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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Effects of color CRT display on pupil size in color-blind subjects.

The effects of color cathode ray tube (CRT) display on the pupil size in color-blind subjects were studied experimentally. Red, magenta, green, cyan, yellow, and white were presented on the CRT. Five protan subjects, five deutans, and five normal subjects were tested using infrared pupillography. In the protan group, the pupils were significantly less sensitive to red (wavelength: 600 nm) targets compared to the other colors. In the deutans and the control group, there were non-significant changes in pupil size in response to the colors. Dominant wavelengths above 600 nm in color CRTs should be avoided in routine work presentation because of less sensitivity in protanopias.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effects of topical dihydroergocristine on intraocular pressure, aqueous humor dynamics and pupil diameter in conscious rabbits. A comparative study with timolol and pilocarpine.

This work comparatively studies the effects of dihydroergocristine, timolol and pilocarpine on intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in conscious rabbits. Intraocular pressure was measured by applanation tonometry and the pupil diameter by a photographic technique. In anesthetized rabbits, changes in tonographic facility of aqueous humor outflow and rate of aqueous humor formation were evaluated. Dihydroergocristine reduced the intraocular pressure more than timolol and much more than pilocarpine. The ocular hypotensive effect of dihydroergocristine was accomplished by a great reduction in aqueous humor formation, which surpasses the decrease in aqueous humor outflow, while timolol mainly reduced aqueous humor formation and pilocarpine increased aqueous humor outflow. Pupil diameter remained unchanged on dihydroergocristine, whereas timolol induced a slight mydriasis and pilocarpine provoked a clear myosis. Effects of dihydroergocristine might result in blockade of alpha-adrenoceptors in ciliary body, although available data about pretreatment with either metoclopramide or domperidone suggest that dopamine DA2-receptors might participate in ocular hypotensive effect of ergot derivatives.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1991

[A case of acute polyradiculoneuritis associated with autonomic involvement of the pupils].

Acute polyradiculoneuritis relapses rarely, and autonomic nerve involvement is less frequent than motor cranial nerve involvement. An 11-year-old boy exhibited acute relapsing polyradiculoneuritis associated with two types of autonomic dysfunction of pupils 6 months after the onset of the disease. Parasympathetic dysfunction of pupils with ocular palsies preceded neuropathy of limbs at the onset. Thereafter, sympathetic dysfunction of pupils without ocular palsies was revealed by pupillography at the 2nd attack of limb palsies.

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases↗
PubMed1989

Touching the cornea enhances pharmacologic dilation of the pupil, mainly in the dark iris.

Adequate pupillary dilation is often difficult to achieve in darkly pigmented persons when using standard dilating drops. To quantify the degree to which mild corneal disruption could enhance this dilation, we touched the cornea of one eye and then placed dilating drops in both eyes of darkly pigmented and lightly pigmented subjects. The touch was either standard Gold-mann applanation tonometry or corneal reflex testing using a cotton-tipped applicator. Pupil diameter was measured using a video infrared pupillometer. The mean difference in pupil diameter between the touched and the control eye at 30 min was six-fold greater in darkly pigmented, compared to lightly pigmented, subjects. Touching the cornea by the method described herein appears to be a safe, useful technique for routinely enhancing pharmacologic dilation of the pupil in persons who have dark irises.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Electronic pupillometry for investigating pupil reactivity to different exteroceptive stimuli: applications and limits.

Iris neuromuscular junction represents a site of reciprocal interactions of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation and can be considered a useful tool to investigate both systems in physiological and pathological conditions. In this study 35 healthy subjects of different ages were examined by an infrared TV pupillometer to assess darkness and light adaptation, as well as pupillary response to light and to exteroceptive stimulation (RIII reflex). A progressive impairment of pupil adaptability to light stimuli with aging was also observed, while a significant correlation was found between the intensity of electrical stimulation of the sural nerve and the percent increase in pupil diameter. The evaluation of pupil responsiveness is considered for its possible applications in various neurological disorders.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1982

Pupil cycle time in noncompressive optic neuropathy.

