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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Temporal and spatial distribution of type XII collagen in high cell density culture of periosteal-derived cells.

Periosteal-derived cells of young chicks have been reported to possess the potential to undergo terminal differentiation into osteogenic or chondrogenic phenotypes under high cell density culture conditions. In this culture, the temporal and spatial distribution of type XII collagen was immunocytochemically assessed using a monoclonal antibody. These high-density plated cells first formed a multilayer of fibroblast-like cells, in which type I and XII collagen were evenly distributed throughout the full thickness of the culture. With time, the top portion of the culture differentiated into bone tissue, while cells below this top layer differentiated into hypertrophic chondrocytes. In this transition, type XII collagen was temporally and spatially colocalized primarily with type I collagen: the top portion of bone layer was positive for both type I and XII collagens, whereas their staining intensity in the bottom portion decreased with time in culture. Using this antibody, type XII collagen was also found in developing embryonic chick tibiotarsus. These observations, taken together, suggest that type XII collagen production is a characteristic property of bone-forming cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Toward an identification of mechanical parameters initiating periosteal remodeling: a combined experimental and analytic approach.

The ability of bone to adapt to its mechanical environment is well recognized, although the specific mechanical parameters initiating or maintaining the adaptive responses have yet to be identified. Recently introduced mathematical models offer the potential to aid in the identification of such parameters, although these models have not been well validated experimentally or clinically. We formulated a complementary experimental/analytic approach, using an animal model with a well-controlled mechanical environment combined with finite element modeling (FEM). We selected the functionally isolated turkey ulna, since the loading could be completely characterized and the periosteal adaptive responses subsequently monitored and quantified after four and eight weeks of loading. Known loads input into a three-dimensional, linearly elastic FEM of the ulna then permitted full-field mechanical characterization of the ulna. The FEM was validated against a normal strain-gaged turkey ulna, loaded in vivo in an identical fashion to the experimental ulnae. Twenty-four candidate mechanical parameters were then compared to the quantified adaptive responses, using statistical techniques. The data supported strain energy density, longitudinal shear stress, and tensile principal stress/strain as the mechanical parameters most likely related to the initiation of the remodeling response. Model predictions can now suggest new experiments, against which the predictions can be supported or falsified.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1992

Periosteal and endosteal control of bone remodeling under torsional loading.

The shape changes that occur in the mid-diaphysis of a long bone due to adaptive remodeling induced by increasing or decreasing the axial and/or torsional loading of the bone are investigated using a simple model. In this model the mid-diaphysis of a long bone is represented as a hollow thick-walled right-circular cylinder, and different optimal strategies for bone remodeling are considered. It is shown that if such a thick-walled right-circular cylinder capable of surface remodeling is subjected to an axial compressive load and a twisting torque, then the remodeling patterns depend on whether the periosteal surface or the endosteal surface controls the limits of the remodeling process. It is shown that the effect of increasing the torque is always opposite to the effect of increasing the compressive load. Thus, similar remodeling patterns are obtained by increasing one type of loading and decreasing the other. Aside from the restriction of idealized cylindrical geometry, the only assumptions made are that the bone tissue is linearly elastic and that there exists a finite range of remodeling equilibrium stresses. Only those loading situations which maintain the bone in remodeling equilibrium are considered in this work. It follows that the results presented are independent of the specific type of rule governing the temporal evolution of the bone shape, since any such rule applies only in situations where there is active remodeling and, hence, no remodeling equilibrium.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1992

Phagocytosis of collagen fibrils by periosteal fibroblasts in long bone explants. Effect of concanavalin A.

