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PubMed2006

Response of female cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Cephalopoda) to mirrors and conspecifics: evidence for signaling in female cuttlefish.

Cuttlefish have a large repertoire of body patterns that are used for camouflage and interspecific signaling. Intraspecific signaling by male cuttlefish has been well documented but studies on signaling by females are lacking. We found that females displayed a newly described body pattern termed Splotch toward their mirror image and female conspecifics, but not to males, prey or inanimate objects. Female cuttlefish may use the Splotch body pattern as an intraspecific signal, possibly to reduce agonistic interactions. The ability of females to produce a consistent body pattern in response to conspecifics and mirrors suggests that they can recognize same-sex conspecifics using visual cues, despite the lack of sexual dimorphism visible to human observers.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

A mirror image of the first and second branchial arch syndrome associated with cleft lip and palate in monozygotic twins.

A rare case of monozygotic twins revealing a mirror image of the first and second branchial arch syndrome with accessory ear and hemifacial microsomia, associated with unilateral cleft lip and palate, is presented. Although the concordance and/or discordance rate of monozygotic or dizygotic twins with cleft lip and palate is well reported, that of twinning of the first and second branchial arch syndrome has been very rarely described. First and second branchial arch syndrome occurs sporadically but cleft lip and palate are strongly related to the influence of environmental factors with a considerable hereditary tendency. The study of twinning of congenital anomalies is important in the investigation of the pathogenesis of genetic and environmental effects. The twins were diagnosed as monozygotic with almost complete certainty by ABO blood typing, HLA typing, finger prints, and DNA typing. Concordance was noticed, which suggests a hereditary tendency. Since concordance in these monozygotic twins was exhibited by a precise mirror image of first and second branchial arch syndrome, spinal scoliosis and cleft lip and palate, it is possible that an environmental factor induced these complex anomalies.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1991

Hand motor patterns after the correction of left-nondominant-hand mirror writing.

In a previous report, the author studied a left-nondominant-hand mirror writer, postulating that her mirror writing resulted from the failure to reverse the right-hand writing motor patterns when transmitted from the left to the right cerebral hemisphere. In this study, the patient was asked to write in normal fashion with the left hand; the result was a mixture of handwriting motor patterns which included normal letters, letters with reversed direction tracings, letters with one or more than one loop-tracings and illegible letters. The author considers this result to be a further support for the above-proposed hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Left alien hand sign and mirror writing after left anterior cerebral artery infarction.

A 43-year-old, right-handed man was admitted complaining of peculiar movements of his left hand. Computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging showed an infarct area in the territory of the left anterior cerebral artery. The abnormal movements of the left hand were diagnosed as so-called alien hand sign. This patient also exhibited mirror writing with his left hand. The clinical manifestations and neuroradiological findings of this case are described in detail, and the possible mechanisms of these extremely rare combinations of alien hand sign and mirror writing are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Lighted mirror for microneurosurgery.

We describe a newly developed, lighted mirror that provides enough luminous intensity to obtain a clear image in deep operative fields under high magnification. Through the initial neurosurgical procedures in which it was tested, the mirror proved particularly useful for inspecting the ventral aspect of the fifth nerve in a microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia, and for observing the fundus of the internal auditory meatus after removal of an acoustic neuroma to ensure no residual tumor.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

Mirror reading in right and left handers: are sinistrals really superior?

While left handers, where they do in fact appear to differ from right handers in cognitive function, have generally been found to be slightly inferior on verbal tasks, there are some reports of a sinistral superiority for nonverbal or spatial abilities. Tankle and Heilman (Brain and Language, 1982, 17, 124-132) report a sinistral superiority in (obligatory) reading of left-right mirror-reversed text. However, in an investigation which included various other forms of geometrical transformation of the written word, we find that strong familial sinistrals are either not different from or even slightly inferior to dextrals in reading most transformations, including left-right mirror reversals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Left non-dominant hand mirror writing.

A 38-year-old right-handed woman, who had suffered a left cerebral hemisphere infarction, was studied. She developed right hemiparesis, motor and sensory aphasia, and left hand mirror writing. All possible brain mechanisms involved in writing, either perceptual or motor, were investigated in search of the one responsible for her mirror writing; however, no abnormality was detected. On examination of the left handwriting, in the directionality of writing tracings as related to the body midline, we detected a lack of inversion of the right handwriting motor patterns--at the moment they are transmitted from the left to the right cerebral hemisphere--implicating a motor rather than a perceptual mechanism.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Trisomy 4 in a case of acute undifferentiated myeloblastic leukemia with hand-mirror cells.

A case of acute undifferentiated myelocytic leukemic with trisomy 4 is described. The patient is a 61-year-old woman who developed leukemia 4 1/2 years after receiving radiation therapy for uterine carcinoma. Many leukemic cells exhibited hand-mirror configuration after the bone marrow aspirate was left at room temperature overnight. The relationship between trisomy 4 and hand-mirror cells in acute myelocytic leukemia is unknown.