Pupil cycle time was found to correlate with the clinical findings in 24 patients with noncompressive optic nerve pathology, including 11 cases of multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, subclinical multiple sclerosis was detected by the prolongation of pupil cycle time and was confirmed by visual evoked potential analysis. There was a correspondence between dynamics in the clinical findings and the pupil cycle time in two cases of multiple sclerosis that were followed up.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Electrically evoked direct and consensual reflexes of the pupil.

In 10 men with their ages ranging from 18 to 31 years, one eye was stimulated with alternating current using a contact lens electrode. Pupil constrictions elicited in both eyes were recorded by binocular infrared videopupillography. The pupil reflex evoked was named the electrically evoked pupillary reflex (EEPR). The time courses of the direct and consensual EEPR were similar; no significant differences were found between both reflexes in the amplitude of pupil constriction, the latency time, constriction or redilatation times. The time courses of the electrically evoked reflexes closely resembled those of the pupillary light reflexes, confirming the existence of common neural pathways.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Pupil cycle time in space occupying lesions of anterior optic pathways.

Twenty-nine patients with presumed compressive optic neuropathy were studied, and pupil cycle times were measured. We found (1) normalcy of the test in cases of space-occupying lesion without suprasellar extension or after successful operation; (2) prolongation of pupil cycle time in cases of subclinical disorder conformed by visual evoked responses as well; (3) a good correlation between the values of prolonged pupil cycle time and degree of involvement of the visual field in pathological cases.

Eye Neoplasms↗
PubMed1980

Visual acuity measured with pupil responses to checkerboard stimuli.

The response of the pupil was measured to a foveally fixated small field in which checkerboards were alternated with a blank field of equal average luminance. The subjects studied had refractive errors, but their eyes were free from pathological changes. A pupil visual acuity could be derived, which showed a very high correlation with the subjective acuity with the same checkerboard stimuli. The method of obtaining pupil visual acuity seems to compare favorably with other objective methods of measuring visual acuity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Pupil cycle time in the long-term neurologic assessment of divers.

Pupil cycle time (PCT) is an ophthalmologic technique that measures the speed of nerve conduction throughout the pupil reflex arc. An abnormally prolonged measurement may reveal subtle lesions to the autonomic nervous system. This procedure was applied to the detection of lesions in 10 experienced professional divers and three control groups: 20 non-divers, 20 sport divers, and 10 trainee professional divers. The professional group demonstrated a prolonged mean pupil cycle time compared to other groups (F = 9.732, P < 0.001). Professional divers were significantly older than other subjects, reporting longer diving histories and a higher incidence of decompression sickness. Only professional divers had saturation or trimix experience. Two divers reported long-term visual or cognitive disturbances, but all subjects demonstrated normal visual acuity. Multiple regression analysis indicated that one variable had a predominant (P < 0.01) effect on PCT: the maximum depth attained using mixed gas breathing mixtures. The utility of the technique as a component of long-term neurologic examination is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sphincteroiridoplasty of the rigid pupil in cataract extraction].

The author suggests a method for accurate positioning of the edges of the rigid pupil edge in radial iridosphyncterotomy in cataract extraction, this permitting a minimally traumatic intra- or extracapsular cataract extraction and, if necessary, IOL implantation to the lens sac or to the posterior chamber, after which the supramide suture previously made at the pupil edge is tied before radial iridosphyncterotomy. Eighteen sphyncteroiridoplastic surgeries of the rigid pupil were carried out after cataract extractions.

Cataract Extraction↗
PubMed1995

[Effect of severing trigeminal nerve on intraocular pressure and pupil in rabbits].

Changes of intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil were observed through severing trigeminal nerve (TN), and the possible effect on TN on regulation of IOP was investigated in 5 rabbits. When TN was severed, the mean IOP at the same side was sharply and significantly elevated, being almost 2-fold of that before the procedure (P < 0.01). After the procedure, the mean elevated IOP decreased rapidly. The mean IOP at the end of the procedure was 0.28kPa higher than that before the procedure, and the IOP difference between pre- and post-procedure was not significant (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the comparison between the mean IOP after the procedure for 2 weeks and that before the procedure (P > 0.05). On the other hand, the mean diameter of pupils during and at the end of the procedure was significantly decreased (P < 0.01), when compared with that before the procedure, and afterward it gradually recovered. The above findings show that the rapid and significant reactions of IOP and pupil during the procedure are possibly affected by the actions of some neuropeptides in the TN5 suggesting that TN, participate in the regulation of IOP.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The effect of pupil and observation distance on the contrast sensitivity function.

