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PubMed1980

Test-retest reliability of the test for auditory comprehension of language when it is used with mentally retarded children.

The Carrow (1973) Test for Auditory Comprehension of Language (TACL) is used frequently as part of a test battery to assess the language skills of mentally retarded children. This study determined its reliability with this population using a test-retest paradigm. Forty-four retarded children were given the test and then retested after a five-week interval. A reliability coefficient of 0.91 was obtained between pre-test and posttest administrations of the TACL. Internal stability was highest for total scores, the subtests measuring form class and function words, and grammatical categories. The low coefficients obtained for the subtests of morphological construction and syntactic suggest that these should be viewed with considerable caution when considered separately from the total test results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Comparisons between autistic and nonautistic children on the Test for Auditory Comprehension of Language.

Expressive language differences between autistic and nonautistic populations have been a topic of research in the past decade, yet little information is available in regard to the receptive language performances based on standardized tests. Questions as to the existence of sex differences in language have also been raised. The study examines the performance of 19 matched pairs of autistic and nonautistic children on the Test for Auditory Comprehension of Language. As well, the data were analyzed according to sex for each group. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between groups or between the sexes in either group. Questions for further research are raised.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1991

Normal release from proactive interference in untreated patients with Parkinson's disease.

The relationship of release from proactive interference (PI) to set-shifting, explicit free recall and language remains controversial. We tested 56 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) who had never received medication and 37 matched normal control subjects on a test of PI release based on semantic category. The PD group showed normal PI release but impaired word recall. PI release was independent of impaired Wisconsin card-sorting test performance, language production, explicit memory, overall cognitive status and severity of depression. The results indicate dissociation between ability to benefit from semantic stimulus properties and processes of explicit memory, set-shifting and expressive language.

Attention↗
PubMed1981

Selective language deterioration in chronic schizophrenia.

Chronic schizophrenics as a group were inferior to controls on tests of neuropsychological function. When divided into groups according to length of illness they differed from each other primarily in tests of language. No other deficits in cognitive function progressed; the performance of the patients on memory, visuo-spatial tasks, rate of information processing and abstract thinking did not decline according to length of illness. The results indicate that chronic schizophrenia is characterised by a selective deterioration of language, which correlates with the notion that schizophrenia may be associated with left hemisphere dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Measuring language competency in speakers of Black American English.

Normative data for children who are speakers of Black American English (BAE) were obtained on the Test of Language Development (Newcomer & Hammill, 1977). In two urban sites 198 children (age 4-8 yrs.) were tested. Positive identification as a speaker of BAE was based on a two part screening test which contained 10 distinct features of BAE. Results of the investigation revealed that children who are predominantly speakers of BAE differed significantly in their performance from children on whom the test was standardized. The study demonstrated the inappropriateness of using a test of Standard American English (SAE) as a test of language development for children whose primary language exposure is other than SAE.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1995

Neuropsychological test performance of specific diagnostic groups in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA).

An overview of specific neuropsychological data from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging is presented. Variables of interest were diagnosis (no cognitive impairment, cognitive loss without dementia, and dementia), language of test administration (French or English), and residence (community or institution). Persons with dementia scored below persons without dementia on all neuropsychological measures except the naming of coloured tokens. Some test differences were small and not clinically meaningful while others were substantial. In particular, and as expected, memory function differed between the groups. Language of test administration and place of residence also influenced neuropsychological results independently of diagnosis. Scores differed on some tests (primarily, visuospatial) depending on whether participants lived in institutions or in the community. Persons tested in French scored below those tested in English on many language-based tests.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

The assessment of reading readiness using multidimensionally scored time-compressed speech.

Normal-hearing children (39 M, 36 F) from a monolingual environment, aged 5 yrs 10 mo to 7 yrs 2 mo, of average or better intelligence, were selected as being at high, average, or low risk of reading readiness according to scores on the Lindamood Auditory Conceptualization (LAC) test. Ss were also given the Stephens Oral Language Screening Test (SOLST), emphasizing syntactical development. Ss were then tested for verbal respeating of taped 5-word sentences and 5-word 1st-order sentential approximations at 32 db SL re SRT. Stimuli were presented at 0, 40, or 60% time compression (TC). Responses were scored right/wrong and also by Porch's multidimensional system involving repeats and cues. For both systems significant effects were obtained between a number of TC conditions vs both the LAC and SOLST. The LAC appeared to emphasize phonetic units, the SOLST linguistic units in real sentences. The TC condition appeared to emphasize linguistic units at both word and sentence levels, less so with increasing TC. Results supported the usefulness of the TC stimuli in assessing reading readiness and it was suggested that the various stimuli assess different aspects of auditory processing.

Child↗
PubMed1987

What learning-disabled readers fail to retrieve on verbal dichotic tests: a problem of encoding, retrieval, or storage?

Three theoretical models were assessed as a framework for capturing learning-disabled readers' faulty word retrieval. To this end, learning-disabled and skilled readers were compared on verbal dichotic listening tasks for free recall and cued recall of word lists organized by semantic, phonemic, and structural features. The results indicated that disabled readers were comparable on free recall but were inferior to skilled readers on cued recall. No ability group differences were found for categorical and noncategorical recall intrusions during the cued recall phase. Cued recall performance was further analyzed for individual differences in memory trace structure (via the Tulving & Watkins, 1975, reduction method), ear asymmetry, and the allocation of attention to word features prior to cuing. Results indicated that during the cued recall phase, disabled readers' memory traces were inferior in structure to those of skilled readers, even though the two ability groups produced comparable symmetrical recall patterns for the ear presentations. Further, disabled readers had lower selective attention scores for the interhemispheric processing of information prior to cuing than did skilled readers. Taken together, the results suggest that, prior to cued recall, disabled readers suffer from attentional difficulties during interhemispheric processing, which in turn influences the structural formation of their memory trace.