In an attempt to determine whether phagocytosis of collagen by fibroblasts involves binding of the fibril to the plasma membrane, the effect of the lectin concanavalin A (Con A) was studied in an in vitro model system. Metacarpal bone rudiments from 19-day-old mouse fetuses were incubated with varying concentrations of the lectin. Quantitative electron microscopic analysis indicated that Con A caused a dose-related increase in the amount of phagocytosed collagen fibrils in periosteal fibroblasts, suggesting either an enhanced uptake or a decreased intracellular breakdown of fibrils. Since a Con A-inducible increase was not seen in the combined presence of both the lectin and the proteinase inhibitor leupeptin, which is known to inhibit the intracellular digestion of phagocytosed fibrillar collagen, it is unlikely that Con A stimulated phagocytosis. Based on the finding that Con A interfered with the digestion of a synthetic substrate by the collagenolytic lysosomal enzyme cathepsin B it is suggested that the augmentation of intracellular fibrillar collagen under the influence of the lectin was due to a decreased intracellular digestion. Since Con A did not inhibit the uptake of collagen fibrils by the fibroblasts it is concluded that Con A-inhibitable binding sites for collagen molecules are unlikely to be involved in phagocytosis of collagen fibrils by fibroblasts.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Elastofibroma: disturbed elastic fibrillogenesis by periosteal-derived cells? An immunoelectron microscopic and in situ hybridization study.

Monospecific antibodies to elastic tissue components have been used for immunoelectron microscopy of two examples of elastofibroma. The elastic-staining fibers typically seen in these lesions exhibited a variety of morphologies with differing ratios of the amorphous and microfibrillar components usually seen in elastic fibers. The amorphous elastic material in these fibers had variable affinity for ionic stains and exhibited several substructural morphologies. Despite this, each form reacted specifically with anti-elastin antibodies. Most of the elastic fibers were associated with relatively large numbers of 12-nm diameter microfibrils that were typical of those associated with normal elastic fibers, and were specifically reactive with monospecific antibodies to microfibril-associated glycoprotein. In situ hybridization studies with a cRNA probe for human elastin confirmed that active elastin biosynthesis was occurring patchily within the lesions. The appearances and staining characteristics of the elastic tissue elements, the morphology of the cells, and the structure of the collagen fibers in these lesions were shown to have many features in common with those of normal periosteum. It is proposed that elastofibromas arise from the periosteum as a result of chronic irritation and that the different elastic fiber morphologies represent disturbances of elastic fibrillogenesis by periosteal-derived cells.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Age-related increase in collagen production in cultured human osteoblast-like periosteal cells.

Since collagen synthesis is a primary function of differentiated osteoblasts, we investigated the age-related changes in hydroxyproline content, procollagen mRNA level, collagenase activity and collagenase inhibitory activity in human osteoblast-like periosteal cell (OP cell) cultures established from donors of various ages. After achieving confluent growth, the OP cells were treated with 10(-8) M 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 in the presence of 2 mM alpha-glycerophosphate for 10 days to facilitate osteoblast differentiation. Hydroxyproline content of the treated cells increased with donor age. But pro alpha 1(I) collagen mRNA level increased until a donor age of 65, and decreased thereafter with increasing door age. Collagenase activity was not detected in cell extracts or the conditioned medium concentrated more than 10 times. However, OP cells had collagenase inhibitory activity which was five times higher in cells from aged donors than in cells from young donors. It is possible that cells from elderly donors accumulated much more collagen than cells from younger donors by inhibiting collagen degradation.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

Meniscal substitution with a Teflon-periosteal composite graft: a rabbit experiment.

A Teflon-periosteal composite graft was used as a substitute for the medical rabbit meniscus and was followed for a 3 month period. The results were compared to joints with autotransplantation of the medial meniscus and to non-operated control knees. Joint in vitro mechanics were similar to the non-operated controls for both treatments. Macroscopically, all composite menisci had changed in shape and the graft was found as a small remnant at the capsular periphery with prolonged or detached attachments resulting in an insufficient coverage of the tibial plateau. Except for one case, the autografts had healed in, but showed, similar to the composite menisci, prolongation of the attachments and insufficient coverage of the tibial plateau. The femoral and tibial cartilage showed osteoarthritic changes after both treatments. Except for one specimen, the artificial material was covered and penetrated by fibrocytes, and was fixed to the capsule without gap formation; however, fibrochondrocytes were not seen. The biological coat was thin and Teflon particles extruded from the matrix in some specimens, which was reflected by synovitis with foreign body reaction. Knees with autografts had a similar low-grade synovitis without any foreign body reaction. The importance of the attachment sites as well as the normal material properties of the substitute is pointed out.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

c-fos oncogene expression in dexamethasone stimulated osteogenic cells in chick embryo periosteal cultures.

