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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Progesterone administration by nasal spray.

The bioavailability and the clinical usefulness of the P administered by nasal spray were investigated. Ten healthy menopausal women received an IN spray administration (4 doses of an oleic P solution 20 mg/mL, corresponding to nearly 11.2 mg of P) and the circulating P levels were calculated. Sixty minutes after administration, the maximum concentration (CMax, 3.75 +/- 0.214 ng/mL) was reached. High P levels (greater than 2 ng/mL) lasted until 360 minutes, and the AUC 0 to 720 was 1,481.6 +/- 343 ng.h/mL. Progesterone administration by spray formulation has proven to be effective in reaching therapeutic levels and to be acceptable to patients and, probably, clinically safe.

Absorption↗
PubMed1989

The effects of steroids on the fine structure of the endometrium.

This brief review illustrates the lack of ultrastructural studies on human endometrium, particularly on well-dated material from normal, fertile women. The glandular epithelium, with its triad of unusual organelles in the early luteal phase, poses fascinating problems in cell biology and, probably for this reason, has attracted the most work. Many problems in reproductive biology, in uterine pathology and in the study of unexplained infertility are crying out for detailed study of the luminal epithelium, the stroma and the blood vessels. If this review, by highlighting the gaps in our knowledge, stimulates research into these areas, it will have been successful.

Endometrium↗
PubMed1993

Emergency contraception.

The term 'emergency contraception', as employed in this paper, refers to methods that are used as emergency procedures to prevent pregnancy following unprotected intercourse. Alternative, less appropriate, terms are postcoital and 'morning-after' contraception. References to postcoital preparations can be found as far back as 1500 BC in Egyptian papyri, but it was not until fairly recently that contraceptive research has been able to at least partially fulfill that need. The development of hormonal methods of emergency contraception goes back to the 1960s when the first human trials of postcoitally administered high-dose oestrogens were undertaken. Combined oestrogen- progestogen combination therapy (the so-called Yuzpe regimen) was introduced in the early 1970s, while the postcoital insertion of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) for emergency contraception was first reported in 1976. Other compounds that have been tested more recently include levonorgestrel, the antiprogestogen mifepristone, and danazol. Although there is some debate about the magnitude of the protective effect, few people question the important role that emergency contraception can play in preventing unwanted pregnancy and hence maternal mortality and morbidity resulting from unsafe abortion. Given that the most often used methods of emergency contraception, namely the Yuzpe regimen and postcoital insertion of an IUD, rely on technology that has been available for some 30 years, family planning programmes that claim to be concerned with improving women's reproductive health, cannot really be excused if they do not provide emergency contraception as part of their routine services.

Contraception↗
PubMed1993

Antigestogens.

Antigestogens are compounds which inhibit the synthesis of progesterone or antagonise its biological action. The progesterone antagonist mifepristone (RU 486) binds with high affinity to progesterone receptors throughout the body, blocking the action of endogenous progesterone. In the last 10 years it has been demonstrated that mifepristone, in combination with a suitable prostaglandin, is a safe, effective alternative to vacuum aspiration for termination of pregnancy in the first two months. Preliminary trials suggest that antigestogens may be useful true contraceptives by inhibiting ovulation or by preventing implantation as once a month pills and postcoital agents. In late pregnancy, by sensitising the uterus to prostaglandins and by promoting cervical dilatation, they may induce labour and facilitate lactation. In non-pregnant women mifepristone may have application in the treatment of hormone-dependent conditions such as endometriosis, fibromyomata, meningioma and breast cancer. The availability of hormone antagonists to oestrogens, androgens and progesterone offers the possibility of new methods of regulating reproductive function in health and disease.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1987

Effects on the breast of drugs used in fertility regulation.

The action of fertility-regulating drugs on the breast is discussed. Compounds such as steroids act directly on breast tissues, whereas others, such as clomiphene or gonadotrophin, act indirectly. There can be differential responses of the alveolar and ductal systems. Tissues of a breast tumour typical of epithelial tissues were analysed for changes in cytosolic and nuclear receptors for oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone following its exposure to these steroids. Effects on cell multiplication and receptor density were identified. The relationship of these findings to benign breast disease and oral contraceptives is discussed.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1976

Current models of steroid hormone action: a critique.

In this review, we have traced the path of estradiol from its entry into the cell to the time of its release from the receptor. We feel that all of the current models are limited in one respect or another. We have examined most critically those currently most in vogue. The entry of estradiol into the cell is widely assumed to be simply a matter of diffusion. We have highlighted data that suggest the existence of a protein-mediated transport, but feel that the available data are too limited to make a definite conclusion.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1987

Fertility control with RU 486.

RU 486 is a synthetic steroid possessing antiprogestin and antiglucocorticoid activities. This paper summarizes the main pharmacological properties of this molecule. It is now under the phase II-III clinical studies in the world for early pregnancy interruption. By itself, the drug shows a 85% complete efficacy provided it is given at the dose of 600 mg (3 X 200 mg) once in pregnancies below or equal to 41 days of amenorrhea. The clinical tolerance of the drug is extremely satisfactory, but metrorrhagia can in some instances be heavy, thus necessitating an adequate medical monitoring. The antiglucogenic activity of the molecule has no clinical relevance. In the future, soma data suggest that adjunction of a synthetic prostaglandin analog could somehow increase the success rate, but further studies are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of such a combination.

Abortifacient Agents↗
PubMed1981

HCG, progesterone and 17-beta-estradiol levels during extra-amniotically induced early abortion by a new prostaglandin derivative (Sulprostone).

A new prostaglandin E2 derivative (Sulprostone) was given extra-amniotically to 17 healthy women, who were 7-8 weeks pregnant, in order to assess the plasma profile of HCG, 17 beta-estradiol (E2), and progesterone and to evaluate the effectiveness and overall acceptability of the method in relation to different dose levels. On the lowest dose level (5 micrograms) only 3 of 7 patients aborted within a 3-to 6-day period. At higher dose levels (10 and 15 micrograms, respectively) 9 out of 10 women exhibited clinical evidence of an abortion. In the group who aborted, E2, progesterone, and HCG decreased continuously, whereas in the nonabortion group decreased levels were found 3 and 6 h after administration of the drug, but already after 24 h the values had again increased. Practically all treated women experienced lower abdominal discomfort, 7 (41%) reported the pains being severe. Vomiting and/or diarrhea occurred in 4 patients (24%). Similarly to other hitherto tested prostaglandins in humans, this new analogue exhibits its effect primarily through direct stimulatory effect on the uterine smooth muscle, resulting in subsequent decline in the concentrations of HCG, E2, and progesterone. In the group of successful inductions the decrease of the HCG concentration was close the half-time of HCG, indicating a permanent damage to the placenta. Despite the high success rate at a dose of 10 micrograms or more, the side effects, mainly abdominal cramps. were too severe to make this method feasible for the induction of early abortion when comparing to the available routine procedure of rapid vacuum curettage used on an outpatients basis.

Abortifacient Agents↗
PubMed1975

Antiovulatory activity of synthetic corticoids.

A single dose of triamcinolone acetonide had antiovulatory properties in 7 of 11 women when injected on day 1 or 2 of the menstrual cycle. Daily blood studies in three subjects revealed that the FSH and LH surges were absent, and there was no rise in plasma progesterone. Follicular function, as manifested by estrogen levels, was maintained.

Adult↗