Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Intuition”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Sources of mathematical thinking: behavioral and brain-imaging evidence.

Does the human capacity for mathematical intuition depend on linguistic competence or on visuo-spatial representations? A series of behavioral and brain-imaging experiments provides evidence for both sources. Exact arithmetic is acquired in a language-specific format, transfers poorly to a different language or to novel facts, and recruits networks involved in word-association processes. In contrast, approximate arithmetic shows language independence, relies on a sense of numerical magnitudes, and recruits bilateral areas of the parietal lobes involved in visuo-spatial processing. Mathematical intuition may emerge from the interplay of these brain systems.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Using a model for structured reflection on palliative care nursing: exploring the challenges raised.

Reflection on palliative care nursing practice has to encompass every dimension of the holistic care we offer. In this article a possible structured model for reflection on palliative care nursing is discussed and used to reflect on the care given during a community Macmillan nurse visit. The reflection revealed a number of challenges. These included the possible conflict between patient autonomy and quality of life for carers; the role of intuition in palliative nursing and spiritual care. The article concludes that reflection has a role to play in exploring the innate tensions in palliative care, voicing the often silent intuitive knowledge and promoting expertise in spiritual care.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2003

Overcoming illusory inferences in a probabilistic counterintuitive problem: the role of explicit representations.

In the context of conditional probabilities, a good example of the marked discrepancy between intuition and formal reasoning is the Monty Hall dilemma (MHD). We used the MHD to study the effects of practicing the game, making explicit the underlying structure, or enhancing the representation of the different possibilities, on reaching and stating the correct answer. The results of the experiments showed that accumulated experience with the MHD increased the proportion of switching responses but did not change erroneous intuitions (Experiment 1). However, when the dilemma was presented in the form of an adversary game that made the underlying structure more explicit, more participants formed complete mental representations that enabled them to reason correctly (Experiment 2). This result was observed even without any practice with the game if the participants were encouraged to represent possibilities (Experiment 3). Therefore, in this context, correct reasoning seems to depend more on the ability to consider different possibilities than on extensive practice with the game.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Reflective practice.

Christine Nash exemplifies reflective practice as a frequently used but infrequently defined concept in nursing (Jarvis 1992), with intuition seldom granted legitimacy as a sound approach to clinical judgement (Benner and Tanner 1987). She follows with a personal account of how she used reflective practice and intuitive skills in reassessing an A&E attender.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nurse concern: a predictor of patient deterioration.

Nurses who have cared for a patient for some time often develop an intuitive sense of when that patient's condition is deteriorating. This article discusses how this intuition can be quantified and presented to medical staff so that patients receive timely and appropriate intervention.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

Statpac 2 glaucoma change probability.

We compared the traditional intuitive criterion (fixed at 5 dB) with the variable Statpac 2 criterion of the Humphrey Field Analyzer for identifying visual deterioration at individual points within a visual field. The separation of depressed from stable points in 123 follow-up fields of 17 patients, when all points within a field were considered, was reasonably equivalent between the two methods (kappa = 0.55 +/- 0.027 [+/- SE]). Centrally located points within the field demonstrated a stronger agreement (kappa = 0.68 +/- 0.028), because the fixed criterion more often labeled the edge points as having progressed than did the Statpac 2 algorithm. The glaucoma change probability printout is more simply obtained than the manual comparison required for intuitive interpretation with a fixed criterion, and it is potentially more accurate because of its reliance on a database that permits a variable criterion to be applied.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Clinical decision analysis. The hazard of using additional data.

Acquisition of laboratory data bearing on a clinical problem may make patient care worse rather than better. The hazards of obtaining new information, that go beyond the monetary costs and risks to physical well-being, are frequently not appreciated by physicians. In the complex and many-faceted practice of medicine, intuition, even when expressed by experienced clinicians, may lead to faulty judgments. Decision analysis gives a systematic exposition of clinical management, and lessens, if not eliminates, the influence of biased and unreliable intuition. With practice, most physicians could employ decision analysis to help solve moderately complicated problems at the bedside or in the office. Use of this tactic will make gaps in knowledge explicit, and may thereby stimulate investigations to ensure better clinical judgments in the future.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed2005

Quantifying the federal minimal risk standard: implications for pediatric research without a prospect of direct benefit.

