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Bismuth ions complex with hematoxylin oxidized by sodium iodate to form a dark blue dye that stains structures with high arginine content. In citrate buffer at pH 5.2, staining is confined to cell nuclei and myelin sheaths. Extraction of nucleic acids has little effect on the stain. Blockade of the guanidino groups of arginine completely abolishes staining.
The modified Rankine colorimetric method for measuring sulfite added to food as a food additive has a low determination limit and is little influenced by interfering substances from foods. However, it can give erroneous results for foods containing Liliaceae Allium. So, four different methods, alkaline titration, a colorimetric method, ion chromatography and qualitative analysis with potassium iodate-starch paper, were examined. It was found that the sodium azide used in the colorimetric method forms sulfur dioxide during bubbling and heating. The proposed colorimetric method can be applied to food containing sulfur compounds, if sodium azide is omitted and 1% triethanolamine solution is used as an absorbent instead of 0.1 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution.
A study carried out on primary school population in Campobasso district permitted us to evaluate the goitre prevalence and to effect advertising campaign about use of iodate-salt. In six months of 1997 we effected a screening of 7041 children aged 6-11 years. The project provided a clinical stage (goitre observation by means of inspection and palpation, auxological data picking) and an informative stage (divulgation of informative material, conferences with the teaching staff, television publicity). We attributed a score to the thyroid volume according to WHO classification. Among the 7041 children, 2093 (29.7%) presented goitre of 1A degree and 84 (1.2%) a goitre 1B. Our results showed in Molise a thyroid pathology prevalence higher to the threshold (10%) over that we can define a population affected with endemic goitre. From that the importance of screening programmes in the whole region and the promotion of interventions of iodine-prophylaxis.
OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the participation of the independent and combined long term effect of various concentrations of iodine and fluorine on the pathogenesis of goiter and fluorosis in mice. METHODS: Nine drinking water supplies with different iodine and fluorine content were prepared by combination of potassium iodate and sodium fluoride solutions in bidistilled water. The concentrations of iodide were: 1. iodine deficiency (ID): 0.0; 2. iodine normal (IN): 20.0; 3. iodine excess (IE) 2500.0 ug/l; and these of fluoride were: 1. fluoride deficiency (FD) 0.0; 2. fluoride normal 0.6; 3. fluoride excess (FE), 30.0 mg/l. A total of 288 Kunmim mice was divided into 9 groups consisting of 32 animals each and each group, in addition to basal diet, received one of following iodide/fluoride mixtures: ID+FD, ID+FN, ID+FE, IN+FD, IN+FN, IN+FE, IE+FD, IE+FN, IE+FE. By such manner, one half of the animals of each group was treated for 100 days and the other half for 150 days. RESULTS: It was found that ID only and IE only could both induce the goiter. FE induced dental fluorosis and increased fluorine content in the bone. In addition, fluorine also affected the thyroid changes induced by ID or IE. After 100 days of treatment, fluorine showed some stimulatory effect on the thyroid in ID conditions and inhibitory effect in IE conditions. After 150 days, however, the effects of fluorine on the thyroid reversed as compared with that of 100 days. On the other hand, difference of iodide intake could also increase the toxic effects of FE on the incisors and bones. The rate and degree of the incisor fluorosis, the fluorine contents in the bone were significantly higher in the ID+FE group than those in the IN+FE and IE+FE groups. CONCLUSIONS: Both iodine deficiency and excess induced goiter as well as other functional and histopathological changes in the mouse thyroid. Excessive fluorine caused fluorosis of incisors and limb bones. In addition, iodine and fluorine do have mutually interacting effects on both goiter and fluorosis in the experimental mice.
Most recent experimental results concerning the pathomechanism of myopia are discussed. Anatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes taking place in the eye with experimental myopia are described. Special attention is focused on the following substances inhibiting the progress of experimental myopia: apomorphine, reserpine, 6-hydroxydopamine, atropine, pirenzepine, chlorpyrifos, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid, kainic acid, naloxane, formoguanamine, gentamicin, sodium iodate, central and peripheral antagonist of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, basic fibroblast growth factor. The possibilities of the above-mentioned pharmacological agents in the progressive myopia treatment are indicated.
