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PubMed2002

Political rhetoric, immigration attitudes, and contemporary prejudice: a Mexican American dilemma.

The authors examined political candidates' social stereotypes of Mexican immigrants in mainstream media accounts. From those popular themes, they formed semantic differential scales, which they administered to participants (N = 201) with 1 of 4 scenarios describing an illegal immigrant: of Mexican vs. English Canadian descent and with vs. without several parking tickets. Consistent with contemporary theories of prejudice (J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner, 1996), the participants indicated the greatest agreement with the pejorative themes when the immigrant described was of Mexican descent and had accumulated parking tickets. Psychologically, the parking tickets served as a nonethnic rationale for discriminating against that ethnic group. The authors discuss the social and public policy implications of Mexican immigration as a political phenomenon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Treatment of premenstrual syndromes with progesterone antagonists (e.g., RU-486): political and methodological issues.

The effect of political and social considerations on development and availability of medication is exemplified by the debate of the progesterone antagonist RU-486 and its indications. Premenstrual syndromes (PMS) are quite prevalent. In some women they are severe enough to warrant treatment, but at present there is no single treatment modality that has been shown to be effective with most women with PMS. Increased levels of progesterone and/or its fluctuations during the luteal phase have been suggested as possible factors in the pathophysiology of PMS. Therefore, progesterone antagonists represent a very promising avenue for treatment of a subgroup of PMS, and some other hormonally-related dysphoric disorders as well. Regretfully, because of the abortant properties of these compounds, they are the subject of a fierce debate and political considerations in the United States, and their availability for treatment trials of other indications in women is limited. It is hoped that progesterone antagonists will eventually be introduced for studies of their treatment and efficacy when indicated.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predictors of mental health in women of a politically unstable country, the Philippines.

In a study conducted in Manila, the Philippines, the relationships among the (a) negative appraisal of and coping with political instability, (b) sociodemographic characteristics, (c) morale, and (d) mood of Filipino women (N = 200) were investigated. Findings were as follows: The political instability in the Philippines had a mild negative impact on the women's lives. The women reported mild depression and moderate morale. Their primary coping style was problem-focused coping. A positive relationship was found among annual individual income, educational achievement, and morale. A negative relationship was found among annual individual income, educational achievement, and depression. Negative relationships were also found between negative appraisals of news of brutal murders and morale and between frequent changes in the President's cabinet and morale. A positive relationship was found between affect-focused coping and depression, whereas problem-focused coping and depression were negatively related. No relationship was found between coping style and morale. The findings are discussed from the perspectives of Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) coping theory and Filipino culture. Guidelines for health care delivery are specified.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Pot, politics and the press--reflections on cannabis law reform in Western Australia.

Windows of opportunity for changing drug laws open infrequently and they often close without legislative change being affected. In this paper the author, who has been intimately involved in the process, describes how evidence-based recommendations to 'decriminalize' cannabis have recently been progressed through public debate and the political process to become law in Western Australia (WA). The Cannabis Control Bill 2003 passed the WA Parliament on 23 September. The Bill, the legislative backing behind the Cannabis Infringement Notice (CIN) Scheme, came into effect on 22 March 2004. This made WA the fourth Australian jurisdiction, after South Australia, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory, to adopt a prohibition with civil penalties scheme for minor cannabis offences. This paper describes some of the background to the scheme, the process by which it has become law, the main provisions of the scheme and its evaluation. It includes reflections on the role of politics and the press in the process. The process of implementation and evaluation are outlined by the author, foreshadowing an ongoing opportunity to understand the impact of the change in legislation.

Australia↗
PubMed2004

Field of genes: the politics of science and identity in the Estonian Genome Project.

This case study of the Estonian Genome Project (EGP) analyses the Estonian policy decision to construct a national human gene bank. Drawing upon qualitative data from newspaper articles and public policy documents, it focuses on how proponents use discourse to link the EGP to the broader political goal of securing Estonia's position within the Western/European scientific and cultural space. This dominant narrative is then situated within the analytical notion of the "brand state", which raises potentially negative political consequences for this type of market-driven genomic research. Considered against the increasing number of countries engaging in gene bank and/or gene database projects, this analysis of Estonia elucidates issues that cross national boundaries, while also illuminating factors specific to this small, post-Soviet state as it enters the global biocybernetic economy.

Databases, Nucleic Acid↗
PubMed2004

The scale politics of emerging diseases.

The concept of scale politics offers historians a useful framework for analyzing the connections between environment and health. This essay examines the public health campaign around emerging diseases during the 1990s, particularly the ways in which different actors employed scale in geographic and political representations; how they configured cause, consequence, and intervention at different scales; and the moments at which they shifted between different scales in the presentation of their arguments. Biomedical scientists, the mass media, and public health and national security experts contributed to this campaign, exploiting Americans' ambivalence about globalization and the role of modernity in the production of new risks, framing them in terms that made particular interventions appear necessary, logical, or practical.