Bone Marrow Examination↗
PubMed1996

Hand motor cortex activation in a patient with congenital mirror movements: a study of the silent period following focal transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) to focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have demonstrated that abnormal ipsilateral corticospinal projections are active in patients with congenital mirror movements. In addition, movement-related potentials and PET suggest that an abnormal pattern of motor cortex activation could be associated with an anomaly of the corticospinal tracts. In the present study the silent period (SP) following focal TMS was investigated in a woman with familial congenital mirror movements. Recordings were made from both abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscles. When focal TMS was delivered during an intended contralateral APB muscle contraction, MEP and SP were bilaterally recorded and SP was significantly shorter than the contralateral SP observed in normal controls. An abnormal bilateral activation of the hand motor cortex can explain our findings. The non-stimulated motor cortex causes an early partial recovery of the background EMG activity when the stimulated motor cortex is still inhibited (beginning as soon as the transcallosal and the short-lasting segmental inhibition are both complete).

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Mirror system for photodocumentation in plastic and aesthetic surgery.

Photodocumentation of the face before aesthetic or plastic surgery is of fundamental importance for at least three reasons: it is an aid to surgical planning, it can be used for illustrative purposes in discussions with the patient, and it satisfies medico-legal requirements for documentation. To achieve efficient and economic documentation of preoperative and postoperative status in aesthetic and reconstructive plastic procedures, the mirror system described here permits the required planes to be documented in a single photograph. The simple and inexpensive technical design allows six planes to be documented in constant and, therefore, comparable quality. Because the patient's data are also documented with the photographic record, the potential for mistaken patient identity is eliminated. No technical training is needed to operate the device and it can, therefore, be readily used by ancillary medical personnel. In a typical nasal surgery department performing about 150 rhinoplasty procedures per annum, the mirror system offers cost and time savings generated as a result of reducing the documentation burden by 750 photographs.

Documentation↗
PubMed2006

What goads cigarette smokers to smoke? Neural adaptation and the mirror neuron system.

One model of addiction suggests that neural circuits in the frontal cortex adapt to drug use and become sensitized leading to excessive attribution of incentive salience to drug-associated cues. The present study examined changes associated with cigarette use in the frontal mirror neuron system (MNS) of the human brain, as reflected in mu rhythm responsiveness. Mirror neurons in premotor cortex exhibit visuomotor properties that allow them to respond to self-movement as well as the observation of movement. This is a potential neural substrate for imitation learning and social cognition, factors that may be important in determining who does and does not develop addictive behaviors. EEG mu rhythm suppression is hypothesized to reflect MNS activity and thus provide a non-invasive method for studying this relationship. Our results show that while nonsmokers exhibit normal mu suppression to observed and self-generated actions, smokers exhibit normal suppression only to self-movement but not to the observation of movement, particularly actions involving addiction-related cues. Non-abstinent and abstinent smokers (those abstaining for approximately 12 h) did not differ significantly in their responses to the observation of movement, i.e., both exhibited atypical patterns of mu rhythm reactivity compared to nonsmokers. These data support the hypothesis that cigarette use produces short- and longer term adaptations in the MNS. Such adaptations may inappropriately bias attention toward motivationally salient, addiction-related cues leading to more impulsive and addiction-related behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Programming effectors and coordination in bimanual in-phase mirror finger movements.

We investigated cerebral activation during programming of in-phase symmetric finger movements in a precued response task. Partial precues provided advance information about either mirror effectors or in-phase coordination of bimanual movements, while full precue specified both response parameters and neutral precue no movement information. Effects of precueing were assessed on reaction time (RT), contingent negative variation (CNV), and alpha and beta event-related desynchronization (ERD). Information on coordination mode induced less efficient preparation than information on effectors, as revealed by longer RT, but paradoxically the CNV was found of larger amplitude for in-phase than for mirror precue. Full and in-phase precues were associated to largest cerebral activation, as reflected by CNV amplitude as well as beta ERD. It is suggested that with in-phase precueing, abstract programming of coordination and concrete preparation of possible effectors overlap, engaging more cerebral resources than when symmetric effectors are pre-specified. Alpha ERD underwent regional modulations dependent on the type of preparation, pointing out the role of the right parietal region in visuomotor transformation with full movement programming, and the preferential implication of the dominant hemisphere and medial brain regions in synchronization of both hand movements. Beta ERD topographical distribution suggested an increased implication of bilateral and medial motor regions in anticipation to the response signal with incomplete movement preparation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

On beyond mirror neurons: internal representations subserving imitation and recognition of skilled object-related actions in humans.

