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PubMed1998

Community pharmacy in South Africa: a changing profession in a society in transition.

The analysis of community pharmacy as a profession in transition acquires an additional dimension in South Africa, since it is inextricably linked to its social characteristics as well as to the political transformation taking place. Using data collected by means of a documentary search, interviews with key informants and a survey of community pharmacists, the paper presents the relevant societal features and explores some of the complexities associated with the existing as well as the potential future role of community pharmacy in the context of changing health services in a society in transition. It concludes that the changes in community pharmacy and the role it can play in the provision of Primary Health Care to all the people of South Africa are linked to the greater transition in society and its future health care services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Measuring student motivation in health professions' colleges.

Active, independent, self-directed learning requires motivation, or a willingness to exert high levels of effort toward educational goals, conditioned by individual need. Motivation may be a function of individual differences or induced by situational constraints. Archer (1994), who used goal orientation to conceptualize university student motivation, theorized that students would exhibit a preference for either mastery orientation (desire to develop competence/increase understanding), performance orientation (desire to demonstrate competence/ability), or academic alienation (no concern for developing competence or demonstrating achievement). The purpose of this study was to identify and validate an instrument that would measure goal orientation preferences of students in health professions programs. The authors administered Archer's survey to a sample of medical, nursing, and pharmacy students to determine if the instrument was appropriate for this population. Results demonstrated that goal orientation preference could be measured in these students and confirmed the instrument's reliability and valid use for these populations.

Goals↗
PubMed2002

From the Balint method toward profession-related supervision.

This paper focuses on Michael Balint's special application of psychoanalysis, originally conceived as a training of doctors. Then the attempt is made to discover indirectly, since Balint never described his method in context, what he thought mattered in terms of method. Besides Balint's own contributions, those of his own staff are also consulted as well as the cultural background of the Tavistock Clinic and the Tavistock Institute. Then the further developments of the Balint method in the German-speaking world are presented. At the center are the special features of the method: (a) the atmosphere, (b) the narrator's contribution, (c) listening and reactions of the members of the group, (d) the unconscious enactments in transference and countertransference and the mirror-phenomena, respectively. Furthermore, the respective central points of reference are discussed from the viewpoint of communication science: (a) case, (b) group, and (c) institution. In conclusion and based on these foundations, the characteristics of the application of the Balint method in the form of a particular profession-related supervision are presented.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Advocating for persons who are mentally ill: a history of mutual empowerment of patients and profession.

The author reviews the history of advocacy for mentally ill individuals. Through organizations such as the National Mental Health Association and the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, collaboration among professionals, consumers, and concerned citizens is enhanced. The common causes and differences among organizations are discussed within the context of how psychiatrists can realize leadership strategies to further advance advocacy for mentally ill persons and for the profession.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2004

Changing a profession, influencing community pharmacy.

The authors set out to describe the possible impact of the continuing education activities of the Community Pharmacy Section (CPS) of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) on the profession in the period from 1980 to 2002 (approximately the last two decades of the 20th century) by reviewing and interpreting documents of the Community Pharmacy Section of the International Pharmaceutical Federation. The educational activities of the CPS have resulted in a high level of satisfaction among the participants. The CPS has also coordinated international practice research and the dissemination of the concept of pharmaceutical care. Additionally, the section's activities have informed the members of national pharmaceutical associations about new concepts, and stimulated projects on the added value of pharmacy. There are reasons to believe that the activities have created agents of change. It seems that the activities of the section have had some effect, although the exact impact remains difficult to measure because no structured evaluation method has been applied from the beginning of the continuing education activities.

Community Pharmacy Services↗
PubMed2003

[Change in perspective. One's profession from the viewpoint of others: how do nurses feel they are being perceived by physicians in professional interactions?].

Collaboration between nursing personnel and physicians (and vice versa) on a medical ward is a fragile issue. There seems to be a need to rebuild this collaboration whenever there is a change of staff on the ward. This act can consume valuable resources and is basically influenced by the image of nursing personnel, and physicians among the other profession, respectively. This article presents the findings based on 18 interviews with physicians (eleven males/seven females), and 25 interviews with nursing personnel (five males/20 females) from two units of internal medicine of two confessional academic hospitals each with ca. 350 beds in a big city in Northern Germany. Both occupational groups experienced the reflection of their own professional image in a different way. Physicians seemed to be rather ignorant where their image among the nursing staff is concerned. In their answers they talked about qualifications of nurses in general and did not reflect upon their own image among nursing personnel. Nursing personnel often expected a social and a professional feedback from the physicians in spite of the fact that physicians are not experts in nursing. This may be due to the lack of a professional (not organizational) hierarchical context for the nursing personnel. The deficit of an own organizational structure of supervision, incentives and disincentives weakens the position of nurses in the context of a hospital.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Whither the professions?