BACKGROUND: The worldwide elimination of iodine deficiency is at present one of the priorities of WHO. The highest risk group with regard to sequelae of inadequate iodine supplies are even in case of a milder iodine deficiency, human foetuses during the foetal and early infantile period (endemic cognitive disorder). An epidemiological survey in three areas of the Czech Republic (Prague, Príbram, Ustí n. Labem) in 1993-95 in 5-day old infants and their mothers provided evidence of a medium grade iodine deficiency in Prague and the Príbram area. The objective of the epidemiological check-up survey of ioduria of neonates in 1997 (Prague, Príbram) is the evaluation of the success of preventive provisions which were implemented for a period and educational activities, recommendations to take 100 micrograms iodine to all pregnant and lactating mothers, fortification of infant foods with iodine, increasing and improving the standard of iodine in table salt (27 +/- 7 mg 1/kg salt as potassium iodate). METHODS AND RESULTS: In 1997 the ioduria of two groups of full-term neonates and their mothers was assessed on the fifth day after delivery. Fifty neonates and their mothers were from Prague, 50 from Príbram. Ioduria was assessed in morning urine samples by the method of Ing. Bílek (National list of laboratory items MZ, SLP type N-SPA-BANO, code Joduria (photometry), key BIAAA, published in 1997). The results were statistically computed using Bartlett's chi-aquare and Kruskalov-Vallis' H test and Student's t-test. The median of ioduria in Prague neonates was 7.93 micrograms 1/100 ml and in Príbram neonates 7.83 micrograms 1/100 ml urine. The median values of maternal ioduria were 5.90 micrograms 1/100 ml in Prague and 7.23 micrograms 1/100 ml urine in Príbram. CONCLUSIONS: The median ioduria values of neonates from two areas (Prague and Príbram), previously (93-94) in the zone of medium iodine deficiency, increased significantly during three years of intervention and in 1997 they reached normal levels of ioduria for the given age group.
In Thailand, iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are endemic in 57 out of 75 provinces with an estimated 15 million people at risk of IDD. A three pronged control program with iodized salt, iodized water and iodized oil capsules is being implemented. The water iodization program is both school based and household based. In the household, the residents are given iodine solution, two drops of which is to be added to 10 l of drinking water. In the schools, in addition to this method, an iodinator is used. This releases a fixed amount of iodine into the drinking water. This study examines the cost of the water iodization program in Thailand for the year 1996 in terms of cost per beneficiary, cost per microg iodine consumed daily and cost per goiter person years averted. We used a discount rate of 5%. Field visit and interviews of health personnel from Ministry to village level were conducted to gather primary data. Review of existing papers and reports of the Department of Health, Government of Thailand was done for secondary data. The costs included the capital cost of equipments, initial training and the recurrent costs of potassium iodate, proportional salaries of personnel involved, monitoring and communication activities. The cost per beneficiary of school based iodinator method (US$ 0.72) and school based drop method (US$ 0.64) were similar and much higher than the household based approach (US$ 0.12). The cost per microg of iodine consumed daily was ten times higher in the school based approach (US$ 0.01) compared to the household approach (US$ 0.001). The cost per goiter case averted for the whole strategy of water iodization was US$ 194.50. Water iodization appears to be a low cost intervention. However, the need for behavioral modification raises the issue of long term sustainability.
Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia), a native fruit of the Amazon region, is one of the richest sources of vitamin C (2.4 to 3.0 g/100 g in the pulp) found in Brazil. The purpose of this work was the physical-chemical characterization of some nutrients and the valuation of vitamin C stability in stored camu-camu pulp, produced by the Agronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR), Paraná State, Brazil. The vitamin C determination was made by titration with potassium iodate. The fruit produced in Paraná State, presented a lower content of vitamin C than the one native of the amazon region, possibly due to the different development conditions of the plant, and consequently of the fruit, as well as the climatic variation, the humidity and the characteristics of the soil. Regarding the vitamin C stability in stored (-18 degrees C) camu-camu pulp, a considerable decrease in its concentration until the 28th day was observed lost 23% (from 1.57 to 1.21 g/100 g), staying approximately the same until the end of the experiment. After 335 days of storage, the content found was of approximately 1.16 g/100 g of pulp, the ascorbic acid losses amounted to 26%. This content was still higher than the one found for most fruits that are good sources of this vitamin.
Laboratory investigation of 50 iodated salt samples (from producers, households, markets etc) were studied at the Research Nuclear Medicine Building, Siriraj Hospital. Two methods for the determination of iodine in salt are herein described. The standard method as recommended by The Programme Against Micronutrient Malnutrition (PAMM) / The Micronutrient Initiative (MI)/ The International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) was the iodometric titration method. The starch-KI salt iodine quantitative method was developed in our laboratory for validation purposes. This method is high in precision, accuracy, sensitivity as well as specificity. The coefficient of variation (%CV) for intra and inter assay was below 10. Iodine contents as low as 10 ppm, could be detected. The proposed starch-KI method offered some advantages: e.g. not complicated, easier to learn and easier to perform competently, could be applied for spot qualitative test and readily performed outside the laboratory. The results obtained by the starch-KI method correlated well with the standard method (y = 0.98x - 3.22, r = 0.99).
