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PubMed2026

Characterization and comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Aucklandia lappa Decne.

BACKGROUND: Aucklandia lappa Decne, a precious medicinal herb in China, utilises the dried rhizome as its medicinal part, which riches in volatile oils, sesquiterpene compounds and other active constituents. Although the mitogenome of A. lappa has been assembled, related research remains in its preliminary stages, far from achieving comprehensive and in-depth understanding. RESULTS: In this paper, the complete mitogenome of A. lappa was assembled by employing a hybrid strategy that combined Illumina short-read and Nanopore long-read sequencing. The assembled mitogenome is 436,648 bp in size with a GC content of 45.06%. The mitogenome has only one chromosomal structure, It contains 54 genes, including 31 protein-coding genes(PCG), 19 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. A total of 32 high-frequency codons exhibiting significant AT-bias, 431 RNA editing sites, and 26 homologous fragments were transferred from the chloroplast to mitochondria genes (7,337 bp, 1.68%). Furthermore, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis involving in A. lappa and 27 other taxa to clarify its evolutionary and taxonomic status. These findings provide a foundation for further understanding the evolutionary relationships within Asteraceae plant. CONCLUSION: Through the assembly and comprehensive analysis of A. lappa mitogenome, This study has for the first time fully elucidated its mitogenomic structural characteristics.These results not only provide high-quality genetic resources for research on the Asteraceae mitogenome but also lay a solid foundation for in-depth exploration of the evolution and functional genomics of medicinal plants in the Asteraceae family.

Genome, Mitochondrial↗
PubMed2001

Poisoning with Boophane disticha: a forensic case.

Scales from the bulb are traditionally used as wound dressing after circumcision and as general wound dressing. Concoctions of the bulb taken orally cause sedation, analgesia, visual hallucinations, irrational behaviour, coma or death. A man ingested 150 ml of a concoction to see who placed a spell on him. He started to hallucinate, thinking that somebody was attacking him. He pulled his gun and fired shots randomly, killing one person and injuring others. A gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer was used to analyze a sample of the concoction. The sample contained buphandrin, buphanine and crinamidine (alkaloids) and eugenol. Buphanine has a pharmacological action similar to that of hyoscine and, when ingested in toxic quantities, leads to excitement, agitation, hallucinations and coma. Eugenol is a volatile oil with analgesic properties. Although itcould not be proved that the concoction was only from Boophane disticha, the components were similar to those found in Amaryllidaceae to which Boophane belongs. The man's behaviour could be ascribed to the ingestion of compounds found in B. disticha.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Nutmeg intoxication in Texas, 1998-2004.

Nutmeg is a spice that contains volatile oils comprised of alkyl benzene derivatives (myristicin, elemicin, safrole, etc.), terpenes and myristic acid. Nutmeg has a long history of abuse. This study describes the nutmeg ingestion calls received by Texas poison centers from 1998 to 2004. There were 17 calls involving nutmeg ingestion, of which 64.7% involved intentional abuse. When abuse and non-abuse ingestions were compared, abuse ingestions were more likely to involve males (100 versus 66.7%) and adolescents (55.6 versus 16.7%). The majority of both abuse and non-abuse calls were managed outside of health care facilities (54.5 and 66.7%, respectively). None of the ingestions resulted in more than moderate clinical effects or death.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Gastrointestinal motility enhancing effect of ginger and its active constituents.

The effect of ginger root (Zingiberis Rhizoma) on gastrointestinal motility was examined based on its ability to enhance charcoal meal transport in mice. Oral administrations of the acetone extract of ginger (which contains volatile oils and bitter substances) at 75 mg/kg, [6]-shogaol at 2.5 mg/kg, or a [6]-, [8]- or [10]-gingerol at 5 mg/kg enhanced the transport of a charcoal meal. The effects of these substances were similar to or slightly weaker than those of metoclopramide and donperidone.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Antimicrobial activity of nutmeg against Escherichia coli O157.

We examined the difference between Escherichia coli O157 and non-pathogenic E. coli in their tolerance to spices. Various spices (5 g each) were homogenized at 25 degrees C for 10 min with 5 ml of 70% ethyl alcohol, and the supernatant solutions obtained by centrifugation were used as spice extracts. When the E. coli strains were incubated with each spice extract at concentrations of 0.01% and 0.1%, a noteworthy difference was observed between the O157 and non-pathogenic strains in their tolerance to nutmeg. The populations of the non-pathogenic strains could not be reduced, but those of the O157 strains were remarkably reduced. Antibacterial activity by the nutmeg extract was also found against the enteropathogenic E. coli O111, but not against enterotoxigenic (O6 and O148) and enteroinvasive (O29 and O124) E. coli. When we examined the antibacterial effect of volatile oils in nutmeg on the O157 and non-pathogenic E. coli strains, all O157 strains tested were found to be more sensitive to beta-pinene than non-pathogenic E. coli strains.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Kinetics of renin inhibition by sodium houttuyfonate analogs.

