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PubMed1994

Frequency and origin of G-6-PD deficiency among icteric newborns in the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.

829 icteric newborn males were studied in order to have more information about the frequency of the G-6-PD deficiency and its origin in the population of the Monterrey Metropolitan area (MMA), in northeastern Mexico. For each subject information about the maternal grandparents' birthplace (states of Mexico) was gathered. The newborns were grouped into five geographic areas. It was found that the frequency of G-6-PD deficiency is higher in icterics than in normal newborns. The grandparents of the deficient newborns with variant B belonged to the northeastern states of Mexico where more European genetic contribution was present whereas most of the grandparents of the A- deficient newborns were from the gulf coast states, where the genetic contribution was African.

Emigration and Immigration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Private medicine in Mexico: the results of the National Census of Private Hospital Units].

A census of private health establishments was carried out by the Secretary of Health, in order to quantify its resources and to describe their geographical distribution. The census, conducted in 1994, was limited to private units which offered hospitalization services, and the reference period was the previous year. Results showed that there are 2,723 private hospitalization units in Mexico, and nearly a half of the units are concentrated in the Federal District, and the states of Mexico, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Baja California and Veracruz. The number of private hospitalization beds registered in the country are 33,937, these figures indicate that private medicine is the main hospital care provider in the national health system. Similar results were obtained regarding other material and human resources. It is important to stress the need for further research regarding the role of private medicine in Mexico, including aspects related to the quality of the services being provided.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1994

On Genarchella isabellae (Digenea: Derogenidae) from cichlid and pimelodid fishes in Mexico.

Evaluation of comparative material, including type specimens, of 2 derogenid species (Digenea: Derogenidae) in freshwater fishes of the families Cichlidae and Pimelodidae in Mexico revealed the invalidity of Genarchella luistoddi (Jiménez, Guajardo, and Briseño, 1981), a parasite of cichlid fishes in northern Mexico. This taxon is considered to be conspecific with Genarchella isabellae (Lamothe-Argumedo, 1977), originally described from the pimelodid Rhamdia guatemalensis (Günther) and frequently occurring in cichlids of the genus Cichlasoma in southeastern Mexico.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Red cell acid phosphatase types and GC polymorphisms in Mérida, Oaxaca, León, and Saltillo, Mexico.

Red cell acid phosphatase types and GC polymorphisms were studied in Mérida and Oaxaca, Mexico. GC polymorphisms were also investigated in León and Saltillo. The ACP*A, ACP*B, and ACP*C gene frequencies were 0.215, 0.770, and 0.015 respectively, in Mérida and 0.205, 0.788, and 0.002, respectively, in Oaxaca. In Oaxaca the ACP*R gene had a frequency of 0.005. The results are similar to other Mestizo groups studied in Mexico; it is concluded that the ACP*C and ACP*R genes were introduced by admixture of native Amerindians with whites and blacks, respectively. The GC*1S, GC*1F, and GC*2 gene frequencies were 0.489, 0.289 and 0.222, respectively, in León; 0.500, 0.272, and 0.228, respectively, in Mérida; 0.454, 0.337, and 0.209, respectively, in Oaxaca; and 0.505, 0.356, and 0.139, respectively, in Saltillo. These results are similar to what has been obtained in other Mestizo populations and Indian groups in Mexico, probably because the main ethnic component in both is Amerindian.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Health risk control for organophosphate pesticides in Mexico: challenges under the Free Trade Treaty].

This paper discusses recent trends concerning the commercialization of pesticides in Mexico and focuses on organophosphates and their potential health risk impact. It points out the existing lack of knowledge on health effects associated to chronic exposure to organophosphate pesticides. A need for both toxicological and epidemiologic studies of chronic exposure is identified. Regulatory programs for pesticides in Mexico and the United States are also compared. The paper also addresses the possibility of effective enforcement of environmental and health regulations in Mexico as a result of more rigorous surveillance under NAFTA.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The epidemiological transition of chronic and degenerative diseases in Mexico].

