Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PERIODONTAL DISEASE”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Stress and the periodontal diseases: effects of catecholamines on the growth of periodontal bacteria in vitro.

Microorganisms possess the ability to recognize hormones within the host and utilize them to adapt to their surroundings. Noradrenaline and adrenaline, which are released during human stress responses, may act as environmental cues to alter the growth of individual organisms within subgingival biofilms. The aims of this study were to modify, for anaerobic culture, existing methodology used in determining microorganism catecholamine responses and to investigate the growth responses to noradrenaline and adrenaline of 43 microorganisms found within subgingival microbial complexes. We established initial inocula for each strain using anaerobic culture, re-inoculated into a minimal serum-based medium and grown anaerobically at 35 degrees C. We assessed organism growth by optical density (OD(600nm)) readings, with test and control cultures performed in triplicate. Test cultures were supplemented with 50 microm noradrenaline or 100 microm adrenaline. We observed significant growth effects for supplementation with noradrenaline (20 species responding positively) and adrenaline (27 species responding positively), with differences in growth response observed within bacterial species and within and between microbial complexes. The most pronounced positive growth effects of noradrenaline were demonstrated in Actinomyces naeslundii (+ 49.4%), Actinomyces gerenscseriae (+ 57.2%), Eikenella corrodens (+ 143.3%) and Campylobacter gracilis (+ 79.9%). We also observed inhibitory effects of noradrenaline supplementation for Porphyromonas gingivalis (- 11.9%) and Bacteroides forsythus (- 22.2%). Responses to adrenaline tended to mirror the responses seen with noradrenaline. Individual organisms from different microbial complexes vary in their in vitro growth responses to noradrenaline and adrenaline. Such variation may influence the in vivo composition of the subgingival biofilm in response to stress-induced changes in local catecholamine levels and play a significant role in the aetiology and pathogenesis of the periodontal diseases.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1989

[Correlation between clinical parameters and quantitative analysis of inflammatory infiltrate. Importance in the diagnosis of active periodontal disease].

Recent studies have indicated that the destruction in chronic periodontal disease occurs in relatively short periods of time which are followed of prolonged periods of inactivity. These bursts of activity are characterized by an increase in the inflammatory reaction. It has been the purpose of this paper to study the correlation between the clinical measurements of periodontal disease and the histomorphometric quantification of areas of dense inflammatory infiltrate. The results of this study show that the clinical parameters that measure gingival inflammation or loss of periodontal attachment are useful to distinguish pathology from normal (p less than 0.003), but lack sensitivity to detect burst of periodontal disease activity (p greater than 0.05).

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Relationship between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis].

OBJECTIVE: To study a population of rheumatoid arthritis patients and determine the extent of periodontal disease in these patients, in order to investigate the relationship between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: The experimental group was composed of 70 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the control group consisted of 70 age- and gender-matched individuals without rheumatoid arthritis. The relationship between periodontal status in rheumatoid arthritis and control groups as well as the relationship between periodontal status and rheumatological findings in patients were analyzed. RESULTS: The percentage of periodontal disease was statistically significant between experimental and control group (P < 0.01). The difference of average number of missing teeth and bleeding on probing in the experimental group and control group were not statistically significant (P >0.05). There were more number of periodontal disease index 5 or 6 in experimental group than in control group ( P < 0.05). Rheumatoid arthritis patients with moderate to severe bone loss had deeper degree of morning stiffness, erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels and serum C-reactive protein levels than patients with no or mild bone loss. CONCLUSION: Individuals with rheumatoid arthritis are more likely to experience periodontal disease compares to healthy subjects. They are also very likely to suffer from moderate to severe periodontitis.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Inflammatory response to acute coronary syndrome in patients with coexistent periodontal disease.

