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PubMed2004

The sociocultural attitudes towards appearance scale-3 (SATAQ-3): development and validation.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this investigation was to develop and validate a revision of a widely used measure of societal influences on body image and eating disturbances-the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ). METHOD: Two independent samples of college females completed a revision and extension of the SATAQ and factor analyses were conducted to determine the underlying structure of the revised scale. RESULTS: Factor analyses indicated two distinct internalization factors: one appeared to reflect a generic media influence related to TV, magazines, and movies. A second factor clearly reflected internalization of athletic and sports figures. Two other factors, reflecting media pressures and media as an informational source, also emerged. Another widely used measure of thin-ideal internalization, the Ideal Body Internalization Scale-Revised (IBIS-R), was included in factor analyses to determine its empirical relationship with the revised SATAQ. None of the IBIS-R items loaded with any of the internalization items or items reflective of media pressures or information. Instead, the IBIS-R appeared to tap into an awareness of appearance norms dimension. The SATAQ-3 subscales had excellent convergent validity with measures of body image and eating disturbance. Eating-disturbed and eating-disordered samples had higher scores on SATAQ-3 subscales than a control sample. DISCUSSION: The SATAQ-3 measures multiple aspects of a societal influence and should prove useful for basic risk factor work as well as for gauging the efficacy of prevention and treatment programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Anthropomorphic characteristics of centerfold models: trends towards slender figures over time.

OBJECTIVE: Anthropomorphic characteristics of centerfold models were analyzed to determine if there has been a trend towards slimmer models over the last 50 years. METHOD: Height and weight, breast, waist, and hip measurements of 559 Playboy centerfold models, obtained from the magazine's website, were analyzed. RESULTS: Regression analyses indicated a gradual and subtle change towards slimness. A latent class analysis yielded five basic types of figures and results indicated that the prevalence of the type of figures being depicted changed over time, with a slightly thinner figure being more common. However, really thin figures were rare until the 2000s and the probability of a model having a body mass index (BMI) < 17 was greater in the 1950s than in the 2000s. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that there has been a trend towards slimness, but that the changes have been gradual.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2005

Media-portrayed idealized images, body shame, and appearance anxiety.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine the effects of media-portrayed idealized images on young women's body shame and appearance anxiety, and to establish whether the effects depend on advertisement type and on participant self-objectification. METHOD: Participants were 39 female university students. Twenty-four magazine advertisements comprised 12 body-related and 12 non-body-related products, one half of each with, and the other one half without, idealized images. Preexposure and post exposure body shame and appearance anxiety measures were recorded. RESULTS: Appearance anxiety increased after viewing advertisements featuring idealized images. There was also a significant interaction between self-objectification level and idealized body (presence vs. absence). No differences emerged for body-related compared with non-body-related product advertisements. The only result for body shame was a main effect for time. Participants' body shame increased after exposure to idealized images, irrespective of advertisement type. DISCUSSION: Although our findings reveal that media-portrayed idealized images detrimentally affect the body image of young women, they highlight the individual differences in vulnerability and the different effects for different components of body image. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for the prevention and early intervention of body image and dieting-related disorders. (