A considerable recent literature argues that the same representations, encoded by inferior prefrontal and parietal cells known as "mirror neurons", may be activated in both production and recognition of object-related actions. Here, we test several predictions derived from the contemporary literature on the parity between production and recognition and the putative emergence of the mirror neuron system from a system coding hand-object interactions. Forty-four patients with left-hemisphere stroke, 21 of whom exhibited ideomotor apraxia, performed a number of pantomime imitation and recognition tasks, and performance was scored with respect to hand posture, arm posture, amplitude, and timing. Consistent with predictions, there were strong relationships between object-related pantomime imitation and object-related pantomime recognition, and between imitation and recognition of the hand posture component of object-related actions. Skilled object-related gesture representations are likely to be closely tied to evolutionarily more primitive systems controlling object grasping, to emerge from a mapping between object and action information coded by ventral and dorsal streams, and to be lateralized to the left hemisphere in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Reflections of other minds: how primate social cognition can inform the function of mirror neurons.

Mirror neurons, located in the premotor cortex of macaque monkeys, are activated both by the performance and the passive observation of particular goal-directed actions. Although this property would seem to make them the ideal neural substrate for imitation, the puzzling fact is that monkeys simply do not imitate. Indeed, imitation appears to be a uniquely human ability. We are thus left with a fascinating question: if not imitation, what are mirror neurons for? Recent advances in the study of non-human primate social cognition suggest a surprising potential answer.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Characterization and application of a Listeria monocytogenes reactive monoclonal antibody C11E9 in a resonant mirror biosensor.

Typical detection of Listeria monocytogenes involves selective enrichment, isolation and biochemical testing. Development of antibodies to Listeria species has improved detection; however, most antibodies detect all species of Listeria. A previously developed monoclonal antibody (MAb)-C11E9 was examined for its reaction to 13 L. innocua and 40 L. monocytogenes strains representing all 13 serotypes by ELISA. Absorbance values for L. monocytogenes strains were 0.44-3.58 and for L. innocua 0.22-1.44. ELISA reactions were divided into three arbitrary groups of high (Abs 1.0 or higher), intermediate (0.6-0.99) and low (0.18-0.59). Most L. monocytogenes strains (32/41, 78%) were in the high group while only 23% (3/13) of L. innocua were in the same group. In the Western blot assay, antibody reacted with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) extracted protein preparations of 52, 66 and 97 kDa. Ribopattern of all strains was analyzed and no clear relationship was observed for antibody reaction and ribotype of a given strain. MAb C11E9 was used in a resonant mirror biosensor (IAsys sensor), but failed to detect any viable intact L. monocytogenes cells at levels as high as 10(8) cells/ml; however, it showed binding (85-150 arc/s) with the surface protein preparations containing the 97-, 66- and 52-kDa proteins at 208 mug/ml. Binding kinetics of L. monocytogenes and L. innocua surface protein extracts showed significantly (p<0.05) higher responses than the three other Listeria species (L. ivanovii, L. welshimeri and L. grayi), which could be detected in 10-20 min. These data corroborate with ELISA results. In summary, this study suggest that MAb-C11E9 is suitable for detection of all serotypes of L. monocytogenes despite cross-reaction with L. innocua and could be used for detection of soluble protein extracts in the resonant mirror (IAsys) biosensor.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2005

Conservation of Palindromic and Mirror Motifs within Inverted Terminal Repeats of mariner-like Elements.

The transposase of the mariner-like elements (MLEs) specifically binds as a dimer to the inverted terminal repeat of the transposon that encodes it. Two binding-motifs located within the inverted terminal sequences (ITR) are therefore recognized, as previously indicated, by biochemical data obtained with the Mos1 and Himar1 transposases. Here, we define the motifs that are involved in the binding of a MLE transposase to its ITR by analyzing the nucleic acid properties of the 5' and 3' ITR sequences from 45 MLEs, taking into account the fact that the transposase binds to the ITR, using its CRO binding domains and the general characteristics of the cro binding sites so far investigated. Our findings show that in all the MLE ITRs, the outer half was better conserved than the inner half. More interestingly, they allowed us to characterize conserved palindromic and mirror motifs specific to each "MLE species". The presence of the palindromic motifs was correlated to the binding of the transposase dimer, whereas the properties of the mirror motifs were shown to be responsible for the bend in each ITR that helps to stabilize transposase-ITR interactions.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Schizophrenia and the mirror system: an essay.

We analyze how data on the mirror system for grasping in macaque and human ground the mirror system hypothesis for the evolution of the language-ready human brain, and then focus on this putative relation between hand movements and speech to contribute to the understanding of how it may be that a schizophrenic patient generates an action (whether manual or verbal) but does not attribute the generation of that action to himself. We make a crucial discussion between self-monitoring and attribution of agency. We suggest that verbal hallucinations occur when an utterance progresses through verbal creation pathways and returns as a vocalization observed, only to be dismissed as external since no record of its being created has been kept. Schizophrenic patients on this theory then confabulate the agent.

Animals↗