BACKGROUND: The inflammatory process that occurs in atherosclerotic plaque situated in the coronary vessel often leads to its destabilization, which in turn results in clot formation and the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome. Acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina, myocardial infarction) are among the leading causes of death in the human population. An inflammatory factor which leads to this process may be bacterial pathogens originating in the periodontal tissues. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of periodontal disease on the intensity and dynamics of the inflammatory response in patients with acute coronary syndrome and coexistent periodontal diseases. METHODS: The study involved a group of 50 consecutive patients (nine females; 41 males) < or = 60 years of age (37 to 60; mean 51) with coronary pain and with an initial diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome admitted to the Coronary Care Unit of the Department of Cardiology. Dental examinations were carried out during the first 24 hours of hospitalization. Blood samples were taken at admission (examination 1), after 10 to 12 days of hospitalization (examination 2), 3 months after the acute coronary syndrome (examination 3), and, in some patients, 6 months after the acute episode (examination 4). This information was used to estimate the mean serum levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha). RESULTS: Chronic periodontitis was found in all patients. The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of periodontal disease and clinical attachment loss (CAL). The study showed raised mean values for TNF-alpha in examinations 2, 3, and 4 in patients with more advanced periodontal disease. There was also an increase in IL-1 concentration in the acute phase and in long-term observation (examination 3) in these patients. The patients with more advanced CAL had more pronounced periodontal disease and higher bleeding index values. All patients were characterized by high mean values of plaque index (46%) and bleeding index (80%). CONCLUSIONS: The periodontal health of patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit due to acute coronary syndrome is unacceptable. The mean values for CAL and probing depth, as well as extensive bleeding on probing sites indicate the presence of active periodontal disease, which may affect the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Although there were no significant differences in serum TNF-alpha or IL-1 levels in acute coronary disease patients with advanced periodontal disease compared to those with less advanced periodontal disease, we observed that patients with acute coronary syndrome and with more advanced periodontal disease tend to be characterized by higher mean values of serum concentrations of IL-1 in the acute phase of acute coronary syndrome, as well as in the long term, and of TNF-alpha in the long-term observation. Patients with less advanced periodontal disease were characterized by a faster diminution of the inflammatory response in comparison to the groups with more advanced periodontal disease.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

[Periodontal diseases in The Netherlands].

The extend and severity of periodontal diseases in The Netherlands are discussed using data of a large epidemiologic oral health survey in 1986. The perspective on treatment is presented with some notes on the basic issues in health and disease. The often heard statement, that the periodontal disease problem is much more severe in developing countries compared with the industrialized countries, could not be confirmed.

Health Services Needs and Demand↗
PubMed2006

Maternal periodontal disease in early pregnancy and risk for a small-for-gestational-age infant.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine whether periodontal disease is associated with delivery of a small-for-gestational-age infant. STUDY DESIGN: In a prospective study of oral health, periodontal disease was categorized as health, mild, or moderate/severe on the basis of clinical criteria. Small for gestational age was defined as birth weight less than the 10th percentile for gestational age. A risk ratio (95th percentile confidence interval) for a small-for-gestational-age infant among women with moderate or severe periodontal disease was calculated. RESULTS: Sixty-seven of 1017 women (6.6%) delivered a small-for-gestational-age infant, and 143 (14.3%) had moderate or severe periodontal disease. The small-for-gestational-age rate was higher among women with moderate or severe periodontal disease, compared with those with health or mild disease (13.8% versus 3.2% versus 6.5%, P < .001). Moderate or severe periodontal disease was associated with a small-for-gestational-age infant, a risk ratio of 2.3 (1.1 to 4.7), adjusted for age, smoking, drugs, marital and insurance status, and pre-eclampsia. CONCLUSION: Moderate or severe periodontal disease early in pregnancy is associated with delivery of a small-for-gestational-age infant. Understanding the mechanism of periodontal disease-associated adverse pregnancy outcomes could lead to interventions to improve fetal growth.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Diagnosis of periodontal diseases.

At the present time, the diagnosis and classification of periodontal diseases are almost entirely based on traditional clinical assessments. Supplemental quantitative and qualitative assessments of the gingival crevicular fluid and subgingival microflora can potentially provide useful information about the patient's periodontal disease. In certain situations, these supplemental risk-assessment tests may be particularly valuable in establishing the endpoint of therapy prior to placing patients on a periodontal maintenance program. Although the clinical utility of none of these tests has been validated, their further development is warranted. A genetic test for susceptibility to periodontitis has become commercially available. How best to use this and future host-based tests in clinical practice remains to be determined. Probing depth and clinical attachment loss measurements obtained with periodontal probes are practical and valid methods for assessing periodontal status. Computer-linked, controlled-force electronic periodontal probes are commercially available and are currently in use by some practitioners. Many of the logistical problems associated with subtraction radiography are being overcome and this powerful diagnostic tool may soon come into widespread use. Future developments in this and other imaging techniques are likely to have a profound effect on our approach to the diagnosis of periodontal diseases.

Clinical Enzyme Tests↗
PubMed1999

[Observation on the immune function of circulating red cells of patients with periodontal diseases].

OBJECTIVE: To find out the relation between the causes of periodontal diseases and the immune function of red blood cells (RBC). METHODS: The functional state of SOD activity, red blood cell C3b receptor rosstte (C3bR), red cell immune complex rosstte (RBCICR), RBC immune adherence enhance factor (RFER) and RBC immune adherence inhibitor factor (RFIR) of red cells from the systemic circulation of patients with periodontal diseases were determined and compared with the normal control group. RESULTS: The SOD activity C3bR and RFER of red cells were lower, while RFIR and RBCICR were higher for patients with periodontal diseases comparing to the normal control. CONCLUSION: It indicates that the compromised function of red cells may contribute to the initiation and development of periodontal diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Expression of activated transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB in periodontally diseased tissues.

