Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PSYCHOSES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

The use of the Visual Analogue Mood and Alert Scales in diagnosing hospitalized affective psychoses.

A consecutive series of 90 admissions of functional patients was examined with the Present State Examination (PSE). Based primarily on PSE findings together with previously published diagnostic criteria, we identified 11 clear or index cases of schizophrenia, 12 of affective psychoses, and 12 of neurotic/personality disorders. All patients were given daily 2 analogue scales, one measuring mood and the other alertness. Among the index cases, the depressives were distinguished by low scores on both scales and the manics by high scores. There was little overlap in the distribution of the scores among the diagnostic groups, suggesting that these scales might be effective psychological markers of clear affective versus clear non-affective functional disorders. Among the undiagnosed cases, those with low or high scores on both scales resembled index affectives phenomenologically, clinically, and demographically. The scores of the 'affective-like' patients overlapped little with those of the 'non-affective-like' patients. The scales therefore might be practical diagnostic aids.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Food antibodies in acute psychoses.

Antibodies to a variety of foods, and in particular cereals, were measured in serum from 100 patients with acute psychoses and 100 elective surgical patients. For 13 out of 14 foods to which non-IgE antibodies were detected the schizophrenics had slightly more antibodies than the controls. There was an association between a possible secondary mania and the presence of IgE antibodies to wheat or rye. However, neither the schizophrenia nor the mania findings can be regarded as evidence for food allergy causing psychiatric disorder, since the immunological findings in both cases may represent consequences of the illnesses or their treatment, rather than causes of the illness.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1996

The nature of 'transient' and 'partial' psychoses: findings from the Northwick Park 'Functional' Psychosis Study.

Three hundred and twenty-six consecutively admitted patients with definite or possible functional psychotic illnesses to which no diagnostic classification had been applied were followed up after 2.5 years. In 86 cases symptomatology had been inadequate for the patients to enter the functional psychosis study, and in 75 cases this was because the symptoms were partial or transient. These patients were compared at follow-up with those who fulfilled operational criteria for schizophrenic, affective or schizoaffective psychoses. Differences between the 'partial' cases and those fulfilling specific diagnostic criteria were few, but the transient cases fared significantly better. Although the transient illnesses were recurrent, at follow-up at 2.5 years they appeared to have a good outcome in terms of social variables and symptomatology.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed2005

Dimensions and classes of psychosis in a population cohort: a four-class, four-dimension model of schizophrenia and affective psychoses.

BACKGROUND: Classification of psychosis lacks a biological basis and current diagnostic categories may obscure underlying continuities. Data reduction methods of symptom profiles within a population-based cohort of people with a wide range of affective and non-affective psychoses may permit an empirical classification of psychosis. METHOD: OPCRIT (operational criteria) analysis was performed on 387 adults aged 18-65 years in an attempted ascertainment of all patients with psychosis from a geographical area with a stable population. The data were analysed firstly using principal components analysis with varimax rotation to identify factors, and secondly to establish latent classes. Information relating to key variables known to be of relevance in schizophrenia was coded blind to the establishment of the classes and dimensions. RESULTS: Striking correspondence was obtained between the two methods. The four dimensions emerging were labelled 'depression', 'reality distortion', 'mania' and 'disorganization'. Latent classes identified were 'depression', 'bipolar', 'reality distortion/depression' and 'disorganization'. The latent classes corresponded well with DSM-III-R diagnoses, but also revealed groupings usually obscured by diagnostic boundaries. The latent classes differed on gender ratio, fertility, age of onset and self-harming behaviour, but not on substance misuse or season of birth. CONCLUSIONS: Both dimensional and categorical approaches are useful in tapping the latent constructs underlying psychosis. Broad agreement with other similar studies suggests such findings could represent discrete pathological conditions. The four classes described appear meaningful, and suggest that the term non-affective psychosis should be reserved for the disorganization class, which represents only a subgroup of those with schizophrenia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The diagnostic interview for psychoses (DIP): development, reliability and applications.

