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PubMed1977

[Studies on the antigenicity of swine arterio graft (author's transl)].

To obtain better arterio grafts, we prepared three samples from adventitia of swine carotid arteries, and their antigenicity was studied with immunological procedures. Sample I was prepared from swine carotid arteries, by eliminating the extraneous fat and connective tissues. Sample II was prepared from Sample I by treatment with chymotrypsin, and Sample III was prepared from Sample II by treatment with 3% glutaraldehyde for 14 days. From the three samples, the water soluble protein fractions were extracted, and abbreviated as E-I, E-II and E-III, respectively. Immunopharmacological tests in guinea pigs and rabbits including active and passive anaphylaxis, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, Schultz-Dale test and Arthus's phenomenon among these extracts revealed cross reactions between E-I and E-II. Also, precipitin test and Ouchterlony's method, precipitation was observed between E-I and E-II, and it was suggested that there might be at least a common antigen between E-I and E-II. The rabbits which had been implanted subcutaneously at the back with the minced Sample I evoked severe reactions and died after intravenous injection of E-I at the 3rd or 5th month after implantation. No reaction was observed between Sample III and E-III in the same experiment. From the above results, it was suggested that the antigenicity of swine carotid arteries could be eliminated by the treatment with chymotrypsin and glutaraldehyde.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of inactivated Mycoplasma gallisepticum oil-emulsion bacterins for protection against airsacculitis in broilers.

Broiler chicks were vaccinated subcutaneously in the neck at various ages with a single 0.5-ml dose of beta-propiolactone-inactivated Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) oil-emulsion bacterin. Four weeks later, vaccinated and control chicks were placed in cold environmental cabinets, infected with infectious bronchitis virus intratracheally, and 2 days later challenged by aerosol exposure to live MG broth culture. All chicks were killed 21 days later and scored postmortem for the rate and severity of airsacculitis produced in each group. Broiler chicks vaccinated at 1 day of age had only slight protection against the development of airsacculitis. Results were variable when chicks were vaccinated at 7 days of age, with little evidence of resistance to airsacculitis. However, when broiler chicks were vaccinated with MG bacterins at 11 to 15 days of age, they acquired significant protection against airsacculitis compared with controls. Viable MG organisms were readily isolated from most of the sampled tracheas and air-sac lesions cultured 21 days post-challenge, indicating a lack of protection against infection of the respiratory tract. MG-vaccinated chicks generally produced antibodies readily detectable by the rapid serum-plate test, tube-agglutination, and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests. Some of the vaccinated chicks, but none of the unvaccinated control chicks, developed positive reactions to agar-gel-precipitin tests following challenge. Low HI titers at challenge were not necessarily indicative of lack of protection against the development of airsacculitis, since good protection was often observed in chickens with low to moderate HI titers.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Naturally occurring and experimentally induced castor bean (Ricinus communis) poisoning in ducks.

Castor bean (Ricinus communis) poisoning accounted for the death of several thousand ducks in the Texas panhandle in the fall and winter months of 1969-1971. Signs of intoxication resembled those of botulism, except for mucoid, blood-tinged excreta. The most common lesions were severe fatty change in the liver, widely distributed internal petechial hemorrhages or ecchymoses, and catarrhal enteritis. Nearly intact castor beans were found in the stomach of one duck during field necropsy. Fragments of seed coat resembling castor bean were found in the stomachs of 10 of 14 ducks examined in the laboratory. Clinical signs and postmortem lesions observed in wild ducks were induced experimentally in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) by force-feeding intact castor beans. Toxicity titrations were erratic, but the LD50 appeared to be between three and four seeds. The mouse toxicity test, used to detect Clostridium botulinum toxin in the blood serum of intoxicated ducks, was negative in every case. Hemagglutination and precipitin tests generally failed to detect castor bean in extracts of excreta or intestinal contents of experimentally intoxicated ducks.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Rapid slide coagglutination test for identifying and typing group B streptococci.

