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PubMed2005

Stereotype threat and group differences in test performance: a question of measurement invariance.

Studies into the effects of stereotype threat (ST) on test performance have shed new light on race and sex differences in achievement and intelligence test scores. In this article, the authors relate ST theory to the psychometric concept of measurement invariance and show that ST effects may be viewed as a source of measurement bias. As such, ST effects are detectable by means of multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. This enables research into the generalizability of ST effects to real-life or high-stakes testing. The modeling approach is described in detail and applied to 3 experiments in which the amount of ST for minorities and women was manipulated. Results indicate that ST results in measurement bias of intelligence and mathematics tests.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Use of the child development inventory to screen high-risk populations.

This study examined the validity of a parent-report inventory, the Child Development Inventory (CDI), as a developmental screening instrument in high-risk toddlers and preschoolers. Seventy-six children, aged 15-70 months, were assessed in a neonatal high-risk developmental follow-up clinic. The data included the completion of CDIs by parents/caregivers and developmental evaluations by a physician using either the Clinical Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) (15-35 months) or Slosson Intelligence Test (36-70 months). Analysis revealed a good level of sensitivity (true "abnormals"--73%) and specificity (true "normals"--87%) for the CDI General Development score. The findings suggested that the CDI is a valid and useful screening instrument for high-risk infants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

"I ain't been reading while on parole": experts, mental tests, and eugenic commitment law in Illinois, 1890-1940.

This article analyzes professional challenges to the 1915 commitment law and the ultimate demise of eugenic institutionalization in Illinois. It reveals the pivotal role of psychologists and intelligence testing in the debate over the necessity and viability of a state-sponsored system of eugenic commitment. It focuses primarily, but not exclusively, on a specific group of young female test subjects and the female professionals who attempted to measure their intelligence. The article relies on published studies as well as case records chosen at random from the Illinois State Training School for Girls at Geneva to explain and analyze the complex relationships among mental testing, feeblemindedness, and eugenics. Focusing on Geneva enables the author to highlight and evaluate previously underanalyzed social and environmental factors that affected testing as well as the experience of women in both eugenics and intelligence testing.

Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗
PubMed1990

[Disturbances of visual perception and the lesions on spastic diplegia].

In a study of 12 cerebral palsy with spastic diplegia, the relationship between their disturbances of visual perception and their lesions was discussed. All of them were performed Frostig Developmental Test of Visual perception and Tanaka-Binet Intelligence Test. Six of them showed disturbances of visual perception on Frostig Test. Subtest II, figure-ground, was the lowest of all subtests. The mean of perceptual quotient was under that of intelligence quotient significantly (p less than 0.05 t-test). MRI examination was performed to all and the lesions were detected at 10 of them. Six who showed disturbances of visual perception had the lesions and two who showed good visual perception had no lesions. The lesions were periventricular white matter and extended to semioval center and subcortical white matter at parietal and occipital lobes. Anatomically, their lesions correspond to superior longitudinal bundle and vertical occipital bundle and their bundles have important functions as the pass way of visual perception. Therefore, it was suggested that the disturbances of visual perception detected at spastic diplegia were based on the lesions and the mechanism was disconnection of higher visual pass way.

Brain↗
PubMed2004

Mental tests and fossils.

This article investigates the origins of the intelligence test item known as the Ball and Field in Lewis M. Terman's Stanford Revision of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale. The question was initially raised by the resemblance of paleontological ocean bed floor tracings left by ancient creatures to the responses produced by children given the Ball and Field Test. A version of the Ball and Field Test was invented by Clifton F. Hodge, one of Terman's graduate school instructors who devised it as a result of his observations about how birds and other animals navigated and found their way. He then tested how humans and children located hidden objects and found that, in many ways, animals and humans used similar strategies for getting home or finding objects.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Empirical studies of the long-term stability of test norms].