Communicable Diseases, Emerging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Political, economic, and administrative resources available for the control of vaccine-preventable diseases.

The harnessing of broad social mobilization with immunization appears to be the only feasible way of controlling the vaccine-preventable diseases and of achieving universal immunization by 1990. Burkina Faso, Colombia, Nigeria, Syria, and Turkey have marshalled national forces to assist the health sector, with the result that sizeable gains in immunization have been made in the past three years. In these countries effective use has been made of the personal involvement of top political leaders, beginning with presidents and prime ministers. The media has been used to deliver a single message: get your child vaccinated. This message has been reinforced through coalitions involving religious leaders, primary teachers, village heads, policemen, soldiers, and truck drivers. Support has been gathered from nongovernmental organizations and individuals, ranging from Rotary International to actors, comedians, and sports figures. These political, economic, and administrative resources constitute a low-cost, elastic, permanently renewable resource base that can aid health ministers not only in beginning immunization coverage but also in maintaining it.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1993

The unquiet future of intergenerational politics.

Empirical studies of political opinion and behavior about national issues affecting the aging have not revealed the intergenerational conflicts often predicted in recent decades. Using public opinion studies of attitudes about the aging at the community level in Florida, this study does identify significant cleavages in attitude and belief between generations, suggesting intergenerational political conflict may be likely in the future. The research implies the most important source of this conflict may be the community level and the "image" of the aging that is developing among younger community residents.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

A question of blood, race, and politics.

This article explores the political and intellectual context of a controversy arising from a proposal made at the 1959 meetings of the American Society of Blood Banks to divide the blood supply by race. The authors, a group of blood-bankers and surgeons in New York, outlined difficulties in finding compatible blood for transfusion during open-heart surgery, which they attributed to prior sensitization of their patient, a Caucasian, by a previous transfusion from an African American donor. Examining the statistical distribution of blood-group antigens among the various races, they concluded that risk of adverse hemolytic reactions and the cost of testing could be reduced by establishing separate donor pools. The media reported the suggestion, which, given the political climate of the day, rapidly became a public issue involving geneticists, blood-bankers, physical anthropologists, and the African American medical community. Liberals condemned it, whereas eugenically inclined segregationists used the finding to support their views concerning evolutionary distance between the races and the dangers of miscegenation. Here we examine the contribution of comparative racial serology to this affair, the arguments and background of the main players, and the relevance of the debate to discussions about the role of "race" in post-genomic medicine.

Blood Banks↗
PubMed2005

The politics of school sex education policy in England and Wales from the 1940s to the 1960s.

This article explores the political history of school sex education policy in England and Wales. Focusing on the period from the 1940s to the 1960s, it shows how sex education developed as a controversial political issue through an analysis of the differing institutional cultures and agendas of health and education administrators. The article argues that serious consideration of school sex education by central government was first prompted by concern about venereal disease during the Second World War. Thereafter, two groups of actors emerged with conflicting ideas about the role of government in prescribing school sex education. The medical establishment, including the Ministry of Health, was broadly supportive of a national policy, whereas the Department of Education, which had ultimate responsibility for any such policy in schools, sought to avoid decision-making about the issue. The article explores how a public health consensus on sex education developed and then explains why the Department of Education resisted this consensus.

England↗
PubMed1999

Political influence: a model for advanced nursing education.

Involvement in shaping healthcare policy is an expected outcome for the leadership standard of advanced nursing practice as outlined by American Nurses Association's Scope and Standards of Advanced Practice Registered Nursing (1996). From personal experience teaching a healthcare policy course over a 10-year period, the author has found that beginning graduate students are primarily in an apolitical state, reluctant to participate in such activity, and have not considered the ramifications of inactivity for the profession and for healthcare policy. The skills for political influence are an essential component of graduate education to increase awareness of, and foster activity in, the political arena. A model for the development of these skills is presented. The model consists of four interrelated dimensions: information, commitment, initiative, and involvement. Model dimensions are described and made operational through student activity. Ultimately, students move from an apolitical state to a moderate level of involvement. The model has been intended for educational purposes; however, it is applicable for any advanced practice nurse (APN).

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1995

Use of professional associations for political action.

Health care reform has generated a new excitement, energy, and movement within nursing. New opportunities abound for perinatal and neonatal nurses in these changing times as nurses realize that health care is a business intimately tied to legislation and government regulations. To achieve a voice in nursing's future, one must be politically aware and active, not a passive recipient of change. One of the easiest ways to become politically active is to work with professional associations in the best interest of nursing. This article outlines how nurses can use their professional organizations to survive the new health care systems.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Advanced practice politics and the Oregon nurses' trail.