BACKGROUND: We describe the development, reliability and applications of the Diagnostic Interview for Psychoses (DIP), a comprehensive interview schedule for psychotic disorders. METHOD: The DIP is intended for use by interviewers with a clinical background and was designed to occupy the middle ground between fully structured, lay-administered schedules, and semi-structured, psychiatrist-administered interviews. It encompasses four main domains: (a) demographic data; (b) social functioning and disability; (c) a diagnostic module comprising symptoms, signs and past history ratings; and (d) patterns of service utilization and patient-perceived need for services. It generates diagnoses according to several sets of criteria using the OPCRIT computerized diagnostic algorithm and can be administered either on-screen or in a hard-copy format. RESULTS: The DIP proved easy to use and was well accepted in the field. For the diagnostic module, inter-rater reliability was assessed on 20 cases rated by 24 clinicians: good reliability was demonstrated for both ICD-10 and DSM-III-R diagnoses. Seven cases were interviewed 2-11 weeks apart to determine test-retest reliability, with pairwise agreement of 0.8-1.0 for most items. Diagnostic validity was assessed in 10 cases, interviewed with the DIP and using the SCAN as 'gold standard': in nine cases clinical diagnoses were in agreement. CONCLUSIONS: The DIP is suitable for use in large-scale epidemiological studies of psychotic disorders, as well as in smaller studies where time is at a premium. While the diagnostic module stands on its own, the full DIP schedule, covering demography, social functioning and service utilization makes it a versatile multi-purpose tool.

Demography↗
PubMed2006

Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: results from the MRC AESOP Study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of schizophrenia in the African-Caribbean population in England is reported to be raised. We sought to clarify whether (a) the rates of other psychotic disorders are increased, (b) whether psychosis is increased in other ethnic minority groups, and (c) whether particular age or gender groups are especially at risk. METHOD: We identified all people (n=568) aged 16-64 years presenting to secondary services with their first psychotic symptoms in three well-defined English areas (over a 2-year period in Southeast London and Nottingham and a 9-month period in Bristol). Standardized incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (IRR) for all major psychosis syndromes for all main ethnic groups were calculated. RESULTS: We found remarkably high IRRs for both schizophrenia and manic psychosis in both African-Caribbeans (schizophrenia 9.1, manic psychosis 8.0) and Black Africans (schizophrenia 5.8, manic psychosis 6.2) in men and women. IRRs in other ethnic minority groups were modestly increased as were rates for depressive psychosis and other psychoses in all minority groups. These raised rates were evident in all age groups in our study. CONCLUSIONS: Ethnic minority groups are at increased risk for all psychotic illnesses but African-Caribbeans and Black Africans appear to be at especially high risk for both schizophrenia and mania. These findings suggest that (a) either additional risk factors are operating in African-Caribbeans and Black Africans or that these factors are particularly prevalent in these groups, and that (b) such factors increase risk for schizophrenia and mania in these groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Theory of mind and psychoses.

BACKGROUND: A cardinal feature of schizophrenia is the sufferer's difficulty in interacting appropriately within the social milieu. This deficit has recently been associated with the concept of theory of mind, more commonly constructed as a working model to understand behavioural patterns in autistic children. In this paper the complex relationships between theory of mind, IQ and psychoses are addressed. METHODS: Five experimental groups were used; non-psychiatric controls, affective disorder, schizophrenia with normal pre-morbid IQ, schizophrenia with pre-morbid IQ in the mildly learning disabled range, and mild learning disability with no history of psychiatric illness. All subjects were given a first order Theory of Mind Task and if successful, a second order Theory of Mind Task was then administered. All subjects were rated using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS). RESULTS: Subjects with schizophrenia and subjects with mild learning disability show impaired ability on a second order theory of mind task. However, when patients who are unable to answer reality questions are removed from the analysis specific impairment of theory of mind is only seen in subjects with schizophrenia. Furthermore, this impairment is relatively specific to particular psychopathological clusters in subjects with schizophrenia. Even though the same clusters of psychopathology are also seen in patients with affective disorder, their presence is not associated with poor second order theory of mind performance. CONCLUSIONS: Impaired theory of mind on second order tests is specific to schizophrenia when compared to mild learning disability and affective disorder control groups. Subjects with schizophrenia and pre-morbid mild learning disability show greater impairment than subjects with schizophrenia and a pre-morbid IQ within the normal range.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Structural brain abnormalities in the major psychoses: a quantitative review of the evidence from computerized imaging.