A Cowan I strain of Staphylococcus aureus was labeled with either group B streptococcal grouping or typing antiserum. These antibody-labeled reagent cells (ARC) were used in a slide coagglutination test to identify and type group B streptococci from blood agar plates. All streptococci were also identified by the standard Lancefield capillary precipitin test. In a blind study, all 141 group B streptococci were correctly identified by the coagglutination grouping test. None of the 148 non-group B streptococci caused agglutination of ARC. The coagglutination grouping test required an acid extract prepared from only four colonies and could be completed less than 30 min after colonies were removed from plates. The coagglutination typing test correctly identified 98.6% of the types of the 141 group B streptococcal strains tested. At least 88.6% of these streptococci could be typed directly from blood agar plates within 5 min by the coagglutination typing test. The remaining 11.4% of the group B streptococci were acid extracted (less than a 30-min procedure), and the extract was used for coagglutination typing. Coagglutination typing can be performed with only four colonies. The coagglutination grouping and typing tests are inexpensive, rapid, reliable, and easy to perform.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1995

Prevalence of Fasciola infection among school children in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt.

This study was performed on 1350 school children from 9 different villages in Sharkia Governorate to investigate the real situation of endemicity of fascioliasis in the area. Stool examination using modified Kato thick smear method was performed to detect Fasciola infection and other parasites. Those with negative stool samples were examined serologically by ELISA test to detect anti-Fasciola IgG. All cases with positive anti-Fasciola IgG were further examined by circum-oval precipitin test (COPT) against viable S. mansoni eggs to exclude the crossly reacted Schistosoma infections. Sixty nine cases were found to pass Fasciola eggs in their stool samples (5.1%). Anti-Fasciola IgG was detected in the sera of 231 children (17.1%) using ELISA test. Eighty four out of the 231 children were found positive by COPT and were considered as schistosomal cases. The remaining 147 who gave negative COPT were considered as Fasciola infections. All of the 69 Fasciola positive stool cases were found positive by ELISA test and negative by COPT test. The sensitivity of stool analysis was 47% versus 100% sensitivity of ELISA, whereas the specificity of ELISA was 63%. The total number of Fasciola positive cases by ELISA and stool analysis were 147 cases among 1350 children indicating a prevalence of 10.9% among school children in Sharkia Governorate. This results highlighting the importance of health education and snail control in decreasing the high prevalence.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Multiple antigenic sites on an eicosapeptide. I. Precipitin studies in the goat.

Purified peptide 105-124, an antigenic determinant from the carboxy terminus ribonuclease, was found to form an immune precipitate with antibody to that region prepared by affinity chromatography from goat hyperimmune antiserum to reduced carboxymethylated ribonuclease (CM-RNase). Cm-rnase also gave an immune precipitate with the antibody. Purified antibody to another region of similar size (40-61) did not form a precipitate with CM-RNase but did co-precipitate in the presence of antibody to peptide 105-124 and CM-RNase. The precipitin reaction between antibody to peptide 105-124 and CM-RNase was inhibited by two synthetic derivatives, peptides 118-124 and ala114-RNase 114-124. Stoichiometry of the precipitin reactions of antibody to 105-124 with CM-RNase or peptide 105-124 suggested an antigen valency of three or more. Consistent with this both peptides 105-124 and ala114-RNase 114-124 elicited immediate cutaneous reactions but 118-124 did not. These findings suggest that the eicosapeptide 105-124 is multivalent since at least three antibodies can react simultaneously with it.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Capsular and somatic types of Pasteurella multocida from rabbits.

Capsular and somatic serotyping was performed on 79 cultures of Pasteurella multocida from rabbits. Of these isolates, 74 were capsular type A as determined by the staphylococcal hyaluronidase decapsulation test and five were type D by the acriflavine flocculation test. Somatic type 12 was the dominant serotype, and the remainder (type 1, 3, 4 and 11) were less frequent as determined by the gel diffusion precipitin test. This report is in general agreement with other recent reports with rabbit isolates and collectively they provide important serotype and epizootiological information that will be useful in the control and prevention of rabbit pasteurellosis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serologic types and physiologic characteristics of 46 avian Pasteurella anatipestifer cultures.

