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PubMed2001

MMPI-2 fake-bad scales: an attempted cross-validation of proposed cutting scores for outpatients.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) results were compared in 118 psychiatric outpatients given standard instructions, instructions to exaggerate their problems, instructions to feign a disorder they did not have, or instructions to feign global psychological disturbance. The groups were comparable on demographic, occupational and diagnostic characteristics as well as intake MMPI-2 results. Experimental MMPI-2 results showed that clinical scales were generally elevated in the feigning groups, with only modest differences across dissimulating instruction sets. The feigning groups had reliably higher scores than controls on all overreporting indexes examined, although no significant differences between feigning groups were present for overreporting indexes. Classification rates using previously proposed cutting scores for outpatients on individual feigning indexes showed near perfect specificity, but low to at best moderate sensitivity. Multiple regression analyses indicated that Gough's (1954) Dissimulation Scale (Ds2) was most strongly related to feigning status, and no other feigning scale contributed a significant increment in predictive power once Ds2 was entered.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

An examination of the MMPI-2 Wiener-Harmon Subtle subscales for D and Hy: implications for parent scale and neurotic triad interpretation.

This research explores the scale development process for the MMPI-2 Wiener and Harmon (1946) Subtle subscales for Depression (D) and Hysteria (Hy) to provide insight into why certain items were included on these scales and were subsequently but inappropriately assumed to be subtle indicators of the same pathology that the Obvious items measure. In this research, I also explore what the Subtle scales on D and Hy measure and their potential utility for the interpretation of their parent scales and the "neurotic triad." It was hypothesized that the D and Hy Subtle subscales are related to denial, repression, or both and this hypothesis was supported. In a sample of 1,240 inpatient and outpatient psychiatric patients at a large Army medical center, it was found that these subscales had strong positive correlations with othe scales on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom. Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) related to denial, repression, or both. It was also found that they had strong negative correlations with scales on the MMPI-2 and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-II; Millon, 1987) that are related to symptom endorsement, which can be considered the opposite of denial or repression. In addition, ratings of the Subtle items on D and Hy by clinical psychology residents were consistent with the hypothesis that these items reflect a denial of psychological or physical dysfunction.

Defense Mechanisms↗
PubMed2004

MMPI-2 profile code types and measurement error.

We studied simulated MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) code type stability and change expected with measurement error for 12 MMPI-2 well-defined mean code type profiles. Profile scores for the 2 scales defining the code type were systematically varied to represent target code type profiles at 9 different levels of T-score profile definition. We randomly generated samples of 50 simulated, estimated true score profiles at each level of profile definition for each code type around the estimated true scores for each scale at each level of profile definition. Two sets of simulated profiles were developed. The first simulation was based on the reported means, test-retest reliabilities, and the standard errors of measurement for the MMPI-2 normative group. The second simulation was based on the means, standard deviations, and estimated retest stability for a clinical group of psychiatric patients. We calculated frequencies and percentages of simulated profiles with the highest estimated true scores on the same 2 scales as the original code type profile. Percentages of simulated profiles with the same 2 highest scales as the original code type profiles increased from 27% to 37% for the 3-point level of definition, 37% to 49% for the 5-point definition, 46% to 61% for 7-point definition, 63% to 78% for 10-point definition, 78% to 89% for 13-point definition, 83% to 93% for 15-point definition, and greater than 90% for profile definition greater than 15 points.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Association of Rorschach and MMPI psychosis indicators and schizophrenia spectrum diagnoses in a Russian clinical sample.

In this study, I investigated the relationships among psychological test variables and schizophrenia spectrum diagnoses in a Russian sample of 180 psychiatric patients. Schizophrenia is understood somewhat differently in Russia than in the West. Analyses compared Rorschach (SCZI, PTI; Exner, 2001) and MMPI (Berezin, Mitroshinkov, & Sokolova, 1994) psychosis indicators (Sc, Sc3, Sc6, and BIZ) and 3 diagnostic systems: (a) Russian traditional, (b) the Russian-modified International Classification of Diseases (9th ed. [ICD-9]; Ministerstvo Zdravokhraneniya SSSR, 1982), and (c) the nonmodified ICD-10 (World Health Organization, 1992; comparable to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [4th ed.], American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Results showed modest support for the SCZI and PTI but not the MMPI indicators. While the field awaits further evidence, psychologists should proceed with caution when using the Rorschach and MMPI to assess for psychosis among Russians.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The validity and clinical utility of the MMPI-2 Malingering Depression scale.