The neuroimaging literature on structural brain abnormalities in the major psychoses is quantitatively reviewed. The mean effect size for studies of lateral ventriculomegaly in schizophrenia (d = .70) corresponded to 43% nonoverlap between the distributions of schizophrenics and control Ss. Planimetry yielded larger effects than linear methods of ventricular size estimation. Although enlargement of the third ventricle was comparable to that of lateral ventriculomegaly (d = .66), it was found to be significantly greater after differences in measurement method were taken into account. The average cumulative length of hospitalization, adjusted for patients' age and duration of illness, predicted ventriculomegaly in schizophrenia. Studies on schizophrenia and affective disorder differed neither in the extent of reported ventriculomegaly nor in the amount of "cortical atrophy."

Brain↗
PubMed2007

Improvement of prefrontal brain function in endogenous psychoses under atypical antipsychotic treatment.

Typical and atypical antipsychotics are thought to exert their effects on different neurotransmitter pathways with specific action of atypical compounds on the prefrontal cortex, but studies directly investigating the effect of those drugs on neurophysiological measures of prefrontal brain function are sparse. We therefore investigated the influence of different antipsychotics on an electrophysiological marker of prefrontal brain function (NoGo anteriorization, NGA) and neuropsychological test scores. For this purpose, 38 patients with endogenous psychoses were investigated at the beginning of a stationary psychiatric treatment and at a 6-week-follow-up. Patients were treated with typical or atypical antipsychotics, or a combination of both. They underwent psychopathological diagnostic and neuropsychological testing, as well as electrophysiological investigations during a Continuous Performance Test. The results indicate that typical and atypical antipsychotics differentially affected the development of the NGA over the course of the treatment, typical antipsychotics tending to result in decreased values at follow-up, and atypical antipsychotics stabilizing, or increasing this parameter. Performance in tests of frontal lobe function generally declined under typical antipsychotics and improved with atypical compounds, changes in Stroop interference correlated with changes in the NGA. We conclude that typical and atypical antipsychotics differ regarding their effect on prefrontal brain function in schizophrenia, atypical neuroleptics often showing a more favorable impact than conventional antipsychotics on respective parameters.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Dose requirement and prolactin elevation of antipsychotics in male and female patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the prolactin (PRL) secretion and the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) axis in relation to gender and side-effects and dose of antipsychotic drugs during long-term treatment. METHODS: Forty-seven patients (21 men and 26 women), diagnosed with schizophrenia or related psychoses according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria and treated with different classical antipsychotics, were studied. Prolactin, GH and IGF-I were measured, as well as the serum concentration of the antipsychotics. In addition, body mass index (BMI) was calculated. RESULTS: The median daily, as well as the median body weight, adjusted daily dose of antipsychotic drugs was twofold higher in male compared with female patients. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia was more frequent and occurred at a lower daily dose of antipsychotics in women. Irrespective of sex, more than half of the patients had elevated BMI. Two patients had a slight increment in IGF-I levels, whereas the GH concentration, as assessed on a single occasion, was normal in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients on long-term antipsychotic therapy, with doses adjusted according to therapeutic efficiency, exhibited hyperprolactinaemia and elevated BMI, but no obvious influence on the GH-IGF-I axis. Furthermore, it appeared that the males required twice the dose of antipsychotic compared with females.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Age-at-first-registration and heterogeneity in affective psychoses.