Forty-six strains of Pasteurella anatipestifer isolated from different avian species were examined to determine their serologic types and physiologic characteristics. Serologic types were determined by a gel-diffusion precipitin test. Antigens from 39 field isolates reacted with antisera prepared from seven P. anatipestifer reference strains representing serotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7. Antigens from five isolates did not react and could not be typed with available reagents. Gel precipitin reactions involving serotype 1 (43.6%) and serotype 2 (25.6%) were the most prevalent. Generally, the physiologic characteristics from 40 tests were typical for P. anatipestifer, and variations were observed among the strains in urease production, hemolysin production, litmus milk reaction, and gelatin liquefaction.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Antitoxin-in-membrane and antitoxin-in-well assays for detection of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

The Elek culture plate precipitin test is routinely used for the detection of exotoxin from toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Recently, the World Health Organization standardized this test to ensure accuracy, reliability, and reproducibility. In this study, we further modified the standard Elek test by using the antitoxin-in-membrane (AIM) and antitoxin-in-well (AIW) approaches. In the AIM tests, each strain was stabbed and streaked backwards and away from a point approximately 7 mm from the edge of a sterile cellulose acetate-cellulose nitrate filter membrane disk (pore size, 0.45 microm; diameter, 25 mm) containing 25 IU of diphtheria antitoxin. For AIW tests, a central well (diameter, 5 mm) containing 9 microl of antitoxin (4.5 IU) was surrounded by eight equidistant stab-streaks of each strain placed 10 mm from the well. In both methods, precipitin bands of identity typically were noted after 24- and 48-h incubations at 37 degrees C. Both toxigenic and weak toxigenic strains gave clear and reproducible results. Compared with the standard Elek test, the AIM and AIW tests each use 50% less medium and 75 and 87% less antitoxin, respectively. AIM has the potential to test up to 14 isolates and AIW has the potential to test up to 24 isolates on the same plate. Furthermore, clearer positives were noted with weak toxigenic strains. In a blinded test of 209 verified C. diphtheriae isolates, a 99.5% agreement with the standard Elek test was obtained overall. Both modifications conserve reagents and medium, permit the simultaneous testing of a larger number of strains, and may be particularly suitable for reference laboratories or hospitals involved in diphtheria epidemic settings.

Antitoxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Schistosome circulating anodic antigen in serum of individuals infected with Schistosoma japonicum from the Philippines before and after chemotherapy with praziquantel.

The presence of the schistosome circulating anodic antigen (CAA) in serum of patients infected with Schistosoma japonicum from The Philippines has been investigated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum samples were tested from 48 patients who excreted S. japonicum eggs, 9 individuals with a negative stool examination, and 20 controls with both a negative stool and a negative circumoval precipitin test. No false positive result was detected for the unequivocally negative controls. CAA could be demonstrated in 72.9% of the egg-excreting patients. A positive correlation between parasite burden (eggs per gram of faeces) and antigen level (CAA titre) was found (Spearman's rho = 0.48, P < 0.001, n = 48). Four of 18 sera from the egg-negative individuals were positive in the ELISA. In view of the fact that anti-worm antibodies were also detected in these 4 sera, those reactions suggest active infection not detected by stool examination. In serum from patients treated with praziquantel, a significant drop in CAA titre was seen within 5 d after treatment (Wilcoxon's chi T = -2.23, P = 0.0258, n = 21). In conclusion, the detection of CAA by ELISA in S. japonicum infection can give valuable information in both individual diagnosis and therapeutic drug monitoring, as well as in epidemiological studies or disease control programmes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Prevalence of Aspergillus and Candida precipitins in renal dialysis and transplant patients.

Serum precipitin tests to Aspergillus and Candida antigens were used to define the rate of infectivity with these fungal organisms in patients on renal dialysis and after kidney transplantation. A total of 58 studies in 53 consecutive patients, of whom 41.5% were post-transplant an average of 14.6 months, failed to detect significantly more precipitin activity than in a normal population. The specificity of this non-immunoreactivity was supported by the absence of clinical or post-mortem evidence of fungal invasion. Since serum precipitins develop despite immunosuppressive therapy, and cases of fungal invasion in transplant recipients may occur sporadically in clusters, monitoring of renal transplant patients with these relatively simple tests should detect endemic occurrences of aspergillosis and candidiasis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Field test studies of the 2512 strain of infectious bursal disease.