Although the complex effects of glucocorticoids on bone cells have been studied extensively in vitro, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid responses in osteogenic cells. As c-fos and its protein product are believed to play a key role in intracellular signal transduction, and since their role in regulation of bone formation is well-recognized, we studied the effect of the glucocorticoid analogue dexamethasone (DEX) on the expression of c-fos oncogene in the chick periosteal osteogenesis (CPO) model. C-fos mRNA expression was determined by in situ hybridization at various time points after 10(-7) M DEX treatment. Prior to DEX treatment, the cultures had been synchronized with 2 mM thymidine. The mean area of positively hybridized cells in experimental (DEX-treated) and control (DEX-free) cultures was quantitated by computer assisted morphometry. In DEX-treated cultures c-fos mRNA could be detected transiently and mainly in the osteogenic layer at 30, 45 and 60 min after treatment whereas no c-fos expression could be detected above background level in the control groups. Differences between experimental and control groups were significant (P less than 0.01) as determined by a general linear model (GLM) analysis of variance. These data indicate that in the CPO culture system, DEX (10(-7) M) induces c-fos expression. The findings are compatible with the hypothesis which states that glucocorticoid-induced phenotypic changes in osteogenic cells may be mediated by c-fos.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Early structural changes in vascularized periosteal flaps studied in situ.

This study examines the very early stages of osteogenesis in vascularized periosteal flaps and completes a characterization of their behavior after decortication. Pleuroperiosteal flaps based on the intercostal artery were developed in nine dogs and studied in situ by histologic and tetracycline fluorescence methods over periods varying from 1 to 7 days. The earliest changes were noted at 72 hours and were characterized by cellular and capillary proliferation, osteoid deposition, and bright fluorescence. The potential function of retained osseous spiculae was investigated separately. It was concluded that microscopic fragments of mature bone trapped within the flaps appear to assist and consolidate new bone formation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Dynamic periosteal elevation.

The osteoinductive potential of the periosteum can be stimulated by raising the periosteum using a type of distraction. This was tested and confirmed in an animal experiment in 6 Goettingen minipigs. A titanium mesh was implanted beneath the periosteum and then raised. Bone formed underneath the mesh, with rows of micro-pillars similar to those found after osteodistraction. The main advantages of dynamic periosteal elevation are that invasion and morbidity are minimal. Clinically it might be applicable in craniomaxillofacial surgery, in augmentation before implantation, and in reconstruction of the skull.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Imaging of periosteal reactions associated with focal lesions of bone.

Periosteal reaction (PR) is the response of cortical bone to an underlying insult. It is manifest in a limited number of histological and radiological patterns. Although not specific for a particular diagnosis, the appearance of PR aids the radiological characterization of bone lesions. Once ossified, PR is demonstrated well on plain radiography but can also be visualized on ultrasound, CT, MRI and bone scintigraphy, particularly in the early stage. This article provides a pictorial review of the patterns of PR with particular reference to bone tumours.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

Periosteal osteosarcoma--a European review of outcome.

Periosteal osteosarcoma is a rare primary malignant bone tumour. Treatment is by surgical excision, but controversy remains about the value of chemotherapy. The members of the European Musculo Skeletal Oncology Society (EMSOS) collaborated to produce a dataset of 119 patients. The predominant site for the tumour was the femur, followed by the tibia. All but 2 patients underwent surgery, with 9 requiring amputation and the others having limb salvage. A total of 81 patients had chemotherapy, of whom 50 had neoadjuvant chemotherapy. There was no standard chemotherapy regime, but all patients receiving chemotherapy were given doxorubicin combined with at least one other agent. The overall survival was 89% at 5 years and 83% at 10 years. Eight patients developed local recurrence, of whom 5 died. Survival was related to appearance of local recurrence (P < 0.0001) but no other single factor. The use of chemotherapy was not shown to be a prognostic factor, but was used in two-thirds of the patients in this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Histomorphometrical analysis of new bone obtained by distraction osteogenesis and osteogenesis by periosteal distraction in rabbits.

