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PubMed1992

Linguistic evidence indicative of authorship by a member of the deaf community.

Documents authored by Deaf Americans were examined in order to determine if linguistic evidence indicative of this group of people is present. The native language of deaf people is not English, but rather American Sign Language (ASL). ASL is a visual-gestural language with its own principles of syntax. The evidence examined includes vocabulary, syntax, and word usage. Such characteristics are class evidence and are not a means of identification, but rather an investigative tool. Such information may be of assistance to the field investigator in either developing a suspect or limiting the number of initial suspects in a case. This research revealed that the use of ASL syntax and idioms and the problems associated with the use of English as a second language are indicative of authorship by a member of the Deaf Community. The results of this research will be of assistance to Document Examiners should they need to determine if a document was authored by a deaf individual.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The history of linguistic anthropology as a device for a new integrated perspective.

The history of the emergence of linguistic anthropology helps us not only to reflect on the path-dependency of our own scientific categories, but also to enlarge our own perspective beyond these categories. The following paper tries to develop on the basis of Latour's network theory a new integrated perspective that reflects our own historical position in the network of constructing scientific facts, in the context of political problems, of social claims of objects that we are using in order to constitute our scientific field.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2003

The performance of South African English first language child speakers on a "low linguistically loaded" central auditory processing test protocol.

The lack of standardized tests for central auditory processing disorders (CAPD) in South Africa (SA) led to the formation of a SA CAPD Taskforce, and the interim development of a "Low Linguistically Loaded" CAPD test protocol using test recordings from the 'Tonal and Speech Materials for Auditory Perceptual Assessment Disc 2.0'. This study compared the performance of 50 SA English first language child speakers (aged 8 to 12 years of age) on this protocol, with the previously published American normative data of Bellis (1996, 2003). Results with respect to predicted pass criteria as calculated by mean-2SD cutoffs, suggested that the SA speakers performed of a lower level than the American speakers by an average of 5.3% per ear for the two pair dichotic digits test, 1.9 dB for the masking level difference test, 8.8% per ear for the frequency pattern test--humming report, 14.5% per ear for the frequency patterns test--verbal report, and 39.7% per ear for the low pass filtered speech test. Consequently, the Bellis (1996, 2003) data was not considered appropriate for immediate use as normative data in SA. Instead, the preliminary data provided in this study was recommended as interim normative data for SA English first language child speakers until larger scale SA normative data can be obtained.

Audiometry, Speech↗
PubMed2003

The performance of South African English first and second adult speakers on a "low linguistically loaded" central auditory processing test protocol.

The lack of standardized tests of central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) in South Africa (SA) led to the formation of a SA CAPD Taskforce, and the interim development of a "low linguistically loaded" CAPD test protocol using test recordings from the 'Tonal and Speech Materials for Auditory Perceptual Assessment Disc 2.0'. This study inferentially compared the performance of 16 SA English first, and 16 SA English second, language adult speakers on this test protocol, and descriptively compared their performances to previously published American normative data. Comparisons between the SA English first and second language speakers showed a poorer right ear performance (p < .05) by the second language speakers on the two-pair dichotic digits test only. Equivalent performances (p < .05) were observed on the left ear performance on the two pair dichotic digits test, and the frequency patterns test, the duration patterns test, the low-pass filtered speech test, the 45% time compressed speech test, the speech masking level difference test, and the consonant vowel consonant (CVC) binaural fusion test. Comparisons between the SA English and the American normative data showed many large differences (up to 37.1% with respect to predicted pass criteria as calculated by mean-2SD cutoffs), with the SA English speakers performing both better and worse depending on the test involved. As a result, the American normative data was not considered appropriate for immediate use as normative data in SA. Instead, the preliminary data provided in this study was recommended as interim normative data for both SA English first and second language adult speakers, until larger scale SA normative data can be obtained.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Developmental screening by the Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) in HIV- infected children.

Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) is considered to be a standard test for child development. The test requires experienced evaluator and is time consuming; therefore, it is not easy to apply in busy clinic. The Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) is an easy assessment method that has been demonstrated to correlate with BSID in many studies among normal and developmental delayed children, including in HIV-infected infants. We created a pilot system of CAT/CLAMS assessment applied to 16 HIV-infected infants ages 12-34 months. They were all in the normal range score of developmental quotient (DQ). However, longitudinal follow-up by CAT/CLAMS assessment is needed in these HIV-infected children. When DQ score is below 70 (assuming to be delayed development), the child should be evaluated by BSID. In this way delayed development can be screened easily and early developmental stimulation program can be implemented appropriately.

Child Development↗
PubMed1989

[Several linguistic observations on the Mongol anthropological problem].

The origin and migratory ways of Mongols during the neolithic period are hitherto unsettled. This paper remembers any facts of comparative linguistics which demonstrate remnants of a Protomongolian substratum in olden and living languages of Central Asia, the Near Orient, Europe, and the Canary Islands.

Anthropology↗
PubMed1983

Speaking in tongues: some linguistic approaches to psychoanalysis.

Four innovative theorists--among others--have applied a variety of linguistic concepts to psychoanalytic theory and practice: Victor Rosen, Marshall Edelson, Roy Schafer, and Jacques Lacan. While their interests have been different, there are points of convergence, and in some ways they complement one another. Beyond the similarities and differences they point the way to the reconsideration of some fundamental positions of psychoanalysis.

Humans↗
PubMed1983

Neuropsychological and linguistic correlates of atypical language lateralization: evidence from sodium amytal studies.

The intracarotid injection of sodium amytal is a technique that has been used to determine on which hemisphere language functions depend. Based on use of this technique in a series of patients (n = 99), three groups of patients - one with left hemisphere language lateralization, one right hemisphere language lateralization, and one bilateral language representation - were identified. These three groups were compared in relation to demographic variables, variables related to seizure disorder and neuropsychological variables. Comparisons were also made between the groups on incidence of speech blockage, naming errors and reading errors and on patterns of linguistic breakdown during reading under conditions of left and right amytal perfusion. The nature, potential etiology and effects of atypical (right hemisphere or bilateral) as opposed to the more common left hemisphere language organization are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pronominalization: a linguistic facet of the maternal-paternal sensitive period.

Two studies of how parents use pronouns in describing their newborn infants are presented. Fathers more often than mothers used the neuter pronoun "it" in describing their new babies. Parents who used the neuter pronoun were more often multiparous, were more likely to have attended childbirth preparation classes, and did not differ from other parents in parenting behaviors or husband-wife communication patterns assessed six months after birth. The data suggest that pronominalization may be a linguistic component of the development of the parental role.

Attitude↗
PubMed1995

Human genetic diversity (immunoglobulin GM allotypes), linguistic data, and migrations of Amerindian tribes.

GM haplotype frequencies were examined in 49 Amerindian tribes (from North, Central, and South America) to investigate the congruence of genetic variation with that observed in language and geography. We used two approaches: (1) the mobile site method, which allows a two-dimensional representation of genetic variation where the distances between reference points (i.e., the locations of the populations in the geographic map after displacements) are close to the genetic distances, and (2) a multivariate analysis (factorial correspondence analysis), which permits a visual interpretation of the geographic distribution of GM haplotypes on a map, completed by a cluster analysis. The results show a strong gradient from the Bering Strait to South America. The Eskimo and Na-Dene are genetically different from all other Amerindians, reflecting their more recent migrations. The orientation of most trajectories of the tribes from Central and South America can be interpreted as earlier migrations along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. We conclude that geographic and linguistic factors played a part in the genetic diversity of Amerindian tribes.

American Indian or Alaska Native↗
PubMed1995

Toward a medical linguistic knowledge base.

This paper presents the design of a Medical Linguistic Knowledge Base (MLKB). This MLKB is intended to be the multilingual recipient for all the declarative knowledge about languages. It includes words, their syntax and their conceptual representation, typology of concepts of the domain, rules for semantic analysis and conceptual schemata. For that purpose, Sowa's conceptual graphs are considered as an adequate knowledge representation. The MLKB will be an enormous body of information, and the difficulty to feed it and to validate it appears immediately. Therefore, it is necessary to start an international initiative to merge efforts from different groups.