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A survey of herbal and alternative medication use among participants with eating disorder symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this survey was to collect data on herbal use in participants with eating disorder symptoms. METHOD: A survey was administered to 100 participants who had either sought treatment at the Eating Disorder Institute (EDI) or had been enrolled in previous research as the result of eating disorder symptoms. RESULTS: Of the 100 participants, 64% used an herbal product for weight loss. The mean monthly expenditure on herbs over the past year was 33.88 dollars +/- 41.10 dollars, with a range of 2 dollars-200 dollars. Dexatrim (Chattem, Chattanooga, TN; N = 27) and St. John's Wort (N = 19) had the highest reported use. Magazines were the most common source of product information (38.3%), with health care professionals being reported less frequently as the source of information. Knowledge of ephedra-related adverse effects was variable, and depended on a previous history of use. The majority (62.3%) of herb users reported an adverse effect. CONCLUSION: Herbal use is frequent among those with eating disorder symptoms, often resulting in substantial financial cost. Health professionals are rarely the source of herbal information. Therefore, there is ample room for educational interventions, which may result in the safer use of herbal products.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Impact of interactive school-based media literacy lessons for reducing internalization of media ideals in young adolescent girls and boys.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of the current study was to examine the efficacy of single media literacy lessons in reducing media internalization in young adolescents. METHOD: Eleven classes of 237 students (100 girls and 137 boys; mean age = 13.79 years, SD = .42) randomly received 1 of 6 lessons. Eating disorder risk factors were assessed at baseline, and the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) was used to assess media internalization postintervention. RESULTS: At postintervention, boys had significantly lower SATAQ-3 scores on 4 of the 5 subscales (effect sizes = .42-.71), whereas girls had significantly lower scores on 1 subscale (effect size = .54). Higher baseline levels of dietary restraint, magazines bought/read, and perceived sociocultural pressure predicted smaller reductions in boys' scores, whereas depression predicted smaller reductions in girls' scores. CONCLUSION: The current study provides support that boys be included in eating disorder prevention programs and that media literacy may represent a promising prevention approach.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The changing meanings of "mutation:" A contextualized study of public discourse.

A quantitative examination of a representative sample of popular discourse about genetics and heredity from U.S. mass magazines between 1919 and 1996 indicates that the term "mutation" has become increasingly negative in its connotations through time. Although it has been used more frequently than alternative terms such as "variation" and "alteration," it is more likely to bear negative connotations than these alternatives. Increases in the negative contextualization of "mutation" were initially associated with reports of genetic damage to humans from nuclear radiation after 1956. Later increases in negative connotations appear to arise from more diffuse sources. These results are contextualized by comparison to other research on meanings of mutation and an observational sample of scientific discourse.

Databases, Bibliographic↗
PubMed1993

Can ethnic differences in men's preferences for women's body shapes contribute to ethnic differences in female adiposity?

In the United States, obesity is more common among black and Hispanic than white women. One putative cause of this difference is different cultural norms for attractiveness. Two studies assessed ethnic differences in men's perceptions of the attractiveness of females of varying sizes. In the first, 108 men recruited on the New York subway were shown sets of silhouettes depicting female bodies varying in fatness and were asked to pick the silhouette they found most attractive. They were also asked to indicate the thinnest and fattest figures they would consider dating. A measure of "latitude of acceptance" was computed as the difference between the thinnest and fattest figures considered. Results indicated no relationship between ethnicity and preference (F = 1.383, p = .257) or "latitude" (F = .102, p = .903). In Study 2, "personal advertisements" placed by 373 black, 1915 white, 110 Hispanic, and 30 Asian men from 35 newspapers and magazines were coded as: 1) thinness preferred; 2) no information on weight preference; 3) fatness preferred; or 4) states weight or looks unimportant. Results indicated a statistically significant but small association between ethnicity and preference (chi2 = 49.55, df = 9, p < .00001). Relative to white and Asian men, black and Hispanic men more frequently requested fat women, Hispanic men less frequently requested thin women, and black men more frequently stated that looks or weight did not matter. Ethnicity explained only 2.1% of the variance in preference. Thus, it seems unlikely that ethnic differences in men's preferences for women's body shapes contribute substantially to ethnic differences in female adiposity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Beliefs about weight gain and attitudes toward relapse in a sample of women and men with obesity.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine beliefs regarding reasons for weight gain, likely responses to weight loss relapse, notions of reasonable weight loss, and correlations between beliefs and attitudes in a large nonclinical sample of men and women with obesity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Participants were 3,394 white women (n=1,674) and men (n=1,720) with obesity who had responded to a survey about body image and eating behaviors conducted by Consumer Reports magazine. RESULTS: Women and men indicated that the most important reasons for their weight gain were lack of exercise and enjoying eating; the least important reason was a need to avoid social or sexual situations. Both groups reported that their most likely response to relapse is to start watching food intake, whereas their least likely response is to ask a friend, spouse, or family member for help. Women rated depression, stress, low self-esteem, and need to avoid situations as more important reasons for their weight gain than did men, and women were more likely to feel terrible and regain as a response to relapse. There was no relationship between an individual's beliefs about weight gain, responses to relapse, or notions of reasonable weight loss. DISCUSSION: Implications of these findings for the treatment of obesity are discussed.