A series of chemical analogs of sodium houttuynin, the major constituent in the volatile oil of the perennial plant Houttuynia cordata Thunb, were studied for in vitro inhibition of renin activity. At a reaction concentration of 0.196 mg/ml, each of the sodium houttuynin analogs (SHAs), viz., hexanoyl acetal sodium sulfite (SHA-C6), octanoyl acetal sodium sulfite (SHA-C8), decanoyl acetal sodium sulfite (SHA-C10), dodecanoyl acetal sodium sulfite (SHA-C12) and tetradecanoyl acetal sodium sulfite (SHA-C14), inhibited renin activity up to 34.37%, 44.03%, 79.33%, 83.04%, and 93.19% respectively. The IC50 values (the concentration of SHA that is required to reduce renin activity by 50%) of the most potent analogs were 273, 195, and 44 microM for SHA-C10, SHA-C12, and SHA-C14 respectively. Kinetic studies with SHA-14 indicated a linear mixed-type of enzyme inhibition with a Ki value of 45.35 microM. It was concluded that the SHAs constitute potentially useful ingredients for the formulation of antihypertensive products.

Alkanes↗
PubMed2003

Partial regeneration/proliferation of the beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans by Nigella sativa L. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of N. sativa L. on histopathology of pancreatic beta-cells, and blood insulin and glucose concentrations in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Fifty male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were divided into two experimental groups (diabetics with no treatment and diabetics with N. sativa L. treatment), each containing twenty-five rats. Diabetes was induced in both groups by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg). The experimental animals in both groups became diabetic within 24 hours after the administration of STZ. The rats in N. sativa L.-treated group were given the daily intraperitoneal injection of 0.20 ml/kg of N. sativa L. volatile oil for 30 days starting the day after STZ injection. Control rats received only the same amount of normal saline solution. The rats in both groups received the last injection 24 hours before the sacrification and 5 randomly-selected rats in each group were sacrificed before, and the 1, 10, 20 and 30 days after the STZ injection to collect blood and pancreatic tissue samples. The N. sativa L. treatment caused a decrease in the elevated serum glucose, an increase in the lowered serum insulin concentrations and partial regeneration/ proliferation of pancreatic beta-cells in STZ-induced diabetic rats with the elapse of the experiment. It is concluded that the hypoglycaemic action of N. sativa L. could be partly due to amelioration in the beta-cells of pancreatic islets causing an increase in insulin secretion. More studies are needed to demonstrate the exact mechanism of action of N. sativa L. on ameliorated blood glucose concentration in STZ-induced diabetes.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Secondary Metabolic Differentiation and Indole Alkaloid Accumulation in Evodia rutaecarpa.

Evodia rutaecarpa is a valuable medicinal plant, yet its non-medicinal tissues remain largely underexplored. Here, we integrated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)-based widely targeted metabolomics and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) transcriptomics to systematically profile the metabolic and transcriptional landscapes of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. Our aim was to characterize tissue-specific metabolic differentiation and its underlying transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Metabolomic analysis, employing principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) with robust model parameters (R2Y > 0.9, Q2 > 0.5), identified 3090 differential metabolite features (variable importance in projection, VIP > 1.0; p < 0.05) across the four tissues, which exhibited distinct tissue-specific clustering patterns. Integrated Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that roots specifically accumulated quinolone alkaloids and flavonoid glycosides, accompanied by the coordinated upregulation of genes involved in flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways. In contrast, stems, leaves, and flowers were enriched in indole alkaloids (evodiamine and rutaecarpine) and volatile oil precursors, with concurrent upregulation of genes involved in tryptophan metabolism and indole alkaloid biosynthesis (e.g., tryptophan decarboxylase, TDC; s N-methyltransferase, NMT). Notably, leaves and flowers displayed particularly high accumulation levels of these bioactive alkaloids, suggesting their potential as alternative sources for industrial and pharmaceutical applications. WGCNA further identified multiple transcription factors and structural gene modules tightly correlated with evodiamine accumulation, offering promising candidate regulators for future biosynthetic pathway engineering. Collectively, this multi-omics integration study systematically elucidates the tissue-partitioned secondary metabolism of Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. and provides a solid scientific foundation for full-plant resource utilization, targeted development of non-medicinal tissues, and future metabolic engineering of indole alkaloid production.