Mexico during the last decades has achieve an important development, therefore the frequency of most of the transmissible diseases dropped and an increase in frequency has been noticed in regard the chronic non-transmissible diseases of multifactorial etiology. Diagnosis and management in those cases require a great effort in fields such as internal medicine and surgery, as well as a substantial portion of resources assigned to biomedical research. Chronic and degenerative diseases have a sound impact on health economy, need medical decisions with population impact and justify an epidemiological approach in the national health service. Life expectancy reached 69 years by 1990, there is a proportional increase in adults and older person in our population, increasing urbanization and a epidemiological transition which results in a different picture of mortality in Mexico, now heart diseases, malignant neoplasia and diabetes mellitus are 3 of the 5 leading causes of death. Morbidity is not as easy to define because lack of consistent data, however, there is no doubt in regard the important role played by chronic and degenerative diseases in it. General education and health promotion as well as a changing behaviour at issues such as nutrition, physical exercise and avoiding unhealthy habits should be encouraged because its obvious value as preventive measures. After long years of heavy work we are facing a changing mexico in terms of demography and epidemiology, which requires the concern of all health professionals in order to achieve a different epidemiological picture through health education, promotion and behaviour in the whole population, it is necessary not only to live longer, we must have a superior quality of life.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1994

Firearms in New Mexico.

To determine the prevalence of firearm ownership and storage practices in New Mexico, we did a random-digit-dialing survey of New Mexico residents in October 1991. Of 200 households surveyed, 79 (40%) had 1 or more firearms in the home. Rural households were more likely than urban households to have firearms (44% versus 30%), and households with annual incomes of greater than $25,000 were more likely to have a firearm than households with incomes of $25,000 or less (41% versus 33%). Household firearm ownership did not vary with the presence of young (< 15 years old) children (38% with children versus 41% without). Handguns were generally owned for self-protection, and rifles were owned for hunting. Of households with firearms, 24% stored them unsafely (unlocked and loaded or unloaded but with ammunition nearby), including 21% of households with young children. Of the households with handguns only, 40% stored these firearms unsafely compared with 13% of those with rifles only. The prevalence of gun ownership in New Mexico is similar to that reported in national surveys; handguns are stored less safely than rifles; and the presence of young children in the home does not appear to improve firearm storage safety.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Research in Mexico on the health impact of environmental chemical pollutants].

This paper is intended to offer a qualitative and quantitative diagnosis on publications concerned with human health impact of exposure to environmental chemical pollutants in Mexico. The review of these subjects included scientific papers on studies carried out in Mexico, published both in Mexican and international journals. The articles were analyzed according to the following criteria: chemical pollutants, type of study and institution that conducted it, study population, design, and analysis of data. The article concludes that publications in this field are scarce. Moreover, this review showed that there is little diversity, limited methodology and an unequal distribution of the human and material resources for research. All this indicates a rudimentary level of scientific knowledge in Mexico regarding public health implications of chemical pollutants.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed1995

Neurologic manifestations of AIDS: a comparative study of two populations from Mexico and the United States.

Neurologic complications associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection vary geographically. To understand the pattern of HIV-associated neurologic complications in Mexico, 120 AIDS patients from Mexico City, Mexico, and 500 AIDS patients from Houston, Texas, were studied cross-sectionally and retrospectively. Neurologic, laboratory, imaging, and pathologic examinations identified 40 Mexican patients and 130 U.S. patients with neurologic complications. Whereas AIDS dementia complex was the most common neurologic manifestation in both groups, intracranial tuberculoma was present only in the Mexican population (10%). Primary brain lymphoma was more prevalent in the U.S. population (8.4%). The different findings in the Mexican population likely reflect afflictions common to developing countries--a high prevalence of tuberculosis and a high mortality rate. These conditions preclude complications such as lymphoma, which develop later in the natural course of HIV infection.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed1995

Myocardial infarction in a low income area of Mexico City. Prevalence and clinical characteristics.

We present the results of a population based survey (The Mexico City Diabetes Study) in which the prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI) was estimated in 2282 subjects using Minnesota coded electrocardiograms (ECG). Participating individuals were men (941) and non-pregnant women (1341) between 35-64 years of age, residing in a low income area of Mexico City. Electrocardiograms were classified in three categories: definitive MI (pathological Q and QS patterns, all 1.1 codes) and prominent Q and QS patterns accompanied by negative T waves (all 1.2 codes accompanied by code 5.1 or 5.2 with the exception of 1.2.6. and 1.2.8.). Possible MI included minor Q and QS patterns (all 1.3 codes and codes 1.2.6. and 1.2.8.) and unlikely MI included all other codes. Two tracings were uncodeable (final n = 2280), ten ECGs were classified as "definitive", 39 met criteria for "possible". Due to the small number, both categories, definitive and possible were combined. The overall prevalence of MI was higher in men (3.2%) than women (1.4%). In men ECG evidence of a MI was associated with older age, higher systolic blood pressure, higher 2-h post-glucose challenge and higher fasting and post-glucose challenge insulinemia. No corresponding associations were observed in women although the number of events in women was small. The prevalence of MI in Mexico City appears to be lower than that observed in some Mexican-American populations in the southern U.S. where prevalence for men was estimated around 4% and for women 2.5% for the same age group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Reproductive risk factors and sexual history associated with cervical cancer in Mexico].