United States federal regulations allow institutional review boards (IRBs) to approve pediatric research that does not offer participants a "prospect of direct" benefit only when the risks are minimal or a "minor" increase over minimal. The federal regulations define minimal risks based on the risks "ordinarily encountered in daily life or during routine physical or psychological examinations or tests." In the absence of empirical data, IRB members may assume they are familiar with the risks of daily life and with the risks of routine examinations and tests and rely on their own intuitive judgment to make these assessments. Yet intuitive judgment of risk is subject to systematic errors, highlighting the need for empirical data to guide IRB review and approval of pediatric research. Current data reveal that car trips pose the highest risk of mortality ordinarily encountered by healthy children. On average, these risks are approximately 0.06 per million for children aged 14 years and younger, and approximately 0.4 per million for children aged 15 through 19 years. Riskier, but still ordinary, car trips pose an approximately 0.6 per million chance of death for children aged 14 years and younger and an approximately 4 per million chance of death for children aged 15 through 19 years. Participation in sports represents the upper end of the range of morbidity risks for healthy children. For every million instances of playing basketball, approximately 1900 individuals will sustain injuries, including 180 broken bones and 58 permanent disabilities. These findings suggest IRBs are implementing the federal minimal risk standard too cautiously in many cases. These data also raise the question of whether the federal minimal risk standard may sometimes fail to provide sufficient protection for children, prompting the need to consider alternative standards.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

Mean and variance of ratio estimators used in fluorescence ratio imaging.

BACKGROUND: The ratio of two measured fluorescence signals (called x and y) is used in different applications in fluorescence microscopy. Multiple instances of both signals can be combined in different ways to construct different ratio estimators. METHODS: The mean and variance of three estimators for the ratio between two random variables, x and y, are discussed. Given n samples of x and y, we can intuitively construct two different estimators: the mean of the ratio of each x and y and the ratio between the mean of x and the mean of y. The former is biased and the latter is only asymptotically unbiased. Using the statistical characteristics of this estimator, a third, unbiased estimator can be constructed. RESULTS: We tested the three estimators on simulated data, real-world fluorescence test images, and comparative genome hybridization (CGH) data. The results on the simulated and real-world test images confirm the presented theory. The CGH experiments show that our new estimator performs better than the existing estimators. CONCLUSIONS: We have derived an unbiased ratio estimator that outperforms intuitive ratio estimators.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Music therapy for dementia symptoms.

BACKGROUND: While music/music therapy does not represent a treatment of dementia, its use is based on a possible beneficial effect on symptoms including social, emotional and cognitive skills and for decreasing behavioral problems of individuals with dementias. Thus, there are clear implications for patients' and caregivers' quality of life. However, quantification and documentation of the evidence of this effect is necessary. Professional music therapists are accountable for providing efficient, beneficial treatment. Further, music therapists are responsible for assessing, designing and implementing music therapy treatments, monitoring client progress, and reformulating their practice according to data collected and new advancements in the field. If they wait until sufficient valid, empirical data on all aspects of a disability or music response are available before attempting to design a therapy session, they may well reach retirement age before even one client can be served. On the other hand, promulgating the efficacy of music therapy in general, or of specific music therapy techniques, in the absence of any substantiation other than intuition or tradition borders on professional recklessness. OBJECTIVES: To gather and evaluate the evidence for the effectiveness of music therapy for dementia symptoms. SEARCH STRATEGY: All available sources of references were searched for randomised controlled trials of music therapy used as an intervention in dementia. The search terms included 'controlled trial or study, music*, therapy, dement*, Alzheimer*, cognitive impairment.' SELECTION CRITERIA: The reviewers assessed the methodological quality of the studies available for inclusion. The criteria used are presence and adequacy of a control condition, independent assessment of patients' performance (ie standardized ratings carried out by a person other than the music therapist) and the number of participants (no fewer than three). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: No randomised controlled trials, or trials with quantitative data suitable for analysis were found. MAIN RESULTS: The research into music therapy to date has lacked methodological design rigour. However, the research evidence available provides sufficient grounds on which to justify further investigations into the use of music therapy in dementia patients. In this context, the reviewers discuss some of the issues and research from the studies that were considered for inclusion. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: This review was not able to identify reliable empirical evidence on which to justify the use of music therapy as a treatment for dementia. However, the evidence available suggests that music therapy may be beneficial in treating or managing dementia symptoms, and the predominant conclusion of this review is the highlighting of the need for better designed studies of the intervention.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2003

The formation of sense organs in Drosophila: a logical approach.

The genetic analysis of development has revealed the importance of small sets of interacting genes in most morphogenetic processes. The results of gene interactions have so far been examined intuitively. This approach is largely sufficient when one deals with simple interactions, a feedback circuit for example. As more components become involved, however, it is difficult to make sure that the intuitive approach gives a comprehensive view of the behaviour of the system. In this paper, we illustrate the use of a logical approach to describe the genetic circuit that underlies the singling out of sense organ precursor cells in Drosophila. We show how to apply logical modelling to a realistic problem, and how this approach allows an easy assessment of the dynamic properties of the system, i.e., of its possible evolutions and of its reactions to fluctuations and perturbations.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Atomic properties of amino acids: computed atom types as a guide for future force-field design.