The major procedure used to correct iodine deficiency is the universal salt iodization by addition of iodide or iodate to salt with an iodine content varying from 7 to 100 mg/kg of salt depending on the country legislation. As an important fraction of consumers in the world prefers natural products over artificial ones, we investigated the industrial feasibility of naturally iodized salt using seaweed as source of iodine. We report the results of the iodine bioavailability in healthy subjects from two seaweeds: Laminaria hyperborea and Gracilaria verrucosa selected due to their high level in iodine as a mineral or an organic form and low levels of heavy metals. As a control we studied in a normal man the bioavailability of pure mineral iodine such as potassium iodide which was excellent i.e. 96.4% and of pure organic iodine such as monoiodotyrosine which was a little lower i.e. 80.0%. Iodine bioavailability from these two seaweeds was studied in nine normal subjects from Marseille (France) which is an iodine sufficient area based on a median urinary iodine level of 137 microg/day and innine normal subjects from Brussels (Belgium) who present a mild iodine deficiency with a value of 73 microg/day. The iodine bioavailability of Gracilaria verrucosa is better than for Laminaria hyperborea (101% versus 90% in Marseille, t=0.812, NS; 85% versus 61.5% in Brussels, t = 2.486, p = 0.024, S*). The urinary excretion of iodine is lower in Brussels than in Marseille for the same seaweed because part of the iodine is stored in the thyroid (101% versus 85% for Gracilaria verrucosa, t = 1.010, NS; 90% versus 61.5% for Laminaria hyperborea, t = 3.879, p= 0.001, S***).
The purpose of this article is to examine the methods and equipment for abating waste gases and water produced during the manufacture of semiconductor materials and devices. Three separating methods and equipment are used to control three different groups of electronic wastes. The first group includes arsine and phosphine emitted during the processes of semiconductor materials manufacture. The abatement procedure for this group of pollutants consists of adding iodates, cupric and manganese salts to a multiple shower tower (MST) structure. The second group includes pollutants containing arsenic, phosphorus, HF, HCl, NO2, and SO3 emitted during the manufacture of semiconductor materials and devices. The abatement procedure involves mixing oxidants and bases in an oval column with a separator in the middle. The third group consists of the ions of As, P and heavy metals contained in the waste water. The abatement procedure includes adding CaCO3 and ferric salts in a flocculation-sedimentation compact device equipment. Test results showed that all waste gases and water after the abatement procedures presented in this article passed the discharge standards set by the State Environmental Protection Administration of China.
A simple sample preconcentration technique for the determination of trace level of bromate and perchlorate in drinking water with ion chromatography is presented. With the hydrophobic anion-exchange column and a sodium hydroxide eluent in linear gradient, bromate and perchlorate can be determined in a single injection within 35 min. Prior to ion chromatographic analysis, the drinking water sample was treated with the OnGuard Ag cartridge to remove the superfluous chloride and concentrated in 20-fold with poly(tetrafluoroethylene)(PTFE) beaker in a domestic microwave oven in 15 min. The recoveries of the analytes are better than 90%. The detection limits for bromate, perchlorate, iodate and chlorate were 0.10 microgram/L, 0.20 microgram/L, 0.11 microgram/L and 0.21 microgram/L, respectively. The developed method is applicable for the quantitation of bromate and perchlorate in real drinking water samples.
Uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland after oral administration of 75 muCi was determined in 1971-72 in 60 euthyroid female volunteers from the North Shore of Vancouver. Values were as low as 3% at 4 hours and 7% at 24 hours in subjects otherwise proven to be euthyroid. The highest values found were 13 and 26% at 4 and 24 hours. The effective thyroxine ratios were all within the accepted normal range. However, more than half of the volunteers showed some enlargement of the thyroid gland. These results suggest an increased iodine pool in the subjects, the likley source being iodine in mild, dairy products and erythrosine, a colouring agent in foods and pharmaceutical products. Potassium iodate, used sometimes in bread baking, contributed little to this pool in our sample. Subjects were, on the average, 9 to 25% heavier than their peers 20 years ago.