Uterine cervical cancer is one of the principal public health problems in Mexico. The national mortality rate for cervical cancer in 1991 is estimated at 9.5 per 100,000 women, representing 4,194 deaths. In the period from August 1990 to December 1992, a case-control study was carried out that included 630 cases of histologically confirmed cervical cancer in eight Mexico City hospitals (two for people with no social security cover, four of the social security system and two private). As controls, 1,005 women were chosen from a random sampling of houses in the Mexico City metropolitan area. The main cervical cancer risk factors found in this study, adjusted for a multivariate model, were multiple normals births (with five births OR of 1.93 and 95% C.I. of 1.22-2.73) and a history of two or more sex partners (the OR with four or more sex partners was 5.56 and a C.I. of 2.3-13.4). In addition, there was an estimated lower risk of disease related to starting a sex life after 25 years of age (OR 0.41 with C.I. of 0.25-0.69) and to having cesareans as compared versus one normal birth (OR 0.28 and C.I. of 0.13-0.61). The information obtained is relevant since it identifies Mexican women with a high-risk of developing cervical cancer which can be used in planning programs for the early detection of cancer in this population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[AIDS and neoplasms in Mexico].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological profile of AIDS and malignancies in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study population included a group of AIDS patients seen at four National Institutes of Health and one at a general hospital in Mexico City, from 1983 to 1992. Demographic, clinical and laboratory information was obtained. RESULTS: A total of 202 patients were studied; 199 men and three women. The mean age was of 34.5 years (range 18-67 years). Kaposi's sarcoma was the most frequent malignancy, with 166 cases, followed by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, with 33 cases. The three women had non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, one of them associated with cervical carcinoma. Rectal cancer was present in three cases. DISCUSSION: The spectrum of AIDS-associated malignancies in Mexico is similar to that described in other populations. The early diagnosis of this complication is necessary, as well as the search for therapeutic actions to prevent severe immunosuppression and the consequent appearance of malignancies.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1995

[The role of the Aedes aegypti vector in the epidemiology of dengue in Mexico].

The role of Aedes aegypti (Lineo) in the epidemiology of dengue fever in Mexico is herein discussed based on the vectorial capacity model. Comments on the advantages and disadvantages of each model component at the time of field determinations are also presented. Emphasis is made on the impact of sampling and method bias on the results of vectorial capacity studies. The paper also addresses the need to increase vector biology knowledge as an input for epidemiological work to explain and predict dengue fever outbreaks. Comments on potential entomological variables not considered by the quantitative model are included. Finally, we elaborate on the introduction of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Mexico as a new risk factor and on its implications for the understanding of dengue fever transmission in Mexico.

Aedes↗
PubMed1995

[Vectors of dengue in Mexico: a critical review)].

The mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linneaus, 1762) is the vector of dengue viruses in America. Recently, another related species, Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) was first introduced to America in 1986 in Texas, USA and later on in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Since then, this mosquito has rapidly colonized new areas along the northern border states of Mexico. The importance of this species as a vector of dengue virus is not clear. This work presents a revision of some characteristics of the two species in Mexico, with special emphasis in the documented vector, A. aegypti. Additionally, it includes a critical analysis of the methods for vector surveillance and its importance for a better application of control strategies, as well as some ideas about research needs and priorities in Mexico.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rapid rise and subsequent decline in prostate cancer incidence rates for New Mexico, 1989-1993.

Beginning in the late 1980s, a large increase in incidence rates for prostate cancer occurred in association with increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening. In New Mexico, the increased screening was associated with earlier detection of cancers and decreased prostate cancer mortality, suggesting that PSA screening may be effective. PSA screening has become a controversial topic of public debate, and anecdotal reports from physicians indicated that prostate cancer screening practice patterns were changing in New Mexico. To assess whether PSA-associated trends in prostate cancer incidence were continuing, we examined incidence rates from 1989 to 1993 among men in New Mexico. From 1989 to 1992, age-adjusted rates increased substantially for non-Hispanic whites (77%), Hispanics (50%), and American Indians (27%). Although rates increased for all stages combined, incidence rates decreased for distant-stage disease, especially for non-Hispanic whites, indicating a continuing trend toward earlier detection. In 1993, incidence rates unexpectedly decreased from 203 to 158/100,000 in non-Hispanic whites, largely as a result of changes in rates in men over age 65 years. Although incidence rates decreased, the trend toward earlier detection was maintained for non-Hispanic whites. In contrast, among Hispanic and American Indians, rates did not change substantially between 1992 and 1993. Because the epidemic in prostate cancer was associated with increased PSA screening, it is likely that the trends for non-Hispanic whites are also related to PSA screening. We suggest that the decrease in rates and the continued stage shift are consistent with repeated screening of men in the population at risk.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