BACKGROUND: Previous research into age of onset in affective disorders has produced conflicting results. This paper examines the influence of heterogeneity on the age-at-first-registration distribution for the ICD-9 diagnostic group 'affective psychosis'. METHOD: For 1979-1991, data for age-at-first-registration for 4985 individuals diagnosed with affective psychosis (ICD-9 296.x) were extracted from a name-linked mental health register. These data were divided into (i) '296.1 only', a category used to code unipolar depression (males = 700; females = 1321); and (ii) '296 other', all 296 cases other than 296.1 (males = 1280; females = 1684). Inception rates for each 5-year age division were adjusted for the background population age-structure as a rate per 100,000 population. RESULTS: The age-at-first-registration distribution for affective psychosis has a wide age range, with women outnumbering men. There is a near-linear increase in inception rates for both men and women with 296.1 only, while the bulk of those with affective psychoses (296 other) have an inverted U-shaped age distribution. Males have an earlier modal age-at-first-registration for 296 other compared to females. CONCLUSION: The heterogeneity in terms of subtypes and sex in affective psychosis clouds the interpretation of age-at-first-registration. Separating those with unipolar psychotic depression from other subclassifications and differentiating by sex may provide clues to factors that precipitate the onset of affective psychosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Social interpersonal dimensions of the psychoses.

This paper looks at the patterns for the creation and social management of insanity and the involvements of those concerned. It describes an interaction model with people in a social reality of everyday living, built up of and defined by 'subjective' definitions of a situation. The psychiatric profession, involved in their conventional medical one-to-one confidential consultations with their patients, fails to be informed about the societal dimensions with two, three or more members as first described by Simmel (1902) (1). The differences are traditional, 'Two is company' and 'Three is a crowd'. If one of the possible two-person relationships in a family develops some emotional change to define itself as 'Two is company', this may alter the emotional balance in the whole family and may lead to 'split minds' (schizo/phrenia) and involving relationships with and between other family members. The arrival of the first baby changes two to three and creates 'Our Family'. 'Two is company: but it is not our family.' 'Three is a crowd' but now, with three possible pairs, who is the odd one to be left out, or to push in or be pushed out? This is proposed as the interpersonal relationships substrate of the manic-(push in) or depressive (pushed out) psychoses in an older family generation. Both propositions are to be developed using probability theory to define the number of members, the corresponding numbers of their possible kinetic interpersonal relationships, their social dynamism probabilities, and potential outcomes involving modern non-linear mathematics. These patients are described as 'not themselves' or 'beside themselves'. Those who are themselves but described as neurotic or psychopathic will also be mentioned.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Neuronal hypersynchronization, creativity and endogenous psychoses.

I have investigated a neuronal hypersynchronism, currently included under the general subject of epilepsy, and termed interictal activity. I suggest that it is a physiological activity of the mammalian brain and propose it be termed Hyperia. After a thorough study of the extraordinary psychic manifestations of this neuronal hypersynchronism shown by mystics and artists, I have reviewed several scientific publications bearing on my hypothesis. I conclude by elaborating on a variety of cerebral hypersynchronous functions whose cause I consider to be physiological. Such behaviour is a common basis for extraordinary psychic manifestations found not only in mystics and artists, but also in patients suffering from endogenous psychoses, especially Bipolar Disorder.

Creativity↗
PubMed1975

[The use of the brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS) by overall and gorham for the diagnosis of acute paranoid psychoses: evaluation of a german translation of the BPRS (author's transl)].

A German translation of Overall and Gorham's "Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale" (BPRS) has been used to select patients with acute paranoid psychoses for a drug trial and to evaluate the results of the treatment. The BPRS proved very useful in screening, and as a reliable method to judge the global therapeutic outcome. The total score showed a high degree of interrater reliability; it also reflected a marked decrease of psychopathological symptoms at the end of the trial. Interrater correlation coefficients were lower than 0.7 in 9/16 items. This may be due to the somewhat unprecise and ambigous formulation of several items. The average BPRS profile of patients with "paranoid-hallucinatory schizophrenia" were similar to those published by French authors for the corresponding diagnosis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

[The classification of functional psychoses: the impact of ICD-10 diagnoses (research diagnostic criteria) for the prediction of the long-term course].