Evodia rutaecarpa↗
PubMed2001

Preliminary study of therapeutic efficacy of a new fasciolicidal drug derived from Commiphora molmol (myrrh).

Myrrh (from the stem of the Commiphora molmol tree) is an oleo gum resin that may prove efficacious for the treatment of fascioliasis. We studied 7 patients who were passing Fasciola eggs in their stools and treated them with myrrh. The drug (a formulation consisting of 8 parts of resin and 3.5 parts of volatile oils, all extracted from myrrh) was given in a dose of 12 mg/kg per day for 6 consecutive days in the morning on an empty stomach. Patients were followed for 3 months. The therapy proved to be effective, with pronounced improvement of the general condition and amelioration of all symptoms and signs. A dramatic drop in the egg count was detected at the end of treatment. Eggs were no longer detectable in the feces 3 weeks after treatment and after a follow-up period of 3 months. High eosinophilic counts, elevated liver enzymes, and Fasciola antibody titers returned to nearly normal. No signs of toxicity or adverse effects were observed. We conclude that the formulation of myrrh is safe, well tolerated, and effective for treating fascioliasis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

Alcohol-related cardiomyopathy in the Seychelles.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and features of alcohol-related cardiomyopathy in the Seychelles. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: The study was multifaceted investigation involving: a randomised cross-sectional survey of drinking habits in the general population; a cross-sectional survey of blood alcohol levels in patients admitted to hospital; a prospective case series of all consecutive patients hospitalised with alcohol-related cardiomyopathy; a retrospective review of medical records; and an analysis of volatile oils and trace metals in alcoholic drinks. SETTING: Data on drinking habits were obtained from a randomised sample of 1309 adults from the total population of the Seychelles (66,000). All clinical data were obtained from patients in the Victoria Hospital, which is the single reference hospital of the country. INTERVENTION: Hospitalised patients with alcohol-related cardiomyopathy were treated initially with vitamin B1 and/or diuretics. RESULTS: The survey of alcohol habits revealed that 75% of the male population were regular alcohol consumers, with 19% of men consuming more than 100 g of alcohol per day. The estimated annual consumption of alcohol per capita was 26.4 L for men and 3.5 L for women. The survey of blood alcohol levels showed that 28% of male and 13% of female patients had raised alcohol levels at hospital admission. Throughout 1989, 96 patients were diagnosed as having alcohol-related cardiomyopathy and 12 of these had beriberi. The majority of young patients responded with marked diuresis within four hours of a single administration of thiamine. Overall, one-third of all male medical admissions were due to alcohol-related disease. The pathological effects of alcohol consumption were detected in 47% of autopsies and in 20% there was evidence of alcohol-related cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm the high frequency of alcohol-related disease in general and cardiomyopathy in particular.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Modeling breathing-zone concentrations of airborne contaminants generated during compressed air spray painting.

This paper presents a mathematical model to predict breathing-zone concentrations of airborne contaminants generated during compressed air spray painting in cross-flow ventilated booths. The model focuses on characterizing the generation and transport of overspray mist. It extends previous work on conventional spray guns to include exposures generated by HVLP guns. Dimensional analysis and scale model wind-tunnel studies are employed using non-volatile oils, instead of paint, to produce empirical equations for estimating exposure to total mass. Results indicate that a dimensionless breathing zone concentration is a nonlinear function of the ratio of momentum flux of air from the spray gun to the momentum flux of air passing through the projected area of the worker's body. The orientation of the spraying operation within the booth is also very significant. The exposure model requires an estimate of the contaminant generation rate, which is approximated by a simple impactor model. The results represent an initial step in the construction of more realistic models capable of predicting exposure as a mathematical function of the governing parameters.

Air Movements↗
PubMed2000

Antifungal activity of Curcuma longa grown in Thailand.