I must confess to having been a little surprised at being asked to give The Dental School Founders' and Benefactors' Lecture this year. It is manifest to all that I am not a founder of the School and as chairman of the Health Authority I have not always been perceived to be a benefactor. Nevertheless I accepted your Dean's invitation and I hope my status may improve. There has been some uncertainty in relation to my title 'Whither the professions?' as to whether it expresses a question or an exhortation. It was certainly intended to be a question.

Dentistry↗
PubMed1993

The professions in the 1990s.

As they did when they were formed 150 years ago, the professions must again convince the public and a cost-conscious and competition-orientated Government that they should be entrusted with the provision of services their training has made them fit to offer. This article explains why.

Government Agencies↗
PubMed2003

Adverse reactions to protective gloves used in the dental profession: experience of the UK Adverse Reaction Reporting Project.

The Adverse Reaction Reporting Project (ARRP) was set up to measure the extent and severity of adverse reactions to dental materials in the UK. Further analysis into the use of protective gloves has been carried out to establish the degree to which gloves are having a deleterious effect on the dental profession. In addition the survey aimed to establish the techniques used to manage adverse reactions and their effectiveness. In a 23-month period, 369 reports were received concerning adverse reactions to protective gloves used in dental practices. Reporters were contacted for further information, and a 92% response rate was achieved. The 330 reports analysed showed dentists to be the largest group to report adverse reactions, whilst dental technicians reported the fewest. The referral rate for staff and patients was similar with a third of adverse reactions being referred (n=110) to a specialist for diagnosis. A confirmed diagnosis was received in 65% of referred cases (n=72), but the symptoms reported suggested a larger degree of Type I reactions occurring than diagnosed. The use of non-powdered gloves appeared to be favoured over powdered gloves in 42% of glove changes, and nitrile gloves were used as an alternative to latex in 39% of changes. In conclusion, the results from this survey showed that wearing gloves in dental practices in the UK caused a range of adverse reactions. In 79% (n=330) of cases reported and analysed, these reactions were readily resolved or improved by self-medication, prescribed medication and/or changing to a different type of protective glove.

Dental Staff↗
PubMed2004

Bicycle helmets--does the dental profession have a role in promoting their use?

OBJECTIVES: To review the available literature regarding the: epidemiology of bicycle related head injuries; consequences of head injuries; rates of cycle helmet use; impact of educational campaigns and legislation on usage rates; effectiveness of cycle helmets in protecting against head and facial injuries; arguments against the compulsory use of bicycle helmets. DATA SOURCES: A computerised Medline search was conducted using the keywords: head injury, facial injury, bicycle helmets, accidents. DATA SELECTION: All available information was considered. DATA SYNTHESIS: Data was collated manually. CONCLUSIONS: The wearing of bicycle helmets contributes significantly to the prevention of head injuries (HI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly in children and adolescents. There is evidence to support the role of cycle helmets in the prevention of injuries to the middle third of the face and some dental injuries. There is a case for the implementation of legislation accompanied by educational campaigns to increase significantly the use of cycle helmets. The dental profession could: play an active role in promoting cycle helmet use; support calls for the compulsory wearing of cycling helmets, particularly for children; press for modification of helmet design and standards to increase protection of the face.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2005

The European vibration directive--how will it affect the dental profession?

On 6 July 2005, the EU Physical Agents (Vibration) Directive (2002) came into force across all member states. This will mean that legally enforceable limits on hand-arm vibration exposures will be introduced and that risk management must be set in place at work. This article briefly describes the content of the Directive, how this will affect the dental profession and what measures will be required to ensure compliance.

Dental Equipment↗
PubMed1999

Child protection: a survey of experience and knowledge within the dental profession of New South Wales, Australia.

AIM: To establish the experience and knowledge of dental practitioners in New South Wales, Australia in the area of child abuse and protection. DESIGN: A cross-sectional telephone questionnaire. SAMPLE: One hundred and twenty-two interviews; 67 general dental practitioners randomly selected and 55 members of the Australia and New Zealand Society of Paediatric Dentistry. RESULTS: All of the dentists interviewed could identify physical abuse and most identified emotional abuse, however, none could describe all five forms of abuse. Significantly more (58%) members of the paediatric dental society had at some time suspected abuse, compared with only 24% of the general practitioners. However, only 20 of the paediatric dentists and seven general practitioners had actually reported any cases. The main reason given for not reporting concerned confidentiality. Seventy-two per cent of general practitioners did not know their legal obligations or with whom they could discuss any concerns. While paediatric dentists achieved a better percentage, still over half of them were similarly unsure. CONCLUSIONS: Further education and training is required for both the dental profession and the child protection agencies to improve the inter-agency working relationship and thus provide better protection for children.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1997

A comparison of the reported early experiences of a group of student nurses with those of a group of people outside the helping professions.