BACKGROUND: Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease found mainly in adults. Little is known about molecular level changes associated with host response in this condition. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a transcription factor implicated in immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappaB activation has also been reported to be associated with many chronic inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this paper was to compare the nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of NF-kappaB transcription factor (p50/p65) and cytoplasmic expression of IkappaB in periodontal tissues of periodontitis patients and controls. METHODS: Twenty patients with chronic periodontitis and 20 healthy controls were included in the study. Gingival tissues taken during extraction were processed for immunohistochemical staining and evaluation. RESULTS: Nuclear (activated) p50 was found in 90% of periodontal patient tissues compared to only 30% of healthy tissues. A more significant result was obtained with p65 (75% versus 5%). Intense cytoplasmic immunoreactivity was also observed in periodontitis tissues. IkappaB, the inhibitor of NF-kappaB, was expressed only in 5% of periodontally diseased tissues. CONCLUSION: Activation of NF-kappaB (p50/p65) is significant in periodontally diseased tissues, suggesting the potential of inhibitors of NF-kappaB in managing periodontitis.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Periodontal diseases in young individuals.

The prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases in young people are significant. Recent progress in understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases in this group of patients has allowed significant improvement in periodontal classifications. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans characteristically is the major pathogen involved; black-pigmented anaerobic rods and other organisms can also be important. Treatment of periodontitis should focus on meticulous plaque control and eradication of periodontal pathogens, possibly by means of systemic or topical antimicrobial therapies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Effect of increased community and professional awareness of plaque control on the management of inflammatory periodontal diseases.

Data from CPITN studies indicate that severe periodontitis affects approximately 10 per cent of most populations. These data have remained static for a number of years. Of interest, however, is that despite the dramatic increase in the use of oral hygiene aids, efforts by the dental profession in oral hygiene instruction, and the associated general improvement in oral hygiene levels in the community, the incidence of severe chronic inflammatory periodontal disease has remained largely unaffected. The effects of changing oral hygiene may be reflected in slight shifts in the mild and moderate classifications of periodontal disease but the prevalence of advanced disease in presumably susceptible subjects has remained relatively unchanged. The ramifications of relatively non-specific plaque control measures in the management of advanced disease in susceptible subjects are still unclear and it may not be until the adoption of a more specific approach to the control of specific pathogens which inhabit the subgingival biofilm that major changes in the general incidence of the severe inflammatory periodontal diseases will be seen.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents: potential modifiers of periodontal disease progression.

The most recent studies of NSAIDs as potential modifiers of periodontal disease progression are reviewed. These studies indicate that NSAIDs have the ability to alter or control the progression of periodontal disease. Reductions in gingival inflammation and in bone loss have been observed following the administration of various NSAIDs. In some cases, bone gain has been achieved. More research is required to determine the possible long-term side effects associated with the chronic usage of NSAIDs, as well as to achieve consensus on the most effective drug for the control of periodontal disease. Until this occurs, and this application of NSAIDs receives government approval, the use of these drugs to control periodontal disease is not recommended.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus: a two-way relationship.

Severe periodontal disease often coexists with severe diabetes mellitus. Diabetes is a risk factor for severe periodontal disease. A model is presented whereby severe periodontal disease increases the severity of diabetes mellitus and complicates metabolic control. We propose that an infection-mediated upregulation cycle of cytokine synthesis and secretion by chronic stimulus from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and products of periodontopathic organisms may amplify the magnitude of the advanced glycation end product (AGE)-mediated cytokine response operative in diabetes mellitus. In this model, the combination of these 2 pathways, infection and AGE-mediated cytokine upregulation, helps explain the increase in tissue destruction seen in diabetic periodontitis, and how periodontal infection may complicate the severity of diabetes and the degree of metabolic control, resulting in a 2-way relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease/infection. This proposed dual pathway of tissue destruction suggests that control of chronic periodontal infection is essential for achieving long-term control of diabetes mellitus. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that elimination of periodontal infection by using systemic antibiotics improves metabolic control of diabetes, defined by reduction in glycated hemoglobin or reduction in insulin requirements.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

Relationship between periodontal disease and C-reactive protein among adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.