Child↗
PubMed1979

Developmental apraxia: diagnostic considerations.

This study compares the performance of developmentally apraxic children with that of children who have functional articulation disorders on a battery of diagnostic tests. Based on preliminary data, tests which assess auditory attention, auditory discrimination, auditory memory, oral-tactile feedback, and isolated and sequenced volitional oral movements appear to be useful in a differential diagnosis of articulatory defective children and, thus, warrant further study. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Apraxias↗
PubMed1982

Intrauterine growth retardation: a study of long-term morbidity.

Reported is the second phase of a prospective follow-up study of 76 growth-retarded children who were mature at birth and a control group of 88 children who had weights appropriate for gestational age at birth. Follow-up assessments of motor, cognitive, and language development were made between 1 and 6 years of age. The children of the intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) group continued to be smaller than the children of the control group between 12 and 60 months of age. There was no significant difference in the incidences of motor and cognitive handicap or developmental delay, language developmental delay, and tests of vision and hearing between the children of the IUGR group and the children of the control group. There was no significant differences in performance in senior kindergarten between the children of the IUGR group and those of the control group. There was a significant relationship between the socioeconomic status, as measured by the Blishen score at birth, and the subsequent occurrence of motor and cognitive deficits.

Body Height↗
PubMed2003

Cognitive, lexical and morpho-syntactic profiles of Israeli children with Williams syndrome.

This paper investigated the cognitive, lexical and morpho-syntactic profiles of school-age Israeli children with confirmed diagnosis of Williams syndrome (WS). Children with retardation of unknown etiologies were individually matched to the children with WS. The findings suggest a cognitive profile that was similar to the profile reported for English-speaking children with WS, whose unique features were seen mainly in the discrepancy between verbal IQ and performance IQ and in relatively preserved face recognition abilities (Frangiskakis et al., 1996; Mervis et al., 1999). Contrary to previous findings, cognitive, lexical and morpho-syntactic profiles of individual children were rather similar, confirming the findings that were based on matched-pairs comparisons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Linguistic trade-offs in school-age children with and without language disorders.

Factors influencing the occurrence of trade-off effects among linguistic components were examined. Several linguistic measures were used to represent syntactic and phonological production in order to determine whether interrelationship patterns would vary across measures. Linguistic interactions present in imitated speech were compared to those from spontaneous speech. Group effects were explored by comparing data from children with language-learning disabilities, children with reading disabilities, and normally developing children. Results indicated trade-offs between some linguistic measures and positive relationships among others. More trade-offs were present in imitated speech than in spontaneous utterances. In general, interrelationship patterns were similar across groups. Interpretation of these results in reference to current models of sentence production is offered.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in analogical reasoning in adulthood.

This study sought to investigate adult intellectual development through an analysis of a particular type of cognitive ability, verbal analogical reasoning. The performance of 60 individuals between the ages of 20 and 79 was compared on 100 verbal analogies. The subjects consisted of six groups of ten individuals each (five males and five females), matched as a group for education and gender. Solution times and error rates served as the dependent measures. Results showed that there was a significant trend for the older subjects (60- and 70-year-olds) to be slower than the young subjects (20-, 30-, 40-, and 50-year-olds), but not necessarily more error prone. These data suggest that verbal analogical reasoning changes with age. Supplemental data demonstrated a change in other abilities as well (i.e., decline in perceptual-motor speed and spatial skill).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between two dichotic listening tests and the Token test for children.

The relationship between two dichotic listening tasks was studied. The two dichotic tests used were the Staggered Spondaic Word (SSW) test and the directed Dichotic Consonant-Vowel (CV) test. These measures were administered to 104 children between the ages of 6.0 and 8.0 yrs. The subjects were divided into two groups according to their Token test scores with group I having normal Token test scores and group II having below average scores on the Token test. When the performances of the two groups on the SSW test were compared, a significant difference was found between them on the right and left competing conditions of the test. There was no difference between the groups on any response bias. On the directed Dichotic CV test the two groups were significantly different on the right ear scores but not on the left ear scores under both directed conditions. The groups were also significantly different on the directed right task when the difference between the two ear scores was compared but not on the directed left task. It was concluded that there is a relationship between these two dichotic measures and the Token Test for Children.

Auditory Pathways↗
PubMed1989

The clinical assessment of obscure auditory dysfunction--1. Auditory and psychological factors.

We define obscure auditory dysfunction (OAD) as the clinical presentation of reported difficulty understanding speech in the presence of noise accompanied by clinically "normal" hearing thresholds, and no other obvious cause. The term deliberately avoids particular pathophysiological connotations. A detailed characterization of such patients was undertaken as the basis for future diagnosis and management of OAD by clinicians. Twenty patients were compared with 20 pairs of controls (matched for age, sex, educational level, and noise exposure) on tests of auditory, linguistic, and psychological function. Patients showed a genuine performance deficit on a speech-in-noise task, due in part to minor auditory dysfunction and poor linguistic ability. Their high level of self-rated disability and handicap cannot, however, be entirely explained by this genuine deficit. An anxious personality and a history of otological symptoms typified the patient group; either or both have presumably contributed to patients' seeking of medical or audiological advice. OAD is thus a multifactorial syndrome with contributions from auditory, psychological, and linguistic factors. The variance in (and correlation between) performance levels on two sentence-in-noise tests, present only within the patient group, indicates that these patients are not a homogenous group.

Adolescent↗