In order to investigate the psychodynamic concepts of "reparation' and "compulsive caring' as possible motivations for a career in nursing, a questionnaire was given to two groups of respondents, 115 nursing students and 97 people not involved in any of the helping professions. Both groups were asked whether or not they had experienced specific, potentially distressing events and circumstances in their childhood and teenage years. The null hypothesis was that there would be no statistically significant differences between the two groups on frequency of affirmative responses to these questions. Chi-square tests were used to determine the differential frequency of responses. The nursing students had a higher percentage of affirmative responses to 11 of the 14 questions, and statistically significant differences were identified. The nursing students had a significantly greater total number of recollected adverse experiences, and there was a significantly greater number of nursing students recollecting at least one. Significance on this result was maintained when males and females were analysed separately and together, with a higher level of significance reached for males than for females. Statistically significant differences between the two groups on their responses to specific questions were greatest for the questions about separations from mother or main carer and about the occurrence of major difficulties not covered in other questions. There is strong evidence for a rejection of the null hypothesis, the implications of which are discussed.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1998

Specialist practice: advancing the profession?

In 1994, the United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (UKCC) completed its framework for post-registration education and practice. The UKCC's strategy was based upon the two principles of compulsory re-registration for all practising nurses and graduate-level (or equivalent) entry to specialist practice. It may be seen as the culmination of a gradual process of professionalization, as well as a response to changes in the organization and delivery of health care in the late 20th century. This paper uses both primary and secondary sources to trace the development of the new strategy, and its wider implications for the profession.

Credentialing↗
PubMed1998

Ministering to madness: the narratives of people who have left religious orders to work in the caring professions.

This paper examines the life stories of 14 men and women who spent time in religious communities and who subsequently took up work in the caring professions. Their accounts reflect the alignment between the ethics of care and those of religious life, the centrality of contemplation and self-examination to both Christianity and psychotherapy. There are further correspondences between their narratives and recent academic interest in the spiritual aspects of health care. They also describe profound changes and moments of uncertainty which parallel other transitional experiences like grieving or unemployment. For many respondents also, caring for others is part of caring for oneself. Disappointment with the religious life and isolation on leaving it appear to have brought the respondents into a close relationship with those who suffer mental illness. It is almost as if they seek to heal the distress in their own lives by proxy.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The educated patient: new challenges for the medical profession.

The medical profession is facing significant changes in the way the rest of society relates to it. Mass education, mass media and mass consumerism have boomed in the 20th century, putting an increasing amount of pressure on professionals to meet rising public expectations. If doctors are to continue to provide a service that meets the demands of citizens and taxpayers, they need to develop a new relationship with patients, acting not as instructors but as guides, to help people make decisions about their own health. They will have to be more accountable for the quality of care they provide and work with a wider range of health and non-health professionals to meet patients' needs. Doctors need not only to accept the consumer society but also, I will argue, to encourage it. They can work to ensure that the benefits of the information revolution are felt by people excluded from consumerism because of poverty and social isolation, working to create an empowered, informed public whose members are given the best opportunity to look after their own health.

Consumer Advocacy↗
PubMed1998

Power, professions and evidence-based guidelines: lessons from an organizational case study.

AIM: This paper addresses the issues of evidence-based practice (EBP) in relation to power, professionalism and the British National Health Service reforms. BACKGROUND: There has been little discussion at organizational level over issues of professional boundaries, roles and tensions, which are inextricably linked with the drive for an evidence-based culture. METHODS: The paper is a reflection on the findings of a recent case study, which examined the management and organization of an independent sector provider of mental health services in its drive to address issues of EBP. FINDINGS: New managerial hegemony had altered the balance of power within the organization, there was an extension of managerial surveillance, competing political relationships and a general decline in medical dominance. CONCLUSION: Organizations should avoid 'personalizing' the debate on establishing a research-based culture. EBP requires structures to support it and groups representing the health care professions within the organization should be involved in identifying and making recommendations on EBP issues.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗
PubMed2004

Casual work in nursing and other clinical professions: evidence from Australia.

This paper explores casual and temporary work in nursing and other clinical professions in the hospital industry in Australia. Evidence suggests that the use of casual and temporary work has increased in recent years. In turn the growth of non-standard employment has been used to suggest workplace restructuring along the lines of Atkinson's (1984) 'flexible firm' model. However, this article finds that casual and temporary employees are used to fulfil core duties in the hospital industry, casting doubt on Atkinson's model.

Australia↗