Language↗
PubMed1996

Mismatch between aspects of hearing impairment and hearing disability/handicap in adult/elderly Cantonese speakers: some hypotheses concerning cultural and linguistic influences.

This paper addresses the observation that some Cantonese-speaking adults do not perceive a hearing problem even when hearing screening identifies hearing loss. A sample of 49 Cantonese speakers was surveyed about their self-perceptions of hearing prior to a 25 dB HTL pure-tone screening test. All 49 persons failed the screening test, yet 34 (69.4%) reported that they had no problems hearing during conversations. Persons who admitted hearing difficulties tended to have mean hearing levels in excess of 45 dB HTL. A number of hypotheses concerning cultural and linguistic influences are proposed as explanations for the apparent lack of significance of auditory sensitivity loss for some Cantonese speakers. Ways in which these hypotheses might be tested are suggested.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

["Linguistitis" of medical terminology (II). Language-policy and questions from a perspective of younger physicians].

In a previous article in the Journal of the Danish Medical Association, "Medical Terminology Linguistitis (I)", the author pointed out the importance of involving the users in connection with the definition of a language policy concerning Danish medical terminology and future medical doctors' need for language proficiency. A recent inquiry, involving 11 medical doctors (Ph.D. students), suggests that there is in fact a need for a language policy. Also, the respondents expressed strong antipathy against a full nationalization of the terms which can in some cases be observed in the Danish version of ICD-10. On the basis of this survey, the following questions are discussed in this article: Future medical doctors' need for knowledge of Latin and English, medical doctors' opinions concerning a terminology based on Latin, or Danish, and some important aspects concerning the definition of a language policy in the medical area.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1997

The comparison of two methods in the anthropological study of linguistic differentiation.

The paper presents the application of hidden Markov models (HMM) in the analysis of the linguistic microdifferentiation of 48 reproductively isolated populations in the Eastern Adriatic. The mathematical method is described in detail when applied for the recognition of the two main dialects (cakavian and stokavian) present in the investigated area, using two distinguished HMM. The resulting classification of villages is compared to those of the clustering methods applied previously for the same purpose.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1986

The Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CLAMS). Identification of cognitive defects in motor-delayed children.

The Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CLAMS) and Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) were independently administered to 43 children with mild-to-moderate motor delay at 15, 21, and 27 months of age. Highly significant correlations were noted for each examination. Sex, race, and age at time of examination did not significantly influence the relationship between a CLAMS quotient and a Bayley ratio quotient (BRQ). On the first examination gestational age exerted an effect that carried over to the total population. The initial CLAMS quotient also correlated with the results of the CLAMS and BSID administered 12 months later. The CLAMS identified children with a delayed BRQ (less than 70) as follows: sensitivity, 0.66; specificity, 0.79; predictive value of a positive test, 0.80; and predictive value of a negative test, 0.65. The CLAMS provides the pediatrician with a language assessment instrument that adequately detects cognitive deficits in motor-delayed children.

Child Language↗
PubMed1977

Intra and intertribal genetic variation within a linguistic group: the Ge-speaking indians of Brazil.

A total of 562 individuals living in four villages of two Brazilian Indian tribes (Cayapo and Krahó) was studied in relation to blood groups ABO, MNSs, , Rh, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Diego; haptoglobin, Gc, acid phosphatase and phosphoglucomutase types. These results were compared with those obtained previously among the Xavante, and the inhabitants of three other Cayapo villages, all of whom speak Ge languages; the ranges in gene frequencies observed in a representative series of South American Indians from all over the continent were also compiled. The Ge Indians are characterized by low frequencies of RZ, medium frequencies of R1, R2, R0, or r, Jka and PGM1/1, and high frequencies of Gc2 and ACPA when compared with other South American tribes. Genetic distance analyses based on six loci indicate that the intratribal variability observed among Cayapo is of the same order of magnitude as those obtained among the Xavante and Krahó, being much less pronounced than those observed among the Yanomama and Makiritare. The intertribal differences within this linguistic group are much less pronounced than those encountered among tribes that speak more differentiated languages.

Acid Phosphatase↗