The aim of this study was to compare histomorphometrically the new bone tissue obtained using two different distraction methods, and evaluate these two methods in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. In 36 New Zealand adult male rabbits, divided into two groups, a gradual distraction was performed using a device placed on the lateral surface of the mandibular corpus. In one group osteotomy was not performed and osteogenesis by periosteal distraction (OPD) only was used. In the other group, conventional distraction osteogenesis (DO) was performed. After a 7-day latent phase, the same distraction protocol was applied to both groups. Each group of rabbits was further divided into three sub-groups killed on the 15th, 30th and 60th days of the consolidation period, and histological analysis was performed. The mean extent of newly formed bone tissue was 14.4 mm2 in the OPD groups and 25.4 mm2 in the DO groups. When compared statistically, there were significant differences between all the DO and OPD sub-groups. The newly formed bone tissue obtained by OPD was rich in interstitial fatty tissue. These results indicate that bone tissue newly formed by OPD is not suitable for occlusal forces.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

FGF-2 enhances TGF-beta1-induced periosteal chondrogenesis.

The use of periosteum as a cell source for the in vitro engineering of grafts for articular cartilage repair requires the development of methods to obtain high viable cell numbers in the early stages of culture. In this study, we demonstrate that the addition of a mitogen, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), during the early stage of the in vitro culture of periosteum in the presence of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), significantly enhances cell proliferation, which results in increased neo-cartilage formation at later stages. Periosteal explants were cultured in vitro within alginate or agarose based gels in the presence of either FGF-2 for the first week, TGF-beta1 for the first 2 weeks, FGF-2 and TGF-beta1 for the first week and first 2 weeks respectively, or no added factors. Consistent with previous studies, periosteum derived neo-chondrogenesis occurred only in the presence of TGF-beta1. The neo-cartilage was found to contain cartilage specific proteoglycans and Type-II collagen as determined by safranin-O and immunohistochemical staining respectively. Further medium supplementation with FGF-2 stimulated early cell proliferation (>3 fold higher total DNA content per explant at day 10). This resulted in a marked increase in the size of the cultured explants and in the total area of the explant staining positive for safranin-O (from around 50% to 85%, (p<0.05)) after 6 weeks culture. The ability to generate significant quantities of neo-cartilage within a biocompatible and biodegradable matrix such as alginate, which lacks the immunogenicity of agarose, could open new pathways to utilizing such constructs in articular cartilage tissue engineering applications.

Alginates↗
PubMed2002

Adenoviral transfer of murine oncostatin M elicits periosteal bone apposition in knee joints of mice, despite synovial inflammation and up-regulated expression of interleukin-6 and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand.

Oncostatin M (OSM) has been described as a bone-remodeling factor either stimulating osteoblast activity or osteoclast formation in vitro. To elucidate the in vivo effect of OSM on bone remodeling, we injected an adenoviral vector encoding murine OSM in knee joints of mice. OSM strongly induced interleukin (IL)-6 gene expression, a known mediator of osteoclast development. We investigated the OSM effect in wild-type and IL-6-deficient mice and found a similar degree of OSM-induced joint inflammation. Within the first week of inflammation, the periosteum along the femur and tibia increased in cell number and stained positive for the osteoblast marker alkaline phosphatase. At these sites bone apposition occurred in both strains as demonstrated by Goldner and Von Kossa staining. In vitro OSM enhanced the effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2 on osteoblast differentiation. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and its receptor, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), in the periosteum but osteoclasts were not detected at sites of bone apposition. Induced mRNA expression for the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand inhibitor osteoprotegerin probably controlled osteoclast development during OSM overexpression. Our results show that OSM favors bone apposition at periosteal sites instead of resorption in vivo. This effect was not dependent on or inhibited by IL-6.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2002

Dexamethasone-mediated androgen metabolism in human gingival and oral periosteal fibroblasts.