Investigation of the long-term stability of psychological efficiency standards using a frequently applied intelligence test (Hawie -verbalpart). The test value distribution of two representative random tests of adults (from the beginning of 1950 in the FRG and from 1980 to 1983 in the GDR) was investigated and a comparison made together. Significant efficiency differences between the two random tests indicate defective long-term stability of test standards and the necessity to restandardize after 20 to 30 years. Because of significant differences between the old and new standard values and the high percentage of errors (26%), in classifying intelligence when applying the old standard values, the application of the new standards in the clinical diagnosis of intelligence is to be recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Associations with successful ageing in the "Healthy Old People in Edinburgh" cohort: being well, fit and healthy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Six hundred and three community-resident, healthy, unmedicated people aged 70 years and over had psychometric testing and blood pressure measured in 1990-1. Participants were followed up in 1994-5, 1997-8 and in this fourth wave of the project, 1999-2000, to determine key predictors of, and associations with successful ageing. METHODS: Current status of all cohort participants was determined. Those traced and alive were invited for re-assessment. Those who agreed underwent psychometric testing, including memory and fluid intelligence tests, a number of physiological measurements, including blood pressure, grip strength and respiratory function, and questionnaires were administered enquiring about disability, self-esteem, and a range of socioeconomic and socioenvironmental items. RESULTS: At Wave 4, 201 participants were visited and re-tested adequately. During follow-up, mortality (N = 210) was predicted by gender, occupation, premorbid intelligence and blood pressure. Disability related to age, weight, respiratory function, grip strength and current mental ability. A model of health was developed that comprised dimensions of medical well-being (absence of disease), physiological fitness and self-perceived health. The latter related strongly to disability and pre-morbid intelligence. Except for memory score at Wave 3, medical well-being related poorly to any predictor variable from Waves 1-3. Physiological fitness related to age, gender and current mental ability. CONCLUSIONS: The concept of successful ageing is complex, but this cohort of older people related their perceived health closely to lack of disability. In this cohort, current socioeconomic and socioenvironmental factors were not strongly linked with health at this age.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

A bio-ecological case study: a Caribbean child.

The present article presents how the bio-ecological assessment system is applied in assessing a child's cognitive intelligence beyond a psychometric intelligence test. The recognition that there are many types of intelligence, such as musical and bodily kinesthetic, is exemplified. The case presented is that of a child with deficient cognitive functioning on the psychometric tests, but advanced functioning on the "Other Intelligence Assessment Measure." Diagnostic impressions are given and implications for report writing and interventions are suggested.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2003

Do clever brains age more slowly? Further exploration of a nun result.

Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that individuals who have higher levels of mental ability in youth experience a slower cognitive decline as they grow old. In a sample of 3,263 Newcastle residents, average scores on a vocabulary test (Raven's 1965 'Mill Hill A') did not vary, while average scores on a test of fluid mental ability (the Heim, 1970, AH 4 (1) group intelligence test) sharply declined with age from 49 to 92 years. In young adults, Mill Hill A scores are good proxies for AH 4 (1) scores. This relationship allowed individuals' youthful AH 4 (1) test scores to be estimated from their current, unchanged, Mill Hill A scores so that age-related changes in AH 4 test scores over the adult life-span could be estimated and compared between high and low ability groups, men and women, and individuals of different levels of socio-economic advantage. The cross-sectional estimated rate of age-related decline in general mental ability was found to be the same for people of all levels of ability and socio-economic advantage, and not to differ between men and women.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Functional correlations of spatial quantitative EEG and intelligences in a nonalphabetical language group.

This study investigated any functional correlations between intelligences and spatially recorded quantitative electroencephalograms (QEEGs) in a nonalphabetical language group. Participants, between 6 and 8 years old, were sampled in a teaching hospital located at the central Taiwan region. The Chinese Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III) intelligence test and quantitative electroencephalograph recording procedures were both administrated to collect data. Intelligences were divided into two categories, verbal and performance intelligences, for statistical investigations. Statistical analyses of the noncontaminated QEEG dataset investigated the differentiability of each frequency on a single cortical region and coherence between cortical regions. Low QEEG frequencies were found to have a significant correlation with intelligences on some cortical regions. Coherence between symmetric cortical regions was found to be an important factor in predicting intelligences. Results showed the feasibility of functional brain mapping in the particular language population.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed2006

The assessment of emotional intelligence: a comparison of performance-based and self-report methodologies.

We assessed the patterns of convergent validity for the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (Mayer, Salovey, & Caruso, 2002), a performance-based measure of emotional intelligence (EI) that entails presenting problems thought to have correct responses, and a self-report measure of EI (Schutte et al., 1998). The relations between EI and demographic characteristics of a diverse community sample (N = 223) concurred with previous research. However, the performance-based and self-report scales were not related to one another. Only self-reported EI scores showed a consistent pattern of relations with self-reported coping styles and depressive affect, whereas the performance-based measure demonstrated stronger relations with age, education, and receiving psychotherapy. We discuss implications for the validity of these measures and their utility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Results of psychological testing of patients aged 3-6 years.

Cognitive development of early treated PKU children (132) was investigated by intelligence tests, tests for visual perception, motor and language development. Deviations from test norms occurred at 5 years of age concerning performance IQ, mathematical thinking, and visual perception. With the exception of mathematical thinking, "normal" results were obtained at the age of 6 years. Correlation with levels of plasma Phe revealed a relation between quality of dietary control and performance IQ. Results are discussed in light of methodological aspects and with respect to treatment consequence.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2000

Neuropsychological differentiation of subnormal arithmetic abilities in children.