The quantum chemical topology (QCT) is able to propose atom types by direct computation rather than by chemical intuition. In previous work, molecular electron densities of 20 amino acids and smaller derived molecules were partitioned into a set of 760 topological atoms. Each atom was characterised by seven atomic properties and subjected to cluster analysis element by element, that is, C, H, O, N, and S. From the respective dendrograms, 21 carbon atom types were distinguished, 7 hydrogen, 2 nitrogen, 6 oxygen, and 6 sulfur atom types. Herein, we contrast the QCT atom types with those of the assisted model building with energy refinement (AMBER) force field. We conclude that in spite of fair agreement between QCT and AMBER atom types, the latter are sometimes underdifferentiated and sometimes overdifferentiated. In summary, we suggest that QCT is a useful guide in designing new force fields or improving existing ones. The computational origin of QCT atom types makes their determination unbiased compared to atom type determination by chemical intuition and a priori assumptions. We provide a list of specific recommendations.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

Confocal DNA cytometry: a contour-based segmentation algorithm for automated three-dimensional image segmentation.

BACKGROUND: Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) presents the opportunity to perform three-dimensional (3D) DNA content measurements on intact cells in thick histological sections. So far, these measurements have been performed manually, which is quite time-consuming. METHODS: In this study, an intuitive contour-based segmentation algorithm for automatic 3D CLSM image cytometry of nuclei in thick histological sections is presented. To evaluate the segmentation algorithm, we measured the DNA content and volume of human liver and breast cancer nuclei in 3D CLSM images. RESULTS: A high percentage of nuclei could be segmented fully automatically (e.g., human liver, 92%). Comparison with (time-consuming) interactive measurements on the same CLSM images showed that the results were well correlated (liver, r = 1.00; breast, r = 0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Automatic 3D CLSM image cytometry enables measurement of volume and DNA content of large numbers of nuclei in thick histological sections within an acceptable time. This makes large-scale studies feasible, whereby the advantages of CLSM can be exploited fully. The intuitive modular segmentation algorithm presented in this study detects and separates overlapping objects, also in two-dimensional (2D) space. Therefore, this algorithm may also be suitable for other applications.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2000

PhRMA perspective on population and individual bioequivalence.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a second-draft guidance in August 1999 on the subject of in vivo bioequivalence, which is based on the concepts of individual and population bioequivalence (IBE and PBE, respectively). The intention of this guidance is to replace the 1992 guidance that requires that in vivo bioequivalence be demonstrated by average bioequivalence (ABE). Although the concepts of population and individual bioequivalence are intuitively reasonable, a detailed review of the literature has not uncovered clinical evidence to justify the additional burden to the innovator and generic companies as well as the consumer that the new guidelines would impose. The criteria for bioequivalence described in the draft guidance employ aggregate statistics that combine information about differences in bioavailability between formulation means and differences in bioavailability variation of formulations between and within subjects. The purely technical aspects of the statistical approach are reasonably sound. However, PhRMA believes that important operational issues remain that need to be resolved before any changes to current practice are implemented. PhRMA believes that the ideals of prescribability and switchability are intuitively reasonable, but it is uncertain of the extent to which the proposed guidance can achieve these goals. It is not clear whether the attainment of such goals is necessary in the evaluation of bioequivalence given the role this plays in drug development, and the lack of clinical evidence argues against a pressing need to change current practice. PhRMA is concerned that the trade-off offered by the aggregate criteria may ultimately represent more harm than good to the public interest. PhRMA recommends more rigorous evaluation of methods based on two-way crossover designs before moving to methods that require more complex designs. One such method is identified herein and contains procedures for estimating prescribability and switchability. The possibility of a phase-in or trial period to collect replicate crossover data to further evaluate IBE and PBE and possibly allow market access based on these criteria as they are being evaluated has been proposed. PhRMA believes this is unprecedented and will offer little additional information beyond that which can be obtained by simulation or has already been collected by the FDA. Simulation studies have the advantage of allowing evaluation of the sensitivity of various procedures to represent the data patterns as created within the simulation. Operating characteristics by which proposed criteria can be adequately judged have not yet been defined. The limitations of ABE for highly variable drugs and narrow therapeutic drugs are well appreciated and may be addressed by means other than a wholesale change in the current criteria.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Electron group functions for the analysis of the electronic structures of molecules.