Depression↗
PubMed2001

Zen meditation and ABC relaxation theory: an exploration of relaxation states, beliefs, dispositions, and motivations.

This study is an attempt to rigorously map the psychological effects of Zen meditation among experienced practitioners. Fifty-nine Zen meditators with at least six years of experience practiced an hour of traditional Zazen seated meditation. A control group of 24 college students spent 60 min silently reading popular magazines. Before relaxation, all participants took the Smith Relaxation States Inventory (SRSI), the Smith Relaxation Dispositions/Motivations Inventory (SRD/MI), and the Smith Relaxation Beliefs Inventory (SRBI). After practice, participants again took the SRSI. Analyses revealed that meditators are less likely to believe in God, more likely to believe in Inner Wisdom, and more likely to display the relaxation dispositions Mental Quiet, Mental Relaxation, and Timeless/Boundless/Infinite. Pre- and postsession analyses revealed that meditators showed greater increments in the relaxation states Mental Quiet, Love and Thankfulness, and Prayerfulness, as well as reduced Worry. Results support Smith's ABC Relaxation Theory.

Buddhism↗
PubMed2006

Reputation strength as a determinant of faculty employment: a test of the step-down thesis among clinical psychology doctoral programs.

This study tested the folkloristic belief that doctoral degree recipients who pursue academic careers typically wind up at institutions ranked lower in prestige than the institutions at which they trained (the step-down thesis). We used a database of faculty members in 150 clinical psychology doctoral programs accredited by the American Psychological Association, and compared each faculty member's training institution with the current employing institution on three distinct reputation ranking systems: The Center (University of Florida, Gainesville) for overall university reputation, the National Research Council (Washington, DC) for doctoral degree department reputation, and the news magazine, U.S. News and World Report ranking for clinical psychology training program reputation. Although support for the step-down thesis was found across all three ranking systems, a disproportionately large number of professors were also observed to move laterally in terms of their employing institution's reputation.

Academic Dissertations as Topic↗
PubMed2003

B. F. Skinner's technology of behavior in American life: from consumer culture to counterculture.

From the 1940s through the 1970s, articles in popular magazines and newspapers presented B. F. Skinner in a wide array of guises, from educational revolutionary and utopian to totalitarian and fascist. Understanding these diverse, and often contradictory, portrayals requires a consideration of the social and political discourses in which they were embedded. In this paper, I suggest that reports of Skinner's work were influenced by a number of cultural categories, from the better living campaign of the 1950s, to the counterculture crusade of the late 1960s. Through this examination, a multifaceted rendering of Skinner's public image that takes into account the nature of his work, the context in which it was produced, and the culture in which it was received is revealed. I propose that the received view of Skinner as maligned behaviorist actually obscures the complexity of his relationship with psychology's public throughout this period.

Behavior↗
PubMed2004

Time use of people with schizophrenia living in the community.