BACKGROUND: Moderately elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration is a systemic marker of inflammation and a documented risk factor for cardiovascular disease in otherwise healthy persons. Unrecognized infections, such as periodontal disease, may induce an acute-phase response, elevating CRP levels. We evaluated the association between periodontal disease and CRP levels in adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. METHODS: Oral examinations were conducted between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 1998, on 5552 ARIC participants (aged 52-74 years) from 4 US communities. Periodontal disease was quantified as the percentage of periodontal sites with pocket depth of 4 mm or more. Serum CRP concentration was quantified in milligrams per liter using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Mean (SE) CRP level was 7.6 (0.6) mg/L among people with extensive periodontal pockets (>30% of sites with pocket depth > or =4 mm), approximately one-third greater than that for people with less extensive periodontal pockets (5.7 [0.1] mg/L). In a multivariable linear regression model that controlled for age, sex, diabetes mellitus, cigarette use, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, the association of extensive periodontal pockets with CRP concentration was modified by body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters). For people with a BMI of 20, the model predicted a 2-fold difference in mean CRP concentration between periodontal pocket groups (7.5 vs 3.6 mg/L), but the difference decreased with increasing BMI and was negligible when BMI equaled 35. CONCLUSIONS: Extensive periodontal disease and BMI are jointly associated with increased CRP levels in otherwise healthy, middle-aged adults, suggesting the need for medical and dental diagnoses when evaluating sources of acute-phase response in some patients.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗
PubMed1994

Prevention of periodontal diseases in adults: strategies for the future.

Gingivitis and periodontitis are the most prevalent periodontal diseases in adults. Gingivitis is characterized by inflammation of the gingiva without loss of connective tissue attachment to the teeth while periodontitis results in loss of attachment and alveolar bone and may lead to tooth loss. Gingivitis is highly prevalent in adults in the United States, and up to 70% of adults have at least mild periodontitis. In only a small proportion of adults (< 15%) does periodontitis progress to severe disease. The etiology of periodontal disease is infection with pathogenic dental plaque bacteria in a susceptible host. Strategies for preventing periodontal diseases therefore may intervene at the level of the initiation of the inflammatory process, or by preventing the progression of bone and attachment loss in periodontitis. Improved mechanical and chemical plaque control as well as improved restorative materials to facilitate plaque removal continue to enhance the patient's ability to control the plaque bacteria. Strategies to target prevention to the patients who need it most include risk factor assessment, new diagnostic methods, and further elucidation of the natural history of periodontal disease. Further study of the etiology and pathophysiology of periodontitis will aid in the prevention of further destruction through targeted use of local and systemic antibiotics and well as drugs to aid in the host response. Ultimately research may yield multivalent vaccines to be used in high-risk patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Periodontal diseases: epidemiology.

1. The interpretation of epidemiological data of periodontal disease is difficult, due to inconsistencies in the methodology used. It is not possible, therefore, to accurately assess if the prevalence of the periodontal diseases shows a world-wide decline. As long as the disease is assessed through accumulated clinical attachment loss, retention of the natural dentition in older ages entails increased prevalence in these cohorts. Contemporary epidemiological studies should ideally employ full-mouth examination of the periodontal tissues. Partial recording estimates are generally biased, especially when the prevalence of the disease is low. 2. Early-onset periodontitis is infrequent in all populations. Adult periodontitis is rather prevalent; however, advanced disease affects limited subfractions of the population (probably less than 10 to 15%). Although prevalence figures vary with race and geographic region, in most cases, the progression pattern of the disease seems compatible with the retention of a functional dentition throughout life. 3. Of a plethora of behavioral and environmental risk markers identified by multi-variate analysis, smoking and presence of certain subgingival microorganisms have been proven to be true risk factors. The same holds true for diabetes mellitus, a systemic condition that confers a risk for periodontal disease which is independent of the effect of other significant factors. 4. In certain cases, periodontal infections appear to have a systemic impact on the host. Most recent data indicate that periodontal disease may confer risk for coronary heart disease and pre-term low birth weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Poor patient awareness of the relationship between smoking and periodontal diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate patients' knowledge of the effects of smoking on periodontal health. DESIGN: Patient answered questionnaires, which were anonymous. SETTING: Patients who attended GKT Dental Institute, King's College, London for dental treatment. SUBJECTS: One thousand patients attending Restorative Consultant Clinics and Primary Dental Care. RESULTS: Seventy-eight per cent of patients were aware that smoking had a negative impact on health. However, 52% of these patients who were aware could not state what the negative effects were on oral health. Seven per cent of patients stated that smoking affected the gums but did not state how it affected the gums. Only 6% of respondents knew specifically of the link between smoking and periodontal disease. The only statistically significant factors associated with increased awareness were smoking status, ie being a non-smoker and being registered with a general dental practitioner. Non-smokers and those registered with GDPs were more likely to be aware of the association between smoking and periodontal diseases. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights patients' lack of awareness of the relationship between smoking and periodontal diseases, with only 6% of respondents knowing of the link between tobacco and periodontal diseases.

Adult↗