Iodine is an essential micronutrient, but iodine deficiency remains common worldwide, including many African countries. In South Africa endemic goitre was first noted in the 1920s. Several subsequent surveys have indicated its widespread persistence, despite the limited availability of iodised salt. The significance of nutritional iodine deficiency lies in the associated iodine deficiency disorders, which follow from maternal and fetal hypothyroidism. The extreme consequence is endemic cretinism, but much more prevalent are lesser degrees of intellectual and neurological deficits, with a potential reduction of intelligence scores in affected communities of more than 10%. Such severe consequences of iodine deficiency probably affect a significant proportion of South Africans. The control of iodine deficiency should be easy and inexpensive. Since the December 1995 legislation, all salt manufactured in South Africa must contain potassium iodate. Such supplementation is likely to cause a small increase in auto-immune thyroid disorders. This negative effect is slight in comparison with the potential benefit to millions.
Accurate determination of vanadium (V) in industrial waste water is of great importance in environmental, biological and toxicological studies. Most of kinetic spectrophotometric methods based on the catalytic effect of vanadium (V), when applied to real samples for determination of trace levels of vanadium (V) lack the satisfactory sensitivity and selectivity. This may be attributed to the serious interferences of various anions which are common pollutants in industrial waste water. The oxidation of gallic acid by ammonium persulphate, catalysed by vanadium (V) was chosen for our study. The effect of the serious interferences of various anions such as chloride, bromate, bromide, chromate, iodide, iodate, molybdate, carbonate and sulphate on the net absorbance given by 4 microg l(-1) of vanadium (V) solution were studied. The minimum concentrations of citric acid, EDTA, ascorbic acid and oxalic acid as leveling off agents required to level off interfering effects due to the aforementioned anions in the kinetic determination of vanadium (V) were 50, 70, 80 and 120 microg ml(-1), respectively. In the presence of optimum concentrations of effective leveling off agents, the dynamic range can be extended and sensitivity increased as compared with the proposed method without levelling off agents. The proposed method is a rapid, sensitive and selective method for the determination of ultra trace amounts of vanadium (V) in real samples with satisfactory results.
The results of a survey carried out in eight States of Mexico are discussed by the author. The administrative, budgetary, and psychological difficulties encountered when attempting goitre prophylaxis by means of iodized salt are outlined. The author examines the efficacy of iodized sweets given to 50,000 schoolchildren in the Federal District and in the State of Morelos. Recent experiments in Mexico with iodated salt confirm previous statements concerning its stability.
The 5-[1-hydroxy-2-chloro-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-2'-deoxyuridine (7) and 5-[1-hydroxy-2-bromo-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-2'- fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine/uridine nucleosides (8, 9) were synthesized by the regiospecific addition of HOX (X = Br or Cl) to the vinyl substituent of the respective (E)-5-[2-(ethoxycarbonyl)-vinyl]-2'-deoxyuridines (6a-b) and uridine (6c). A related reaction of (E)-5-(2-carboxyvinyl)-2'-deoxyuridines (10a-b) and uridine (10c) with iodine and potassium iodate afforded the 5-(1-hydroxy-2-iodo-2-carboxyethyl) derivatives (11-13). 5-(1-Hydroxy-2-iodoethyl)-arabinouridine (18) was obtained by the reaction of (17) with iodine in the presence of the oxidizing agent iodic acid. Treatment of (18) with methanolic sulfuric acid afforded 5-(1-methoxy-2-iodoethyl)-arabinouridine (19) in 65% yield. Of the newly synthesized compounds, 7, 11 and 12 showed activity in vitro against HSV-1. The most active compound (12, ID50 = 0.1 microgram/ml) was 10 times less active than acyclovir (ID50 = 0.01 microgram/ml) against HSV-1. Compounds 7 and 11 were cytotoxic to L1210 cells in culture, exhibiting an ED50 of 7.2 and 4.7 micrograms/ml respectively, relative to melphalan (ED50 = 0.15 microgram/ml), but were inactive against the KB cell line.
The concentration of iodine was estimated in 667 urine specimens of boys and girls aged 6-18 years from 5 regions of Slovakia. Only about a half of all values (i.e. 48.43%) was found in the optimum range of 10-20 micrograms/dl, while 40.43% of values wore in the range of iodine deficiency (i.e. less than 10 mu/dl). In addition, there were 10.64% of high values (ie. more than 20 micrograms/dl). These results show that the intake of iodine appears to be 3-4 times higher than before the start of iodine prophylaxis in about 1950, but it still does not reach the optimum level. The increase of iodine intake would be achieved by the replacement of iodide (KI) with iodate (KIO3) which is much more stable. This prevents the looses of iodine from the salt which represent 50 to 75 percent of the original level within 1 to 1 and a half year.