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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Hazardous materials incidents in military aircraft.

We evaluated 10 years of reported hazardous cargo incident information from the U.S. Air Force and Naval Safety Centers. In this first of two papers describing the hazardous cargo problems reported by the two services, we describe types of aircraft and types of hazardous cargo involved in incidents not causing aircraft mishaps. Normally, hazardous cargo must be manifested as such and no passengers are allowed on such flights. Unauthorized hazardous cargo was found on military aircraft carrying passengers. The most common problem was fuel spills or fumes. The most frequent cause of a hazardous cargo incident was improper manifest of same. Improvements are recommended for the incompatible or inconsistent hazardous cargo incident reporting systems, in order to improve prevention of hazardous cargo incidents.

Aircraft↗
PubMed1993

Protective ability of the standard U.S. Military Personal Armor System, Ground Troops (PASGT) fragmentation vest against common small arms projectiles.

This study analyzes the ballistic protection provided by the standard U.S. Military Personal Armor System, Ground Troops fragmentation vest against threats from handgun and shotgun projectiles. Damage assessment was conducted using 10% ordnance gelatin, a tissue simulant which has been proven to have a close correlation with living tissue. The standard fragmentation vest was shown to provide protection from commonly encountered handgun bullets and shotgun pellets, but not from shotgun slugs or center-fire rifle bullets.

Firearms↗
PubMed1996

[The organizational bases for the building of a modern medical support system for the Armed Forces].

In the article the problems concerning characteristic features of the local wars and armed conflicts, organization bases of construction of The Army and Fleet medical support modern system are discussed. The organization of personnel medical security is considered depending on the duration, intensity and spatial scope of military conflict, peculiarities of group (forces) application and ways of military actions conduction. The distribution of federal troops sanitary losses during the war in Chechenskaya Republic is shown depending on the type, localization and degree of injuries gravity as well as volume of the wounded and invalids evacuation by air transport and work of military medical institutions. The following principles of construction of the Armed Forces medical support system are formulated: The system must be in compliance with troops goals, structure, strategy and tactics, its specificity; development of medical security forms and methods, their historicism; interdependency, completeness and integrity of the system's elements; territorial aspects of its construction and management optimization. Considering character of the goals being laid on the Mobile Forces the paramount importance is attached to the level of readiness of medical service and its formations and units to act in crisis situations.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Legal interfaces in telemedicine technology.

Telemedicine, an emerging technology which seeks to use advanced telecommunications equipment to enhance medical care, is progressing rapidly in the Department of Defense health care delivery system. This paper recommends that a cautious, preventive law approach be simultaneously initiated to ensure that the technology does not abridge patients' rights to confidentiality or security of medical records, and that agreement on practice parameters be developed. Seven interfaces, in the areas of informed consent, physician liability, non-physician liability, costs, practice parameters, physician-patient relationships, and ergonomics, are discussed in the context of telemedicine. The author recommends that telemedicine pioneers include the legal community's early input in the application of telemedicine technology to help avoid needless litigation.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1996

Thermoelectric technique to precisely control hyperthermic exposures of human whole blood.

The need in military research to avoid exposing humans to harsh environments and reduce animal use requires the development of in vitro models for the study of hyperthermic injury. A thermoelectric module (TEM) system was employed to heat human whole blood (HWB) in a manner similar to that experienced by heat-stroked rats. This system precisely and accurately replicated mild, moderate, and extreme heat-stress exposures. Temperature changes could be monitored without the introduction of a test sample thermistor, which reduced contamination problems. HWB with hematocrits of 45 or 50% had similar heating curves, indicating that the system compensated for differences in sample character. The unit's size permitted its containment within a standard carbon dioxide incubator to further control sample environment. These results indicate that the TEM system can precisely control temperature change in this heat stress in vitro model employing HWB. Information obtained from such a model could contribute to military preparedness.

Blood↗
PubMed1997

Hospital ship doctrine in the United States Navy: the Halsey effect on scoop- and-sail tactics.

Although hospital ships have a long history, naval strategists have paid little attention to their tactical employment in naval and amphibious warfare. Often employed as floating ambulances, operational doctrine for hospital ships did not permit their use as floating combat surgical hospitals until the final amphibious campaigns of World War II. Based on operational archives-ships' logs, war diaries, battle plans, and other official records-this essay traces the evolution of tactical doctrine on hospital ships from Guadalcanal to Inchon. Early in World War II, there were insufficient hospital ships to permit much flexibility in their employment. By the Philippine campaign in 1944, the increased availability of afloat medical assets prompted Third Fleet Commander Vice Admiral William F. Halsey to propose that the ships be used as acute surgical hospitals at the amphibious landing sites rather than as sea-going ambulances. Facing the prospect of a growing number of casualties for the major assaults being planned, Halsey needed to maximize medical and surgical efficacy and return-to-duty rates to conserve the fighting strength of his invasion forces. Admiral Chester A. Nimitz approved Halsey's proposal, and the battle plan at Iwo Jima combined the careful triage of casualties at the waterfront with early, forward employment of hospital ships. Despite more than 21,000 casualties at Iwo Jima, they were handled better than at any previous operation in the Pacific theater. The tactical doctrine for hospital ships suggested by Halsey has since been employed in every major amphibious operation, including Okinawa and Inchon, and has also been used in modern-era contingency and humanitarian missions.

Altruism↗
PubMed1998

Submarine escape: the effect of training on anxiety.

Student submariners in the South African Navy often report increased anxiety when confronted with the complicated nature of the submarine escape equipment and procedures. It was hypothesized that training should reduce this anxiety. This report describes part of the training process of the South African Navy, as well as a short investigation of the effect of training on anxiety. The investigation focused on state and trait anxiety, as well as overt and covert anxiety. Student submariners in the South African Navy were evaluated with the IPAT Anxiety Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory before their submarine escape training. On the completion of their training, these instruments were again administered. Results suggested a decrease in overt and covert anxiety as well as trait anxiety. Although the first two results can be attributed to the effect of training, the change in subjects' trait anxiety remains unexplained.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Wounds from civilian and military centerfire rifles.

This article explores the differences between rimfire and centerfire rifles and the differences in ammunition used. Permanent and temporary cavity wound tracks are explained. Radiographs, intermediary targets, and assault rifles are also discussed.

Firearms↗