One major objective of Emil Kraepelin's system of the functional psychoses was to establish a prognostically relevant diagnostic classification. Following this idea, 197 first admitted inpatients from the years 1980 - 1982 were examined 15 years later in order to determine the impact of ICD-10 diagnoses (derived from first hospitalisation) for the long-term course. The long-term course was divided into the three course types single episode, episodic-remitting course and chronic course. The results showed that 57 % of the patients with schizophrenia, 50 % of the patients with persistent delusional disorders, 20 % of the patients with acute and transient psychotic disorders, 10 % of the patients with schizoaffective disorders and only 3 % of those with affective disorders developed a chronic course type. Using a logistic regression analysis, the predictive validity of the ICD-10 diagnoses was compared with those of a dimensional model based on psychopathological and demographic data. The results revealed that the predictive validity of the dimensional model (77 %) does not exceed the predictive validity of ICD-10 diagnoses (78 %).

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Course and long-term treatment of schizophrenic psychoses.

As there is a lack of clear biological correlates for most psychiatric disorders, follow-up studies regarding course, outcome and prognosis of psychiatric disorders play an important role in psychiatric research, especially in terms of validation of psychiatric diagnoses and other psychiatric concepts, such as the concept of negative symptoms. Long-term studies also have their place in the description and evaluation of first treatment procedures. The first part of this paper will describe some general aspects of the long-term course and outcome of schizophrenic psychoses. The problem of relapses and relapse prevention will then be discussed. Especially data from recent studies will be considered in this overview.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1989

[Long-term catamnesis on the topic of uses and side effects of lithium prevention of phasic psychoses].

A lithium long-term catamnesis of 124 patients (107 manic-depressive and 17 schizoaffective psychoses) after more than 8 years of lithium prophylaxis led to the following results: 1.) Recovering: 30.3%. Improvement - particularly mitigation of the episodes of illness -: 56%. Lack of efficiency: 13%. Mean incidence of episodes of illness before lithium 0.57 per year, during lithium 0.36. Mean incidence of hospitalisation before lithium 3.4 years, during Lithium 7.1 years. Deterioration following discontinuation of lithium: 21 of 22 cases. 2.) Side effects at the beginning: 61.2%, finally 42.7% (incidence of struma 19.5% of tremor 19%, of polydipsia/polyuria 9.1%). 3.) EEG changes (general slowing-down and dysrhythmia, to a quarter focally accentuated): 59%. 4.) Normal results of haematologic and clinical-chemical investigations (28 parameter) except serum creatinine (10%), creatinine clearance (20.5%) and leucocytosis (13%). The authors discuss the reduced incidence of recovery and the quantity of side effects based on the aspect of long-term catamnesis. Further studies are necessary with regard to the selection of lithium-treated patients, to the duration of prophylaxis without efficiency and to the shift from initial efficiency to later inefficiency.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Disability and residual symptoms in schizoaffective psychoses--data, methodologic problems and references for future research].

Schizoaffective disorders take a position between schizophrenia and affective disorders regarding outcome in the sense of psychological residuum and social consequences. What prognosis a schizoaffective illness has depends mainly on intrasymptomatological factors: Melancholic episodes during course seem to predict a good long-term outcome, schizophrenia-typical symptoms in the opposite predestinate to the development of residuum and disability. Non-symptomatological factors do not have any direct influence on the development of a residuum and disability. The comparison of course studies is limited by severe difficulties based on methodological and definitional shortcomings. Such shortcomings are (a) broad definition of schizoaffective but also of schizophrenic psychoses, (b) globalization of the term "outcome", (c) partialization of the term "prognosis", (d) equalization of the terms "course" and "outcome", (e) ignoring of inhomogeneity and polymorphism of schizoaffective disorders, (f) global evaluation of "outcome", (g) short follow-up periods. Some suggestions how to limitate the mentioned methodological shortcomings are discussed.

Disability Evaluation↗