Curcuma longa Linn. or turmeric (Zingiberaceae) is a medicinal plant widely used and cultivated in tropical regions. According to Thai traditional texts, fresh and dried rhizomes are used as peptic ulcer treatment, carminatives, wound treatment and anti-inflammatory agent. Using hydro distillation, 1.88% and 7.02% (v/w) volatile oils were extracted from fresh and dried rhizomes, respectively, and 6.95% (w/w)crude curcuminoids were extracted from dried rhizomes. Dried powder was extracted with 95% ethanol and yielded 29.52% (w/w) crude ethanol extract composed of curcumin (11.6%), demethoxycurcumin (10.32%) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (10.77%). These extracts were tested for antifungal activity by agar disc diffusion method against 29 clinical strains of dermatophytes. It was found that crude ethanol extract exhibited an inhibition zone range of 6.1 to 26.0 mm. There was no inhibition activity from crude curcuminoids while curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycutcumin gave different inhibition zone diameters ranging from 6.1 to 16.0 mm. Although antifungal activity of undiluted freshly distilled oil and 18-month-old oil revealed some differences, the inhibition zone diameters for both extracts varied within 26.1 to 46.0 mm. With 200 mg/ml ketoconazole, the activities of the standard agent were similar to the oil, both freshly distilled and 18-month-old, but were significantly different from those of curcuminoid compounds and crude ethanol extracts (p < 0.01). Turmeric oil was also tested for its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by broth dilution method. The MICs of freshly distilled and 18-month-old oils were 7.8 and 7.2 mg/ml respectively.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1975

A further approach to quantitative determinations by thin layer chromatography.

In the proposed method, an internal standard, suitably chosen, is added in equal quantities to the sample was well as to the standard solutions. A standard curve is obtained by plotting the ratio Ds/Di for each of the standard solutions against the logarithm of the quantity of material present in each solution, where Ds and Di are the average diameters of the standard and internal standard spots, respectively. It was disclosed that the ratio Ds/Di for a given solution is constant, regardless of the volume of the solution spotted. As a result, no exact equal known volumes are needed for spotting. The method has been tested with estimation of menthol in volatile oil of peppermint and strychine in nux vomica seed.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2001

Inhibitory effects of thymoquinone against 20-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma tumorigenesis.

The potential antitumor effect of thymoquinone (TQ), the main constituent of the volatile oil of Nigella sativa seed, on fibrosarcoma induced by 20-methylcholanthrene (MC) in male Swiss albino mice was investigated in vivo and in vitro. Administration of TQ (0.01% in drinking water) I week before and after MC treatment significantly inhibited the tumor incidence and tumor burden by 43% and 34%, respectively, compared with the results in the group receiving MC alone. Moreover, TQ delayed the onset of MC-induced fibrosarcoma tumors that appeared at 12 weeks and produced less MC-induced mortality. Lipid peroxide accumulation, decreased glutathione (GSH) content, and decreased activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and quinone reductase (QR) were observed in the liver of MC-induced tumor-bearing mice. TQ alone showed a significant induction in the enzyme activities of hepatic GST and QR. Mice treated with TQ along with MC showed reduction in hepatic lipid peroxides and increased GSH content and increased enzyme activities of GST and QR as compared to results of the control group. The in vitro studies showed that TQ inhibited the survival of fibrosarcoma cells with IC50 of 15 microM. Conversely, TQ inhibited the incorporation of [3H] thymidine in fibrosarcoma cells with IC50 of microM. Our data indicate the potential of TQ as a powerful chemopreventive agent against MC-induced fibrosarcoma tumors. The possible modes of action of TQ may be through its antioxidant activity and interference with the DNA synthesis coupled with enhancement of detoxification processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[The transition of psychotropic drugs in Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) (Part 7). The study for cultivation of Valeriannae Radix in Hokkaido area].

Japanese Valerianae (J.V) was widely cultured all over Japan until the second World War (War II). J. V contained more volatile oil than European Valerianae. Therefore, J.V was exported mainly to Germany until the War II and was highly evaluated by foreign countries. After the War II, the food situation in Japan was bad. Then the increase of foodstuff production had priority over the herb growth. Therfore, J.V was not widely cultured all over Japan as before the War II. After the War II, J.V was cultured only in Hokkaido. Valerianae Radix cultured in Hokkaido was changed to Hokkai-Kisso from J. V after the War II. The beginning of Hokkai-Kisso could not be confirmed completely yet by this study. The operation of Valerianae is easy and safe. So it is thought that Valerianae Radix may be used for raw materials of general drugs and will remain in the general drug market mainly in the future too.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1992

[The transition of psychotropic drugs in Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) (Part 5); The transition of the standards and the testmethods of valerianae radix between JP VI (1951) and JP XII (1991)].

This is the study on the transition of the standards and methods for valerianae radix between JP VI (1951) and JP XII (1991). The results were as follows: Japanese valerianae was used as the same effective drugs as valerianae in Europe since the beginning of Meiji era. Japanese valerianae contained the volatile oil much more than one in Europe and was evaluated from foreign countries. Japanese Valerianae was produced mainly in Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan before World War II. After the war, the production of it transferred from Kanagawa Prefecture to Hokkaido. The standards and methods for valerianae radix were revised accurately between JP VI (1951) and JP XII (1991).

History, 20th Century↗