The objective of this study was to describe the time use of people with schizophrenia living in the community in Japan. Time use of participants with schizophrenia was compared with people without schizophrenia. The time use of participants without a work-related routine was also compared with those with a work-related routine. As has been reported in other studies, persons with schizophrenia spend a significantly greater amount of time sleeping and resting than people without schizophrenia. However, participants with schizophrenia chose to participate not only in passive occupational categories but also in active occupational categories by selecting work, co-operative workshops, play, socialization and homemaking. Results also showed that having a work-related routine influenced time use. People with a work-related routine spent much time engaged in the work-related routines and in sleeping, and people without the routine spent much time sleeping, listening to music, watching TV, and reading magazines. The present study contributes to developing knowledge that supports occupational therapy practice focused on occupational choice including routine occupations to build a healthy life for people with schizophrenia living in the community. To explore further the relationship between time use and health, further research would be needed to study individual experiences in occupations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

How do pharmaceutical companies handle consumer adverse drug reaction reports? An overview based on a survey of French drug safety managers and officers.

It is surprising to see how consumer Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) reports have been continuously increasing for the last few years in Europe. This probably results from the influence of United States (US) market where the patients feels justified in telephoning the pharmaceutical companies directly with queries regarding their treatment. The growing number of alternative sources of information (e.g. health and popular magazines, spots on radio and TV etc.) to which a consumer is exposed has added to this growth too. The changing relationship between patients and doctors may also contribute to this phenomenon. It is then interesting to evaluate the way pharmaceutical companies currently deal with consumer ADR reports. The management of consumer ADR reporting was investigated by means of a questionnaire sent to 46 French drug safety managers and drug safety officers (DSOs) of multinational pharmaceutical companies. The analysis of the survey stressed the fact that pharmaceutical companies should be prepared to face up to an increase in the number of consumer ADR reports. It clearly appears that the consumers who telephone to register side-effects should be forwarded to a trained DSO with medical or pharmaceutical background and the communication skills acquired through specific training. This person should also be able to release adequate product information validated by his/her own company. The influence of the US market seems to be changing the way pharmaceutical companies deal with consumer ADR reports. Nowadays, these reports are entered into a drug safety database by most of the companies without previously having contacted the patient's general practitioner (GP) or specialist for medical confirmation. Lastly, the drug safety managers and DSOs consulted have divided opinions about the usefulness of call centres and e-mails as tools for ADR reporting. But both tools are globally rejected by the pharmaceutical companies as a reliable means of reporting. As stated in this article, the reporting of ADRs via e-mail would cause real problems for the drug safety units. Finally, they consider that telephone call centres should be restricted to a specific communication problem such as crisis management or Dear Dr letters.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed1999

Automated sampling device for monitoring intracellular metabolite dynamics.

An automated sampling device coupled to a stirred tank reactor was developed for monitoring intracellular metabolite dynamics. Sample flasks fixed in transport magazines were moved by a step engine in a way that each sample flask was filled within 220 ms, resulting in a sampling rate of 4.5 s-1. Rapid inactivation of the metabolism was achieved by spraying the samples into 60% methanol at -50 degrees C. After centrifugation of the quenched cells at -20 degrees C the metabolites were extracted with perchloric acid and analyzed biochemically or with HPLC. The automated sampling device was applied for investigation of the intracellular metabolite dynamics of glycolysis in Escherichia coli after rapid glucose addition to a glucose-limited steady-state culture. For the first time oscillations of intracellular metabolite concentrations like glucose-6-phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, dihydroxyacetonphosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, and pyruvate were quantified on a subseconds to seconds scale in E. coli. As an example, the kinetics of the decomposition of fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetonphosphate were investigated by use of a well-known mechanistic kinetic model and the measured in vivo metabolite dynamics.