In this study, we examined the validity and clinical utility of the MMPI-2 (Butcher, Graham, Tellegen, Dahlstrom, & Kaemmer, 2001) Malingering Depression scale (Md) in relation to the MMPI-2 F scales (F, F(B), F(P)) to detect feigned depression. Overall, the F(B) scale and the F/F(P) scale combination were the best single predictors, although the Md scale did discriminate successfully cases of feigned depression from patients with bona fide depression. The Md scale added predictive capacity over the F scales, and the F(B) scale and the F/F(P) scale combination added predictive capacity over the Md scale; however, the actual increase in the number of cases predicted was minimal in each instance. In sum, although the Md scale is able to detect accurately feigned depression on the MMPI-2 (predictive validity), it does not confer a distinct advantage (incremental validity) over the existing standard validity scales-F, F(B), and F(P).

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Correlates of the MMPI-2 restructured clinical (RC) scales in a college counseling setting.

We designed this study to identify empirical correlates on the MMPI-2 (Butcher et al., 2001) restructured clinical (RC) scales in a college counseling setting with a sample of 228 men and 522 women from a university-based psychological clinic. Participants were administered the MMPI-2 at intake and were rated by their therapists on a variety of variables including a 192-item Client Description Form. The findings indicate that the RC scales were generally most strongly correlated with conceptually relevant criteria and generally uncorrelated with conceptually nonrelevant criteria, which replicated findings of convergent and discriminant validity from previous studies. Follow-up analyses indicate that the RC scales have improved discriminant validity in comparison to the clinical scales and stronger convergent validity than a set of alternative MMPI-2 measures.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

MMPI-2 and MCMI-III characteristics of parental competency examinees.

The MMPI-2 (Butcher et al., 2001) and the MCMI-III (Millon, Davis, & Millon, 1997) may contribute to understanding psychological functioning in parental competency examinees. In this study, we sought to identify MMPI-2 and MCMI-III characteristics of this population. We collected data regarding 127 individuals who underwent court-ordered parental competency evaluations. Although test results were generally consistent with findings from the child custody literature, MMPI-2 results indicated the highest Validity scale elevation on the L scale in contrast to the K scale elevations that have often been reported in the custody literature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical Scales: a paradigmatic shift in scale development.

Tellegen et al. (2003) proposed fundamental changes in MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) scale development by discarding empirical scale development in favor of construct validation via Jackson's (1970) sequential system of scale development. As a result of their efforts, a general distress factor (Demoralization) was identified and 8 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales were developed. Using 7,330 clinical cases from Caldwell's (1997) data set, in this study, we sought to cross-validate the MMPI-2 RC Scales. Scale homogeneity was confirmed with high alpha coefficients and interitem correlations in the expected range. We also achieved a major objective of reducing interscale correlations. In replicating Tellegen et al.'s principal components analysis, we achieved a high concordance for 6 of the 8 RC Scales. We critically examine these results in light of Jackson's construct validation. We discuss the clinical usefulness of the MMPI-2 RC Scales within the context of current and future research.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Further evidence on the validity of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales: addressing questions raised by Rogers, Sewell, Harrison, and Jordan and Nichols.