For the neuropsychological diagnosis of a Specific disorder of arithmetic skills the standard is defined worldwide by the diagnostic guidelines of the two major classification systems of psychiatric disorders, the ICD- 10 and the DSM-IV, both of which use the discrepancy criterion as the key feature of the diagnosis. It becomes clear that following such guidelines can only mean an extensive diagnostic assessment of patients with subnormal arithmetic abilities, including the social and previous medical history followed by the exclusion of a present disorder or disability, often necessitating laboratory, neuroimaging and neurophysiological tests. In the neuropsychological diagnosis of a Specific disorder of arithmetical skills we found a stepwise approach including previously obtained test results to be most practical and economical. The assessment instruments such as intelligence tests, neuropsychological test batteries, academic achievement tests, specific neuropsychological tests, test batteries for arithmetic abilities or error analysis are discussed. An overview of case studies in the literature is given; however, the overwhelming majority of case reports on patients with arithmetic disabilities are casuistics of adult patients with an acquired loss of arithmetic abilities. The importance of a differentiated neuropsychological diagnosis is demonstrated by four of our own cases: of borderline deficient intelligence, a combined disorder of academic skills, congenital brain dysfunction, and a specific disorder of arithmetic skills. Especially the new quality in assessing arithmetic abilities with the NUCALC battery is demonstrated; diagnostic and therapeutic consequences are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Measures of concurrent validity and alternate-form reliability of the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence.

The subjects, 60 undergraduate students, were administered the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI) individually. The Shipley Institute of Living Scale was administered in small groups. A Pearson correlation of .56 was obtained for TONI Quotients, Forms A and B. TONI Quotients, Forms A and B, correlated with Shipley estimated WAIS--R IQ .50 and .46, respectively, and correlated to .71 and .64, with Shipley Total T scores, .52 and .44, respectively (corrected to .71 and .61), with Shipley Abstraction T scores, .51 and .42, respectively (corrected, .63 and .52), and with Shipley Vocabulary T scores .26 and .32, respectively (corrected to .63 and .52). TONI scores seem more closely related to Shipley Total and Abstraction scores than to Shipley Vocabulary.

Achievement↗
PubMed1985

Chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Relationship between cerebral ventricular size and neuropsychological impairment.

Forty-seven patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis were examined to assess the possible relationship between cerebral atrophy (by computed tomography [CT] ) and performance on neuropsychological tests of memory and verbal intelligence. Nineteen patients were found to have mildly dilated ventricles and another nine patients had moderate to severe ventricular enlargement. Performance on memory and intelligence testing was related to the degree of ventriculomegaly. Three linear CT measurements were also recorded. Using this method, the width of the third ventricle proved to be the best indicator of intellectual and memory dysfunction. Measures of cognition and ventricular size did not correlate with length of illness or overall disability as rated by the Kurtzke Disability Status Score.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Correlations among scores on measures of field dependence-independence cognitive style, cognitive ability, and sustained attention.

The Children's Embedded Figures Test, the Rod and Frame Test to measure the field dependence-independence cognitive style, Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Tests to measure cognitive ability, and two cancellation tasks (Zazzo task and Bourdon task) to assess sustained attention were administered to 179 boys and 110 girls whose average age was 9.0 yr. Correlations between scores on measures of field dependence-independence and cognitive ability were moderated. Average correlations between scores on measures of field dependence-independence, cognitive ability, and measures of sustained attention was .23 for the Zazzo task and quite weak (.06) for the Bourdon task.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Children exposed to valproate in utero--population based evaluation of risks and confounding factors for long-term neurocognitive development.

PURPOSE: To evaluate neurological and cognitive functioning of school-aged (> or =6 years) children exposed to valproate monotherapy in utero in a population based, evaluator-blinded, controlled study. METHODS: Studied children (N=39, aged 6.6-13.4 years) and their mothers were identified through a population based pregnancy registry. Mothers with carbamazepine monotherapy and mothers with epilepsy but without antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment during pregnancy and their age and gender matched children served as controls. Hospital records were reviewed and neurological examination (Touwens test), intelligent quotients (IQ) of mothers (WAIS), and children (WISC-III) and neuropsychological assessment of children (NEPSY) were performed evaluator-blinded. RESULTS: The prevalence of low intelligence (FIQ<80) was 19% (4/21) and the prevalence of exceptionally low intelligence (FIQ<70) 10% (2/21) in valproate (VPA) monotherapy exposed children. Children exposed to carbamazepine (CBZ) and children of women with epilepsy but without AED exposure during pregnancy had all at least low average intelligence. The mothers using valproate scored significantly lower (p<0.05) in FIQ, VIQ and PIQ tests and had also significantly lower (p=0.035) educational level. Altogether 21% (8/39) of the children had minor neurological dysfunctions. CONCLUSIONS: In a population based setting inheritance and cumulating environmental factors may partly explain the increased prevalence of neurocognitive symptoms in children exposed to valproate in utero although concern about the possible long-term effects of intrauterine valproate exposure does exist.

Adolescent↗