The electronic structure of a vast majority of molecular systems can be understood in terms of electron groups and their wave functions. They serve as a natural basis for bringing intuitive chemical and physical concepts into quantum chemical calculations. This article considers the general electron group functions formalism as well as its simple geminal version. We try to characterize the wave function with the group structure and its capabilities in actual calculations. For this purpose we implement a variational method based on the wave function in the form of an antisymmetrized product of strongly orthogonal group functions and perform a series of electronic structure calculations for small molecules and model systems. The most important point studied is the relation between the choice of electron groups and the results obtained. We consider energetic characteristics as well as optimal geometry parameters. In view of practical importance, the structure of variationally optimized local one-electron states is considered in detail as well as intuitive characteristics of chemical bonds.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

AAEM minimonograph #36: basic concepts of electricity and electronics in clinical electromyography.

Fundamental principles of electricity provide a basis for understanding the design and operation of electromyography equipment. An intuitive and quantitative explanation of charge, voltage, current, and impedance provides an introduction to the concepts of resistance, capacitance, and input impedance. These concepts form the basis for discussion of filters, amplifiers, electrodes, digital electronics, stimulators, and patient safety. The monograph assumes no specialized training in engineering or mathematics. The topics are discussed at an introductory level to provide understanding for readers with no electronics background and intuitive insight for more experienced readers.

Electric Conductivity↗
PubMed1999

The inheritance of desired characteristics: Children's view of the role of intention in parent-offspring resemblance.

Two studies examined children's beliefs about maternal intention as a mechanism for trait inheritance. In Study 1, 42 preschool-aged (4 to 5 years old) children and 81 adults were shown pictures of adult women (mothers) and were asked to identify their daughters. In the critical condition participants were asked to choose between a girl who shared an attribute with the mother and a girl who had the attribute desired by the mother. Trait types included physically heritable traits, nonheritable traits, and beliefs. Results from this study suggest that preschoolers do believe that maternal intention plays a role in the inheritance of physical traits. Study 2 was designed to determine whether preschoolers recognize limits on both the efficacy and the timing of maternal intention. Results suggest that children see some properties as outside of maternal control. Further, they do seem to see maternal intentions as operating prior to birth. One finding of these studies is that preschoolers may not have strong intuitions that offspring will resemble their parents. In addition, children seem to have different intuitions about the mechanisms of inheritance than do adults.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1999

Double Skew-Dual Scaling: A Conjoint Scaling of Two Sets of Objects Related by a Dominance Matrix.

Consider two sets of objects, {alpha(1), em leader, alpha(n)} and {beta(1), em leader, beta(m), such as n subjects solving m tasks, or n stimuli presented first and m stimuli presented second in a pairwise comparison experiment. Let any pair (alpha(i), beta(j)) be associated with a real number a(ij), interpreted as the degree of dominance of alpha(i) over beta(j) (e.g., the probability of alpha(i) relating in a certain way to beta(j)). Intuitively, the problem addressed in this paper is how to conjointly, in a "naturally" coordinated fashion, characterize the alpha-objects and beta-objects in terms of their overall tendency to dominate or be dominated. The gist of the solution is as follows. Let A denote the nxm matrix of a(ij) values, and let there be a class of monotonic transformations straight phi with nonnegative codomains. For a given straight phi, a complementary matrix B is defined so that straight phi(a(ij))+straight phi(b(ij))=const, and one computes vectors D(alpha) and D(beta) (the dominance values for alpha-objects and beta-objects) by solving the equations straight phi(A) straight phi(D(beta))/Sigma;straight phi(D(beta))=straight phi(D(alpha)) and straight phi(B(T)) straight phi(D(alpha))/Sigmastraight phi(D(alpha))=straight phi(D(beta)), where (T) is transposition, Sigma is the sum of elements, and straight phi applies elementwise. One also computes vectors S(alpha) and S(beta) (the subdominance values for alpha-objects and beta-objects) by solving the equations straight phi(B) straight phi(S(beta))/Sigmastraight phi(S(beta))=straight phi(S(alpha)) and straight phi(A(T)) straight phi(S(alpha))/Sigmastraight phi(S(alpha))=straight phi(S(beta)). The relationship between S-vectors and D-vectors is complex: intuitively, D(alpha) characterizes the tendency of an alpha-object to dominate beta-objects with large dominance values, whereas S(alpha) characterizes the tendency of an alpha-objects to fail to dominate beta-objects with large subdominance values. For classes containing more than one straight phi-transformation, one can choose an optimal straight phi as the one maximizing some measure of discrimination between individual elements of vectors straight phi(D(alpha)), straight phi(D(beta)), straight phi(S(alpha)), and straight phi(S(beta)), such as the product or minimum of these vectors' variances. The proposed analysis of dominance matrices has only superficial similarities with the classical dual scaling (Nishisato, 1980). Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