Measuring the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) is becoming more frequent in the analyses that are routinely done in optometric practice. This measurement is generally done in far vision, and the observation distance and its effects are not considered to significantly alter this function. Among these effects we should point out the accommodation of the visual optical system to the stimulus and the errors in accommodation associated with this, changes in pupil diameter and therefore in retinal illumination when the observation distance changes, the different level of aberrations (spherical aberration, astigmatism) for different cases, and so on. All of these factors contribute to the fact that the contrast sensitivity of a visual system varies according to the accommodative stimulus. In this study we attempt to clarify the influence of these different parameters by evaluating the CSF for three observation distances. The study was done in monocular vision, with a natural pupil and with a 3 mm artificial pupil that made it possible to maintain the same level of retinal illumination for all distances.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1998

Monomanual pupil stretcher.

The monomanual pupil stretcher is a new instrument that allows the authors to easily, quickly, and safely stretch the pupil. The specific features of the hooks allow pupil stretching to be performed in a single maneuver and in a more effective manner.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1999

Measurement of aqueous humor flow by fluorophotometry in the presence of a dilated pupil.

PURPOSE: To determine by means of fluorophotometry whether pharmacologic dilation of the pupil can interfere with the measurement of aqueous flow. METHODS: Ten normal human volunteers underwent dilation with tropicamide, phenylephrine, and a combination of the two drugs. Before and after dilation, the rate of aqueous flow was measured by the rate of disappearance of fluorescein from the cornea and the anterior chamber. RESULTS: Dilation of the pupil with tropicamide alone had no effect on the rate of clearance of fluorescein. Dilation with phenylephrine increased the rate of clearance of fluorescein by 40% and caused a small increase in the variability among subjects. Dilation with a combination of tropicamide and phenylephrine caused clearance of fluorescein at more than double the normal rate and a marked increase in variability among subjects. CONCLUSIONS: When the pupil is dilated sufficiently to permit mixing of aqueous humor in the posterior and anterior chambers, fluorescein can leave the system by a posterior route, and its rate of clearance may not be an accurate measure of the net rate of aqueous humor flow through the anterior chamber.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Playing it safe: addressing the emotional and physical health of lesbian and gay pupils in the U.K.

Compared to young people in general, young lesbians and gay men can face specific challenges to their physical and emotional well-being. These include discrimination, victimization, homophobic bullying and an elevated suicide risk. Relative to initiatives which attempt to address bullying in general, little has been done in schools in the U.K. to address physical and verbal homophobic bullying. This paper reports on an exploratory study to examine teachers' perceptions of homophobic bullying, the responses made to this form of bullying, and the factors which impact on the provision of education and support to lesbian and gay pupils. Findings suggested that teachers were aware of homophobic bullying but were confused, unable or unwilling to address the needs of lesbian and gay pupils. Implications for policy, practice and research are discussed. While current U.K. Government policy promoting Healthy Schools and Citizenship education offers hope for the future, much remains to be done to ensure that such initiatives are inclusive of all pupils.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Social support, negative life events and pupil misbehaviour among young Norwegian adolescents.

Relationships between negative life events, perceived social support and pupil misbehaviour were assessed in a national representative sample of 1057 Norwegian young adolescents aged 14 and 15. Negative life events were significantly associated with pupil misbehaviour among both male and female adolescents. Support from parents, friends and teachers was negatively associated with pupil misbehaviour.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Behavior problems of educationally handicapped and normal pupils.

Male pupils identified as behaviorally disordered, learning disabled, and educable mentally retarded, as well as nonidentified normal boys, were rated by their teachers on the Behavior Problem Checklist. Analyses of the ratings indicated significant differences for pupil category, Behavior Problem Checklist dimension, and category by dimension interaction, but no significant differences for age alone or in interaction with other factors. Categories of pupils were best discriminated from one another on the basis of Conduct Disorder and Personality Problem dimensions of the Behavior Problem Checklist. Results were discussed in terms of some implications for special education and further research suggested by the present findings.

Adolescent↗