The reviews by Rogers, Sewell, Harrison, and Jordan (2006/this issue), and by Nichols (2006/this issue) offer markedly contrasting appraisals of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales introduced by Tellegen et al. (2003). The one common feature is that both reviews draw on the same atypical MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) data set for their empirical analyses, with results warranting critical scrutiny. Rogers et al.'s critique provides an evaluation of the RC Scales from the perspective of Jackson's (1970) method of test development. One significant issue in Rogers et al.'s review concerns social desirability, prompting us to clarify our own views on this topic. We also highlight and discuss problems associated with Rogers et al.'s use of the unrepresentative data set. Nichols's polemical critique neglects empirical and theoretical support for demoralization as a central construct and misconstrues as "construct drift" the purposeful process of developing the RC scales. Nichols's criticisms and proposals overlook requirements for assessing syndromes and for construct validation and even rudiments of scale development. Our reply incorporates evidence, including new findings, refuting his criticisms and confirming that demoralization is a pervasive MMPI dimension, that the RC Scales capture the major distinctive features of the original Clinical Scales, and that they generate correspondingly meaningful validity patterns.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗
PubMed2001

Psychiatric symptoms and HIV risk in MMPI-2 cluster subgroups of polysubstance abusers in treatment.

This-investigation identified personality subgroups based upon cluster analysis of MMPI-2 records of polysubstance abusers. Subgroups were compared on lifetime and current psychiatric symptoms and on attitudes and behaviors linked with HIV infection risk. High psychopathology, mild psychopathology, and subclinical MMPI-2 cluster types were identified which resemble those that have been identified in earlier studies with the original version of the MMPI. The High Psychopathology Subgroup had significantly higher proportions with all lifetime psychiatric problems (ASI), higher levels of all current psychiatric symptoms (SCL-90), and lower levels of confidence in ability to enact safer sexual practices than the Subclinical Cluster Subgroup. Fewer differences in lifetime and concurrent psychiatric symptoms were found in comparisons involving High Pathology and Mild Pathology cluster subgroups and Mild Psychopathology and Subclinical cluster subgroups. Those in the High Psychopathology Subgroup likely need treatment programs that address their more chronic and serious mental health problems and interventions that target their judgment and problem solving limitations that may increase HIV infection risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

An examination of three sets of MMPI-2 personality disorder scales.

Three sets of personality disorder scales (PD scales) can be scored for the MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989). Two sets (Levitt & Gotts, 1995; Morey, Waugh, & Blashfield, 1985) are derived from the MMPI (Hathaway & McKinley, 1983), and a third set (Somwaru & Ben-Porath, 1995) is based on the MMPI-2. There is no validity research for the Levitt and Gotts scale, and limited validity research is available for the Somwaru and Ben-Porath scales. There is a large body of research suggesting that the Morey et al. scales have good to excellent convergent validity when compared to a variety of other measures of personality disorders. Since the Morey et al. scales have established validity, there is a question if additional sets of PD scales are needed. The primary purpose of this research was to determine if the PD scales developed by Levitt and Gotts and those developed by Somwaru and Ben-Porath contribute incrementally to the scales developed by Morey et al. in predicting corresponding scales on the MCMI-II (Millon, 1987). In a sample of 494 individuals evaluated at an Army medical center, a hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that the Somwaru and Ben-Porath Borderline, Antisocial, and Schizoid PD scales and the Levitt and Gotts Narcissistic and Histrionic scales contributed significantly and meaningfully to the Morey et al. scales in predicting the corresponding MCMI-II (Millon, 1987) scale. However, only the Somwaru and Ben-Porath scales demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and convergent validity.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Utility of the MMPI-168 with men inpatient alcoholics.

The ability of the MMPI-168 to estimate full-scale high-point code types was evaluated in 772 men inpatient alcoholics. Although concordance of code types was found to be 35% across the entire sample, concordance rates of specific codes varied from 78% for the 2-4/4-2 type to only 15% for the 7-8/8-7 type. The MMPI-168 also underestimated the frequency of many full-scale code types. Overall, the data indicated that the MMPI-168 should be used very cautiously with alcoholics when the goal is to estimate full-scale code types.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Personality dysfunction and lateralized deficits in cerebral functions as measured by the MMPI and Reitan-Halstead Battery.

