[Theoretical medical considerations with reference to fetal and maternal rights in pregnancy termination].
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Abortion, Legal↗
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Results for “Philosophical Overview”
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[Pregnancy termination for so-called "fetal" indications].
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Abortion, Eugenic↗
Abortion and genetic manipulation: breaking with reasoning founded on disrespect for life and human dignity.
Scientists often base their claim to the right to carry out experiments with embryos on the freedom of women to have abortions. In this article the attempts made by two French jurists to counter this claim are studied. In my view, their juridical line of reasoning needs to be extended from the ban on genetic manipulation to a ban on abortion.
Abortion, Legal↗
Human rights and reproductive choice.
A central challenge in developing reproductive health strategies is giving real meaning to the right of couples and individuals to determine, freely and responsibly, the number and spacing of their children. This article places the right of reproductive choice in legal and historical contexts, highlights salient issues that arise in trying to formulate international standards for its enforcement, and examines two particularly thorny issues: the tension between demographic priorities and reproductive choice and the tension between international standards and local custom/religion. The article calls on health professionals to participate actively in the elaboration of reproductive rights, both through their immediate work in the health-care field and through involvement in the international policymaking process that will take place in three upcoming international conferences.
Birth Intervals↗
Fetal privacy and confidentiality.
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Abortion, Legal↗
[Philosophizing about the mysteries of the brain. Overview of neurophilosophy].
The article portrays the field of "neurophilosophy" as the transdisciplinary reflection on questions of the brain and consciousness. Its central issues and basic assumptions are reviewed which belong in particular to the fields of neuroontology, neuroepistemology, neuroanthropology, and neuroethics. The article outlines the opportunities and limitations of this research.
Animals↗
Allocation of scarce resources: some problems.
This paper presents an overview of current philosophical perspectives and societal trends in relation to allocation of scarce resources. An analysis and comparative assessment of various positions of current philosophers, theologians, and bioethicists is provided. Currently proposed cost containment measures at the federal level require that black health professionals particularly pay attention to these proposals specifically as related to allocation of resources. The ways in which cost containment and/ or modification of resource allocation will affect health care delivery, specifically for the black community, must be carefully examined. This article may suggest some approaches for individual and group response to the continuing dialogue and to the allocation process itself. The equitable distribution of health care, particularly scarce new technologies, will be one of the greatest problems facing society in the next 20 years.
Black or African American↗
F.J.J. Buytendijk's concept of an anthropological physiology.
In his concept of an anthropological physiology, F.J.J. Buytendijk has tried to lay down the theoretical and scientific foundations for an anthropologically-oriented medicine. The aim of anthropological physiology is to demonstrate, empirically, what being specifically human is in the most elementary physiological functions. This article contains a sketch of Buytendijk's life and work, an overview of his philosophical-anthropological presuppositions, an outline of his idea of an anthropological physiology and medicine, and a discussion of some epistemological and methodological problems. It is demonstrated that Buytendijk's design of an anthropological physiology is fragmentary and programmatic and that his methodology offers few points of contact for specific anthropological experimental research. Notwithstanding, it is argued that Buytendijk's description of the subjective, animated body forms a pre-eminent point of reference for all research in physiology and psychology in which the specific human aspect is not ignored beforehand.
Anthropology↗
Person-centered nursing practice with older people in Ireland.
This column presents an analysis of McCormack's conceptual framework for person-centered practice with older people as a theoretical basis for the delivery of care of older adults in an Irish context. The evaluative process is guided by the framework proposed by Fawcett (2000) for the analysis and evaluation of conceptual models of nursing. The historical evolution, philosophical claims, and an overview of the content of the model are addressed. The following criteria are then applied: logical congruence, the generation of the theory, the credibility of the model, and the contribution of the model to the discipline of nursing.
Aged↗
Perception.
The article is an overview of some central philosophical problems associated with perception. It discusses what distinguishes perception from other sensory capacities and from conception. It discusses anti-individualism, a view according to which the nature of a perceptual state is dependent not just causally but for its identity or 'essence' on relations to a normal environment in which systems containing that state were formed. It discusses different views about epistemic warrant. By emphasising the deep ways in which human and animal perceptual systems, especially visual systems, are similar, it criticises a dominant view of the last century, in both philosophy and large parts of psychology, according to which a range of sophisticated supplementary abilities have to be learned before a child can perceive objective features of the physical world.
Humans↗
Humans within nature. Hans Jonas and the imperative of responsibility.
This article gives an overview of the original philosophical and ethical reflections of Hans Jonas, which arguably are particularly helpful in thinking through newly emerging and interconnected obligations to humans, animals, and nature. These obligations concern medicine as well as the rest of our lives. This article briefly develops a "humans within nature" philosophic and ethical perspective and discusses ethical obligations for the conservation of biodiversity.
Ethics↗
Philosophical aspects of defining efficiency for biological systems--an introductory overview.
This article introduces six themes that are in active discussion in contemporary philosophy of science. The first theme deals with definitions in general and their role in cardiology in particular. The second theme is on the structure of theory in cardiology. Third, the relationship between theory and experiment is examined, and then, fourthly, the nature of reduction and the relationship between concepts of lower levels and the concepts of higher levels in cardiology is considered. A closely related fifth theme deals with "co-evolution", where progress in cardiology is traced at mutually interactive levels of organization. Finally, I discuss the relationship of evolution and the optimization of cardiac function.
Biological Evolution↗
Philosophical hermeneutics and the project of Hans Georg Gadamer: implications for nursing research.