The spectrum of HIV infection in patients seen at a private hospital in Mexico City: 115 patients seen from 1984 to 1990.

The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology and clinical presentation of HIV infection among upper middle class patients in Mexico City. A retrospective review of outpatient and hospital records of all HIV-infected patients was accomplished by one of the authors between 1984 and 1990. A total of 115 patients were seen during the study period, 109 men and 6 women. One hundred and seven patients acquired HIV infection through sexual contact, six patients had HIV infection associated with blood transfusion and two were homosexual men who also had a history of intravenous drug use. The mean age of the patients was 36.2 years (range 13 - 65 years). CDC classification at presentation was predominantly stage IV (65%) with the most common AIDS associated diseases at presentation being wasting syndrome in 30 (42.2%), P. carinii pneumonia in 22 (30.9%), cytomegalovirus infection in 11 (15.5%), Cryptosporidium parvum diarrhea in 7 (9.8%), and Kaposi's sarcoma in 6 (8.4%). CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell counts at the time of HIV diagnosis were available in 87 patients (median = 150 cells/microliters; mean = 224 cells/microliters, SD +/- 219). Zidovudine was used in 37 patients after 1988 when it first became available in Mexico, in six patients the drug had to be discontinued because of serious hematologic toxicity. The average follow-up on zidovudine was 8.5 months. Similar age, gender, age distribution, risk categories and CDC classification at presentation was seen compared to other series reported from Mexico. However, the spectrum of opportunistic infections found were similar to that seen in the United States.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

High blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors in an adult population of Mexico City. Characteristics of the studied population.

The present report is a description of the characteristics of a studied population and of the methodology used in a study performed to investigate high blood pressure prevalence and cardiovascular risk factors among the adult population of Mexico City. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1991 to March 1992. Random samplings of multiple stages was used and 825 adult subjects were studied in Mexico City. The following measurements were registered: blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoproteins (HDL-C) and low density lipoproteins (LDL-C), lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), glucose and insulin. Personal and family history of cardiovascular illness were investigated, as well as exposure to some risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption and sedentarism. The response rate was 86.6%. The prevalence of high blood pressure was 21.1%, and of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus was 8.7%. Frequency of dyslipidemia in the studied sample was 24.4% for high TG, 23.6% for low HDL-C, 23.6% for high LDL-C, 14.9% for Lp(a) excess (Lp(a) > or = 30 mg/dl; overweight and obesity were more prevalent among women. The diversity of living conditions among the population of Mexico City was included in the sampling strategy design, not only to register the high blood pressure (HBP) frequency in each stratum but to identify other cardiovascular risk factors which could be decisive in the development of HBP. Regarding the features of the studied population, BMI did not reveal differences among men, but their TG levels were higher and HDL levels lower than those of other populations. In women, the results obtained for BMI, WHR, lipids and lipoproteins were also higher compared with the mean reported for other populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Incidence trends of acute leukemia among the children of Mexico City: 1982-1991.

The objective of this study was to identify the tendency of acute leukemia among children in Mexico City from 1982 to 1991. A hospital survey was performed. Medical records of children under 15 years of age with a diagnosis of acute leukemia were reviewed. The cases were chosen from hospitals which provide medical attention to children with cancer in Mexico City. The annual incidence rate (AIR) was calculated in general, by sex, age groups (under 1 year of age, from 1 to 4 years, 5 to 9 years and 10 to 14 years) and standardized with the world population. The trend was evaluated with Spearman's correlation method. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed a significantly increasing trend during the study period. The AIR was 7.75 (per million) in 1982 and 22.19 (per million) in 1991. For age groups a tendency to increase was observed in females of age group 1 to 4 years and in males of age group 10 to 14 years. Acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia did not display a specific trend. In conclusion, acute lymphoblastic leukemia shows a tendency to increase in the children of Mexico City.

Adolescent↗