As health care reform continues to evolve, it is important to consider the context of politics, practice, and power through an examination of nursing's recent history and participation in legislative events. Through a retrospective chronicle that includes interviews, recorded events, and article reviews, the political and legislative history of Oregon nurses in establishing advanced practice for nurse practitioners within the Oregon Nurse Practice Act is described. Prescriptive authority, hospital admitting privileges, and important elements contained in the Oregon Health Plan and Medicare reform are discussed. Questions are posed for the future of health care reform, such as the role of government in determining the quality of care in managed health care.

Health Care Reform↗
PubMed1996

The politics of advanced practice.

Nurses have a unique opportunity to influence the future. Practice opportunities abound for advanced practice nurses in emerging health delivery models. Practice barriers, external as well as those created by nursing, must be addressed. Politically savvy nurses can use their understanding of power and politics to effect changes that can maximize advanced practice nurses' contributions to the health of our society.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2005

Why can't a man be more like a woman? Sex, power, and politics.

Conflicts between male and female reproductive agendas continue to play out in contemporary issues of sex, power, and politics. Viewing gender through the lens of biologic evolutionary psychology reveals persistent controversies surrounding women's rights. The history of oral contraceptives compared with that of erectile dysfunction drugs is just one example of the disparity between female and male reproductive choices. Contraceptives, maternal mortality, abortion, and domestic violence are issues directly influenced by politics, religion, and gender biases. Ultimately, everything that can we can do to give women control over their bodies and their fertility is not only just and humane, but it also changes the world for the better. The United States must restore its leadership in international family planning--ensuring reproductive freedoms could be the genesis of other freedoms.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1999

Burma: the political economy of violence.

Protracted conflict and violence in Burma have been conducive to the growth of the opium industry, Burma's single financial success in recent years of economic crisis and authoritarian rule. This in turn has fed violence and subsequent humanitarian crisis. This paper argues that the underlying political economy of the conflict has been overlooked, while conflict itself has been treated as a peripheral factor in questions of 'development', and further that the opium dynamic is a vital factor in continued violence and vulnerability for non-combatants in the region. A political economy approach, identifying the beneficiaries of violence, will offer a more holistic and effective approach to the protracted crisis.

Authoritarianism↗
PubMed2000

Matching response to context in complex political emergencies: 'relief', 'development', 'peace-building' or something in-between?

There is an ongoing debate over the value and pitfalls of the policy and practice of 'linking relief and development' or 'developmental relief' in aid responses to complex political emergencies (CPEs). Driven by concerns about relief creating dependence, sometimes doing harm and failing to address root causes of emergencies despite its high cost, pursuit of both relief and development has become a dominant paradigm among international aid agencies in CPEs as in 'natural' disasters. In CPEs a third objective of 'peace-building' has emerged, along with the logic that development can itself help prevent or resolve conflict and sustain peace. However, this broadening of relief objectives in ongoing CPEs has recently been criticised on a number of counts, central concerns being that it leads to a dilution of commitment to core humanitarian principles and is overly optimistic. This paper addresses these issues in the light of two of the CPEs studied by the COPE project: Eritrea and Somalia/Somaliland. It is argued that the debate has so far suffered from lack of clarity about what we mean by 'relief', 'development' and, for that matter, 'rehabilitation' and 'peace-building'. The wide spectrum of possible aid outcomes does not divide neatly into these categories. The relief-development divide is not always as clear-cut, technically or politically, as the critics claim. Moreover such distinctions, constructed from the point of view of aid programmers, are often of little relevance to the concerns of intended beneficiaries. Second, there has been insufficient attention to context: rather than attempting to generalise within and across CPE cases, a more productive approach would be to examine more closely the conditions under which forms of aid other than basic life support can fruitfully be pursued. This leads to consideration of collective agency capacity to respond effectively to diverse needs in different and changing circumstances.

Africa, Eastern↗
PubMed2000

Social capital and the political economy of violence: a case study of Sri Lanka.

This article examines the links between militarised violence and social capital (trans)formation. It first maps out emerging theoretical and policy debates on social capital and violent conflict and questions a number of the assumptions underpinning these debates. This is followed by an empirical analysis of several war-affected communities in Sri Lanka. The case studies illustrate that the links between militarised violence and social capital are complex, dynamic and context specific. It is argued that social capital cannot be understood in isolation from political and economic processes, and the belief that violent conflict inevitably erodes social capital is questioned. Finally, the implications for external agencies are highlighted. Rather than focusing on engineering social capital, external agencies need to focus on understanding better the preconditions for social capital formation and how they can contribute to the creation of an enabling environment. This requires as a starting-point a rigorous analysis of political and economic processes.

Humans↗