.

Immunoreactivity specific for alpha-vascular smooth muscle actin (ASMA) was examined in the enteric smooth muscle cells along the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract of the chicken. Specificity for gamma-smooth muscle actin (GSMA) and desmin was also examined. All smooth muscle layers, i.e. the muscularis mucosae, and the circular and longitudinal muscle layers, showed immunoreactivity specific for GSMA and desmin throughout the gastrointestinal tract whereas immunoreactivity for ASMA differed between regions and muscle layers. In the oesophagus and crop, immunoreactivity for ASMA was observed in the muscularis mucosae and the inner and outer muscle layers, together with staining for GSMA and desmin. In the proventriculus, immunoreactivity for ASMA was observed in all smooth muscle cells in the inner layer of the muscularis mucosae and the longitudinal muscle layer. In the outer layer of the muscularis mucosae, immunoreactivity for ASMA on smooth muscle cells was observed on the luminal side and decreased in the serosal direction. In the intermediate muscles, immunoreactivity for ASMA was observed in the luminal portion, the intensity of staining decreasing gradually in the serosal direction. In contrast to the intermediate muscles, the latter muscles were negative for ASMA. In the pyloric region, the outer part was weakly immunopositive, while the inner part was intensely positive. In the small and large intestines, the muscularis mucosae and the longitudinal muscle layer were positive for ASMA. The outer part of the circular muscle layer was immunonegative for ASMA whereas the inner part was positive. The complex structure and contractile functions of each organ and muscle layers may be related to the difference patterns of expression of ASMA molecules in the smooth muscle cells.

Actins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnostic findings in the 1992 epornitic of neurotropic velogenic Newcastle disease in double-crested cormorants from the upper midwestern United States.

Neurotropic velogenic Newcastle disease (NVND) occurred in juvenile double-crested cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus, simultaneously in nesting colonies in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska and in Lakes Michigan, Superior, Huron, and Ontario during the summer of 1992. Mortality as high as 80%-90% was estimated in some of the nesting colonies. Clinical signs observed in 4- to 6-wk-old cormorants included torticollis, tremors, ataxia, curled toes, and paresis or weakness of legs, wings or both, which was sometimes unilateral. No significant mortality or unusual clinical signs were seen in adult cormorants. Necropsy of 88 cormorants yielded no consistent gross observations. Microscopic lesions in the brain and spinal cord were consistently present in all cormorants from which Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was isolated. Characteristic brain lesions provided rapid identification of new suspect sites of NVND. Lesions were also present in the heart, kidney, proventriculus, spleen, and pancreas but were less consistent or nonspecific. NDV was isolated at the National Wildlife Health Center from 27 of 93 cormorants tested. Virus was most frequently isolated from intestine or brain tissue of cormorants submitted within the first 4 wk of the epornitic. Sera collected from cormorants with neurologic signs were consistently positive for NDV antibody. The NDV isolate from cormorants was characterized as NVND virus at the National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa. The NVND virus was also identified as the cause of neurologic disease in a North Dakota turkey flock during the summer of 1992. Although no virus was isolated from cormorants tested after the first month of submission, brain and spinal cord lesions characteristic of NVND were observed in cormorants from affected sites for 2 mo, at which time nesting colonies dispersed and no more submissions were received. Risk to susceptible populations of both wild avian species and domestic poultry makes early recognition and confirmation of NVND in wild birds a priority.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Histochemical study of the epithelial mucins in the gizzard of the chick embryo.

Histochemical methods used to investigate the appearance and the changes of the epithelial mucins produced by the lining and glandular epithelium of the chick embryo gizzard from the 7th day of incubation to hatching. Carboxylated, sulfated and neutral mucins appeared simultaneously at the superficial layer of the lining epithelium (7th day), at cells located in the inner part of the lining epithelium surrounding intercellular spaces (9th day) and at the tubular glands (15th day). During the period of incubation considered, an increase and decrease in the production of the various mucins were observed at the lining epithelium. However, a gradual increase of mucous production was detected at the ephitelial cells surrounding intercellular spaces (from the 9th to the 17th day) and at the tubular glands (from the 15th to the 21st day). Moreover, three different overlapping steps of mucous release were observed during the development of the gizzard. The histochemical characteristics and the trend of production of the mucous material in the gizzard during the embryonic development were different when compared with those found in the proventriculus (Sgambati et al., 1995). These differences are probably related to the different function of the mucins in the two parts of the stomach.

Alcian Blue↗