Previous research using the MMPI has failed to show personality differences between right and left hemispheric brain-damaged patients. The purposes of the present study were, first to determine whether lateralized deficits in cortical functioning as measured by neuropsychological testing are systematically associated with neurotic-psychotic distinctions on the MMPI. Secondly, we wished to determine the strength of predictive association in the relationship between lateralized functional deficits and personality organization. A localization key (Russell, et al., 1972) was applied to the "Reitan-Battery" test results for 94 patients who were referred for neuropsychological testing. Based on this approach, 15 pairs of patients were selected who were "left" or "right" hemispheric dysfunctional in terms of test performance. Pairs were matched for age and "average impairment rating" (Russell, et al., 1972). Their MMPIs were also designated "neurotic" or "psychotic" using the Goldberg Psychotic Index (Goldberg, 1972). The results suggest that patients with deficits in left hemisphere functions tend to score in the psychotic range and patients with deficits in right hemispheric functions tend to score in the neurotic range of the MMPI Goldberg Index. In this set of data there was a 38% reduction in error of predicting neurotic-psychotic category but knowing whether the patient was left or right hemispheric dysfunctional in terms of neuropsychological tests.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Relationships between MMPI measures of psychopathology and WAIS subtest scores and intelligence quotients.

This study investigated relationships between MMPI scale elevations and WAIS subtest deviation scores and Full Scale intelligence quotients in 272 psychiatric patients. Analysis indicated few significant relationships between MMPI elevations and WAIS deviation scores, especially when compared with the high proportion of significant relationships found between demographic variables and WAIS measures. MMPI elevations were significantly related to Full Scale IQ. Although the results do not support the idea that specific WAIS subtest scores are related to psychopathology, they do support the idea that general intelligence is negatively related to psychopathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

MMPI and nightmares in male alcoholics.

In a group of 86 male chronic alcoholics (mean age 38.7 yr.), 25.6% responded with "True" to Item 31 ("I have nightmares every few nights") of the MMPI; the remaining patients marked the item as false. The two groups did not differ in age, visuospatial reasoning skills, and on a variety of MMPI measures except on the Psychasthenia scale: the former were more highstrung. The vocabulary of the latter was more extensive. A comparison of the responses to Item 31 with recent normative MMPI data for men (age 30 to 39 yr.) published by Colligan, et al. 1983 showed that alcoholics responded significantly more often with "True" than normal men.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

On the consistency of the MMPI in borderline personality disorder.

14 patients diagnosed as having Borderline Personality Disorder were examined on two separate occasions with the MMPI. Results strongly suggest that, as a group, borderline patients are quite consistent responders on the MMPI under test-retest conditions (1 to 58 mo.). The frequency distribution of scale elevations and code types was also examined which showed the often-noted heterogeneity of profile code types within this population. Thus, a note of caution is advised for those investigators who assume that a prototypical borderline MMPI profile exists. Specifically, considerable heterogeneity is seen among this sample of patients with respect to a two-point coding strategy, and individual codes change over time.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Prediction of MMPI clinical scores from the Apperceptive Personality Test.

Eight independent scores from a new objective/projective personality test, the Apperceptive Personality Test (APT), were validated against eight clinical scores of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). In parallel studies of 150 male and 150 female college volunteers given both tests, weighted combinations of the 8 APT measures significantly predicted MMPI raw scores in 15 of 16 analyses (Ma scores could not be predicted for men). Of 84 predicted zero-order correlations between APT and MMPI measures, 50 (60%) were confirmed, 74% for women and 45% for men; however, the vast majority of these correlations were below .30.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

MMPI patterns of physically and psychologically dependent drug abusers.

Comparison of the MMPI profiles of psychologically dependent (N = 20) and physically dependent drug abusers indicated that as compared to control groups the former group were characterized by high anxiety scores and the latter group by low scores on the same MMPI scale. The MMPI subtest patterns also suggest that the major defense mechanisms of the psychologically dependent group were denial and repression whereas those of the physically dependent drug abusers were hypochondriacal and hypomanic in nature. Tentative evidence suggests that the former drug-abuse group tends to respond more favourably to psychotherapeutic intervention than does the latter group.

Adult↗