Dexamethasone modulates the effects of other hormones and mediates cell function; the periodontium is a target tissue for androgens. It was therefore relevant to investigate the modulation of androgen metabolism by dexamethasone in cultured human gingival (HGF) and oral periosteal fibroblasts (HPF). Each cell line was incubated in Eagle minimum essential medium with [(14)C]testosterone/[(14)C]4-androstenedione as substrates and serial concentrations of dexamethasone (0.5-50 microg/ml), for 24h; the medium was solvent-extracted, analyzed and quantified for steroid metabolites. In response to dexamethasone, both HGF (n=6) and HPF (n=4) showed up to two-fold increases in the formation of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 4-androstenedione (P<0.01, one-way ANOVA), and 3.6- to 5-fold increases in the formation of testosterone (P<0.001), from [(14)C]4-androstenedione, with some inhibition at higher concentrations. Dexamethasone stimulated the formation of physiologically active androgen metabolites in a dose-dependent manner. These metabolites might therefore contribute to dichotomous effects in connective tissues of the periodontium, dependent on effective concentrations of dexamethasone.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effects of alkaline phosphatase and its inhibitor levamisole on the modulation of androgen metabolism by nicotine and minocycline in human gingival and oral periosteal fibroblasts.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this investigation was to establish the implications of nicotine, minocycline, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and its inhibitor levamisole (L) on tissue turnover in human gingival and periosteal fibroblasts (HGF, HPF) using [14C]-testosterone as substrate. Monolayer cultures of HGF and HPF established from four patients were incubated in duplicate with serial and optimal concentrations of nicotine and minocycline, alone and in combination, for 24h in Eagle's MEM, with the substrate [14C]-testosterone. Further experiments were carried out on HPF only, to investigate the effects of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and its inhibitor levamisole (L) on the metabolism of [14C]-testosterone, followed by the effects of L on the modulatory actions of nicotine. The cell-conditioned medium was then solvent-extracted, analysed and quantified for steroid metabolites using a radioisotope scanner. At low concentrations, nicotine stimulated the synthesis of the physiologically active androgen 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from [14C]-testosterone, with inhibition at higher concentrations (n=4; P<0.01). Minocycline stimulated the synthesis of DHT, with decreased yields in the presence of nicotine (n=4; P<0.01), but greater than with nicotine alone. Alkaline phosphatase significantly enhanced the synthesis of androgen metabolites by HPF (n=4; P<0.01), with inhibition in response to L alone and in combination with AP, to less than control values (n=4; P<0.01). L also caused further inhibition in the yields of androgen metabolites when incubated with nicotine, implying that some of the inhibitory effects of nicotine could be due to inhibition of AP activity. CONCLUSION: This investigation has shown that nicotine can inhibit the formation of matrix-stimulatory steroid metabolites in fibroblasts, partly due to inhibition of AP activity. Minocycline is a useful adjunct, in reducing the inhibition of androgen metabolism caused by nicotine.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Periosteal new bone formation in chronic renal failure.

A retrospective analysis of the skeletal surveys of 47 patients with periosteal new bone formation (PNB) associated with chronic renal failure was performed in order to determine the radiological features of this abnormality. Sequential skeletal surveys identified the time of development of PNB in 11 patients. The aetiology of PNB was investigated by reviewing biochemical and pathological data for these patients during this period. Symmetrical involvement of weight bearing bones was a typical feature of PNB. PNB was often identified at multiple sites. No association of PNB with radiological, biochemical or pathological evidence of aluminium induced osteomalacia was found. Both hyperparathyroidism and osteosclerosis were common in patients with PNB but since hyperparathyroidism is a frequent occurrence in patients with chronic renal failure its relationship to PNB is not necessarily causal.

Adolescent↗