The paper begins with an overview of the historical roots of philosophical hermeneutics grounded in the work of Husserl and Heidegger. It goes on to explore the philosophical hermeneutics of Hans Georg Gadamer as a philosophy useful to nursing research. The four concepts of prejudice, the fusion of horizons, the hermeneutic circle and play are discussed, as are the implications these concepts have for nursing research. These concepts have been utilized in the author's own research and examples from this research are given to illuminate how these concepts can be shaped to the purposes of nursing research. While the concepts discussed stem from the work of Gadamer, the ways they have been utilized by the author do not represent a Gadamerian method. Gadamer's project is purely philosophical.
Existentialism↗
Preventive geriatrics: an overview from traditional Chinese medicine.
The philosophical tradition of Chinese geriatrics contains a strong preventive element closely tied to the concept of a balanced man-nature relationship and body-mind relationship. It has been emphasized that a sound mind in a sound body is essential to longevity. Moderation in physical and emotional activities is encouraged. There have been a number of approaches to longevity in traditional Chinese medicine. The preventive value of Tai Chi Chuan (a gentle "spiritual" exercise), Chi Kung (a combination of breathing exercise, relaxation and meditation), acupressure and moxibustion on the point of Chu San Li, and tonic herbal medicines like ginseng is discussed in this article. These are regarded to be helpful in improving the general health of the elderly and in promoting longevity.
Acupuncture Therapy↗
Progress, epistemology and human health and welfare: what nurses need to know and why.
Human Progress is often understood to be a rather natural and obvious truth of human existence. That this is not necessarily so, is indicative of the pervasive social, psychological, and educational inculcation that sustains its ubiquitous acceptance. Moreover, the uncritical and ill-informed understanding of Progress as an unquestioned expression of human beneficence has serious consequences for those concerned with the health and welfare of people. It is argued in this paper that, much of what we might consider deleterious in the socio-political milieu that now confronts us is, to a significant extent, a matter of progressive ideological epistemology and its ensuing manner of human institutionalization. Part one contends that the current socio-political structure of the current postmodern affairs is in reality that of a pervasive postmodern economic ideology. Part two provides a brief overview of the historical and philosophical development of Progress as an idea, including some of the profound effects wrought by it on human affairs in the contemporary world. Finally, Part three presents a discussion of the influential effects of the philosophy of Progress on the epistemology of human health and welfare intervention, specifically that of nursing and its claim to a holistic ethic of Caring.
Economics↗
Transcultural nursing research to transform nursing education and practice: 40 years.
In this article, an overview of some major trends, philosophical perspectives, and theoretical perspectives are presented, along with selected transcultural nursing research findings, primarily from the theory of culture care using the ethnonursing research method. A substantial body of transcultural nursing knowledge with health or well being outcomes has been forthcoming since transcultural nursing was launched in the 1950s. The author contends that transcultural nursing knowledge of Western and non-Western cultures is urgently needed to meet health needs in a multicultural world. Some misconceptions and reflections are offered to advance transcultural nursing research, education, and practice. For "newcomers" to transcultural nursing, some basic readings are recommended.
Cultural Diversity↗
[The history of audiology].
INTRODUCTION: The paper presents historical data on development of audiology as a medical speciality. It gives the chronological overview of the most significant discoveries which have contributed to the progress and constant development of the science of hearing. The insights and discoveries encompass the ancient, medieval and contemporary medical science. THE TERM "AUDIOLOGY" AND FIRST ASSOCIATIONS OF AUDIOLOGISTS: The paper reviews the origin of the term "audiology" and the time of its occurrence. The First World Congress of Audiologists was held in 1948, and the Conference of Audiologists and Phoniatrists of Yugoslavia was established in 1974. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW: The ancient scientists and philosophers mentioned in the paper are as follows: Democritus, Hippocrates, Empedocles, Plato, Aristotle, and Galenus. Discoveries of Vesalius, Fallopio, Eustachio, Duverney, Schelhammer, Catugno and Helmholtz marked their epochs and made a great contribution to the development of the entire medical science, including audiology. A significant contribution to audiology was made by Schwartz in 1920 and Fletcher in 1926, constructors of audiometers. Fowler, Weigel and Fletcher promoted an audiogram in 1922. Wever and Bray first introduced the cochlear microphonic potentials. The first modern audiometer with a flat zero line for all pitches was constructed in 1937. In 1947, Bekesy constructed the automatic audiometer, and the theory of mobile waves was introduced in 1928. Fletcher and Steinberg promoted speech audiometries in 1929. Mendel and Goldstein described medium latency responses in 1969. The first hearing aids worn within the ear appeared in the same year. William House pioneered the cochlear implantation in adults in 1969, and the program of infant cochlear implants. Jewett described the evoked auditory potentials in 1970. James Jerger classified tympanometric curves into three tympanogram types (A, B, C). Portmann and Arran introduced transtympanic electrocochleography in 1971. Kemp introduced otoacoustic emission in 1978. INSTEAD OF CONCLUSION: finally, the paper lists the titles of available dissertations and sub-specialisations in the field of audiology defended in Novi Sad and Belgrade.
Audiology↗
Motivational interviewing in health promotion: it sounds like something is changing.
Motivational interviewing (MI), initially developed for addiction counseling, has increasingly been applied in public health, medical, and health promotion settings. This article provides an overview of MI, outlining its philosophic orientation and essential strategies. Major outcome studies are reviewed, nuances associated with the use of MI in health promotion and chronic disease prevention are described, and future directions are offered.
Chronic Disease↗