Responses to an infectious bursal disease vaccine made from the 2512 strain were studied in broiler flocks under field conditions and management. Pre- and post-vaccination sera were analyzed by agar-gel-precipitin tests and beta virus neutralization. Specific measurements of broiler performance (livability, weight, feed conversion, and condemnations) were also analyzed. When possible, contemporary licensed products were compared at the same time in adjacent houses. Results of these trials indicate that the vaccine made from the 2512 strain of infectious bursal disease was highly immunogenic and safe under field conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

In vivo identification of rabbit serum allotypes.

It was found that injection of an antiallotype serum into the skin of a rabbit of a homologous allotype produced a skin lesion at the injection site. The skin lesions generated by this procedure were shown to result from the formation of insoluble immunocomplexes of the antiallotype serum injected and circulating IgG immunoglobulins: neither homocytotropic immunoglobulins fixed to cells nor surface immunoglobulins of B lymphocytes were found to take part in this reaction. The allotype skin test (AST) was utilized for identification of rabbit serum allotypes Aa1, Aa2, Aa3 and Ab5. A high degree correlation was found between results of typing by this method and by the precipitin test.

Animals↗
PubMed1966

Clostridium tetani in a Metropolitan Area: A Limited Survey Incorporating a Simplified in Vitro Identification Test.

In a limited survey, three toxigenic and one nontoxigenic strains of Clostridium tetani were isolated from 18 environmental samples from metropolitan Boston. No C. tetani was found in 100 samples of human feces, 20 samples of dog feces, and two samples of horse feces. A simple modification of the halo precipitin test was studied in conjunction with the mouse lethality test for tetanus toxigenicity and was found to be a useful, although not a wholly definitive, technique.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiology of trichinosis in Chile. Prevalence study by immunodiagnostic reactions].

In the period 1983-1994 a series of seroepidemiological surveys, by using immunodiagnostic tests for trichinosis, was carried out in 138 localities and health institutions from the 13 regions of the country. Thus, a total of 12,882 randomly selected persons, with different sex and age distribution, were submitted to precipitin test and indirect hemagglutination test for trichinosis. One hundred and ninety one (1.5%) persons resulted positive for trichinosis. Higher rates of infection were observed in central and southern Chile. No differences of positivity, according to age sex, but constant increase parallel to age of the individual were detected. The general prevalence rate of infection of 1.5% is in a reasonable accordance with the prevalence of 2.0% found in human corpses in 1992.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Relationship between luminous fish and symbiosis. I. Comparative studies of lipopolysaccharides isolated from symbiotic luminous bacteria of the luminous marine fish, Physiculus japonicus.

In order to investigate the relationship between host and symbiosis in the luminous marine fish, Physiculus japonicus, the bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of symbiotic luminous bacteria were compared serologically and electrophoretically. Five symbiotic luminous bacteria (PJ strains) were separately isolated from five individuals of this fish species caught at three points, off the coasts of Chiba, Nakaminato, and Oharai. LPS preparations were made from these bacteria by Westphal's phenol-water method and highly purified by repeated ultracentrifugation. These LPSs contained little or no 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and had powerful mitogenic activity. In sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, these PJ-1 to -5 LPSs were separated by their electrophoretic patterns into three groups; the first group included PJ-1 and PJ-4, the second group PJ-2 and PJ-3, and the third group PJ-5 alone. The results agreed with those of the double immunodiffusion test; precipitin lines completely coalesced within each group but not with other groups. In immunoelectrophoresis, one precipitin line was observed between anti PJ-2 LPS serum and PJ-5 LPS but the electrophoretic mobility of PJ-5 LPS was clearly different from that of the PJ-2 LPS group. Furthermore, in a 50% inhibition test with PJ-2 LPS by the passive hemolysis system, the doses of PJ-2 LPS, PJ-3 LPS, and PJ-5 LPS required for 50% inhibition (ID50) in this system were 0.25, 0.25, and 21.6 micrograms/ml for each alkali-treated LPS, respectively, and the ID50's of both PJ-1 LPS and PJ-4 LPS were above 1,000 micrograms/ml. These results indicate that PJ-5 LPS has an antigenic determinant partially in common with LPS from the PJ-2 group but not with LPS from the PJ-1 group and that the symbiotic luminous bacterium PJ-5 is more closely related to the PJ-2 group than to the PJ-1 group. These results show that the species Physiculus japonicus is symbiotically associated with at least three immunologically different strains of luminous marine bacteria in its specialized light organ.

Animals↗