Biosensing Techniques↗
PubMed2002

Pesticide illness, farm practices, and neurological symptoms among farm residents in Colorado.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between pesticides and neurological symptoms among a population exposed to organophosphate chemicals as a result of agricultural use. Chronic sequelae of acute pesticide poisoning from organophosphate compounds include a variety of neurological symptoms including restlessness, irritability, and trouble sleeping. Individuals who have had an acute pesticide poisoning have been reported to suffer a wide range of neurological symptoms that occur from weeks to months after the initial episode. Data for this study came from a cross-sectional survey of farmers and their spouses conducted in an eight-county area in north-eastern Colorado. Neurological characteristics were assessed to determine their relationship with previously reported pesticide-related illnesses. Symptoms that were significantly associated with a previous poisoning were difficulty concentrating [OR 2.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22, 3.50]; relatives noticing person had trouble remembering things (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.47, 4.39); making notes to remember things (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.20, 3.97); finding it hard to understand the meaning of newspapers, magazines, and books (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.01, 3.60); felt irritable (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.08, 3.12); felt depressed (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.65, 4.81); had heart palpitations without exertion (OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.22, 6.54); sleeping more than usual (OR 3.58, 95% CI 1.95, 6.58); difficulty moving fingers or grasping things (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.06, 3.24); and headaches at least once a week (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.06, 3.24). Stepwise regression was used to identify the best explanatory model of pesticide-related illness. Variables that were associated with increased odds of illness were being male, being depressed, sleeping too much, and using crop organophosphates.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Cultural ecology of Whitethroat (Sylvia communis) habitat management by farmers: field-boundary vegetation in lowland England.

Field-boundary structure, its use by territorial Whitethroats, and its management by farmers were investigated in southern Wiltshire using a combination of fieldwork and a questionnaire survey. Whitethroats favour wide herbaceous field boundary strips and low hedges. Long-term cultural and short-term economic interests combine to influence farmers' management decisions. Only farmers with game and conservation interests claimed to adopt field-boundary management that would benefit Whitethroats, but across all farms, intended and actual herbaceous strips were too narrow, and their management too imprecise, for Whitethroats and other wildlife. Agricultural advisors and magazines were the main influences on farmers' management decisions. Improving habitat for Whitethroats could have both agronomic and wider conservation benefits, and the provision of information that accommodates farmers' cultural and economic incentives could benefit both farmers and wildlife.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

No sex difference in contextual control over the expression of latent inhibition and extinction in Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats.

Three experiments with Wistar rats searched for a sex difference in contextual control over the expression of latent inhibition and extinction. Experiment 1 used a latent inhibition procedure; Experiments 2 and 3 employed an extinction preparation. All experiments used a shock as the unconditioned stimulus, a tone as the conditioned stimulus, and suppression of food magazine visits as the measure of conditioned responding to the tone. Each experiment revealed a reliable context effect on conditioned responding to the tone; after conditioning in a separate context, conditioned responding in the former latent inhibition or extinction context was attenuated relative to conditioned responding in a control context. There was no sex difference in the magnitude of this effect. These results are discussed in the framework of sex differences in the hippocampus and of the putative role of this structure in various instances of contextual learning.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

AIDS-related attitudes and risk behaviors: a survey of a random sample of California heterosexuals.

BACKGROUND: This paper describes the results of an AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors survey of a random sample of heterosexual California adults. METHODS: The study was conducted from August 1990 until February 1991 and consisted of telephone interviews conducted in English and Spanish, with a household probability sample of 3,545 California adults, undersampling those age 44 and older. RESULTS: Approximately one-third of the sample believed that HIV/AIDS is contracted by donating blood, and 20% believed the infection could result from insect bites. Tolerance toward HIV-infected persons was highest among young, male, white, employed individuals with higher levels of education and income. Twenty-seven percent of males and 14% of females were categorized as high risk based on the presence of at least 1 of 7 risk factors. High-risk respondents tended to be male, young, employed, never married, U.S. born, and English speaking. Compared to low-risk respondents, they were less likely to use condoms and more likely to use alcohol and drugs in conjunction with sex. Most common sources of AIDS information were television, newspapers, and magazines. CONCLUSIONS: More strenuous efforts are needed to reach young adults, especially those beyond college age, with AIDS prevention messages. Creative messages via popular media venues should be explored.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