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PubMed1976

Distribution of plaque-forming cells in the mouse for a protein antigen. Evidence for highly active parathymic lymph nodes following intraperitoneal injection of hen lysozyme.

The distribution of plaque-forming cells (PFC) throughout the lymphoid system of CBA mice was followed with time after a primary intraperitoneal injection of hen egg white lysozyme emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (HEL-CFA) and after a secondary soluble injection. Throughout the primary response (predominantly IgG) and during the first week of the secondary response (exclusively IgG), the highest density of PFC was found in the draining parathymic lymph nodes, followed by the local spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. The antibody-forming activity of the bone marrow increased as the immune response progressed, so that by the 3rd week of the secondary response this compartment provided the majority of the PFC. PFC first appeared in the accessory axillary, brachial or inguinal lymph nodes and in the thymus a few days after the secondary injection but accounted for only 1-5% of the total activity during the entire course of the secondary response. The specificity of the antibody produced in the spleen, parathymic and mesenteric lymph nodes was identical as judged by plaque inhibition by seven chemically related lysozymes which implies that these PFC were well mixed. It is postulated, therefore, that the change in distribution of PFC from an early local response to a general systemic response, and finally to a predominantly bone marrow response, was due to the migration of memory cells from the draining parathymic lymph nodes and spleen throughout the lymphoid system with an ultimate settling of the cells in the bone marrow.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Stress-induced analgesia evoked by intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline: evidence for its occurrence in vasopressin deficient rats.

Experiments were carried out to investigate whether vasopressin is involved in stress-induced analgesia. Intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline caused a significant and dose-related increase in the latency to the tail-flick response of the rat to noxious heat and was used as a stimulus for stress-induced analgesia. Neither the pituitary nor opioid peptides appeared to be involved, since the response occurred in hypophysectomized rats and was not reduced by the opiate antagonist naloxone. Furthermore hypertonic-saline analgesia was clearly potentiated in hypophysectomized rats in comparison to sham-operated controls. Hypertonic-saline analgesia was also observed in vasopressin-deficient (homozygous Brattleboro) rats similar in both magnitude and duration to that in normal rats of the same strain (Long Evans). It was concluded that vasopressin was not involved in stress-induced analgesia evoked by hypertonic saline.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The influence of intraperitoneally injected antibodies to glutamate on behavior of C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice].

Mice of C57Bl/6 and BALB/c strains were injected with antibodies to glutamate singly intraperitoneally. Mice were tested in the "open field" and dark-light box in 1.5 hours, 1, 5 and 9 days after the injection. The activation of behavioral activity in the dark-light box but not in "open field" was revealed in mice BALB/c in all terms of investigation. There were no behavioral disturbances in C57Bl/6 animals. The possible mechanism of the effect of antibodies to glutamate is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Early local and systemic innate immune responses in the teleost gilthead seabream after intraperitoneal injection of whole yeast cells.

The early cellular innate immune responses of the teleost gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) against whole yeast cells were studied. Fish received a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and leukocyte mobilization, degranulation, peroxidase content, respiratory burst, phagocytic and cytotoxic activities were assayed in both head-kidney leukocytes (HKLs) and peritoneal exudate leukocytes (PELs). The total number of PELs significantly increased from 4 h post-injection until the end of the experiment (3 days). Interestingly, flow cytometric analysis revealed variations in the proportion of cell-types in the PE. Thus, PE acidophilic granulocytes increased to a significant extent 4 h post-injection and were restored thereafter. Moreover, PE monocyte-macrophages started to increase from 24 h, the enhancement being statistically significant after 48 and 72 h. Degranulation was greater in PELs throughout the assay. The peroxidase content of the leukocytes was affected differently in HKLs and PELs. The respiratory burst activity was not affected in HKLs but significantly increased in PELs from 4 to 48 h post-injection with yeast cells. On the other hand, HKL phagocytosis had decreased 72 h post-injection with yeast cells while it increased after 4 and 24 h post-injection in the PELs. Conversely, the cytotoxic activity was significantly enhanced in HKLs from 24 to 72 h post-injection but slightly decreased in PELs. Finally, our data demonstrate that seabream injected with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae show leukocyte mobilization and cellular innate immune response activation at the site of invasion and also in the head-kidney. The implications of the leukocyte-types and the immune responses observed, as well as analogies with other particulated antigens, will be discussed as possible models for investigating the effect of potential pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The behavior of glass fibers in the rat following intraperitoneal injection.

Potential carcinogenicity of fibers is believed to be determined by three factors: the dose, dimensions and durability of the fibers concerned. Currently there is considerable debate on the appropriateness of using results from intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection studies to predict the potential carcinogenicity of airborne fibers following inhalation. For ip results to have any significance to potential inhalation hazards, there should be some relation between the biopersistence, dose, and dose distribution of fibers in the serosal cavity and in the lung. Preliminary results on the durability of one experimental glass fiber in the peritoneal cavity suggest differences in dissolution when compared with durability in the lung. In the lung, the diameters of the long fibers (> 20 microns) were observed to decline at a rate consistent with their exposure to a neutral pH environment. The diameter of shorter fibers declined much more slowly, consistent with exposure to a more acidic environment such as is found in the phagolysosomes of alveolar macrophages. In the peritoneal cavity all fibers, regardless of length, dissolved at the same rate as short fibers in the lung. The effect of dose on the distribution of fibers in the peritoneal cavity was investigated using similar experimental glass fibers and compared with that of a powder made from ground fibers. For both materials at doses up to 1.5 mg, material was taken up by the peritoneal organs roughly in proportion to their surface area. This uptake was complete 1-2 days after injection. At higher doses, the majority of the material in excess of this 1.5 mg formed clumps of fibers (nodules) which were either free in the peritoneal cavity or loosely bound to peritoneal organs. These nodules displayed classic foreign body reactions with an associated granulomatous inflammatory response. The findings on both durability in the peritoneal cavity and the presence of two distinct populations of material following i.p. injection have implications for the justification of the use of i.p. injections to assess potential carcinogenicity of fibers following inhalation.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Characterization of mouse peritoneal exudate and associated leukocyte adherence inhibitory activity after intraperitoneal injection of either Bordetella pertussis or Corynebacterium parvum vaccines.

Bordetella pertussis and Corynebacterium parvum are commonly used immunopotentiating agents. To explore the inflammatory environment induced by these agents, the peritoneal exudate response in mice following intraperitoneal injection of B. pertussis (PV) and C. parvum (CV) vaccines was investigated. The PV-induced exudate isolated by lavage was characterized by an early neutrophil influx followed by enhanced accumulation of mononuclear cells and fluid protein. The CV exudate was principally mononuclear in nature and displayed fewer numbers of cells and less fluid protein. Both vaccines also enhanced the leukocyte adherence inhibitory activity (LAIA) of peritoneal fluid as measured in vitro. The development of exudate LAIA was T lymphocyte independent. A similar LAIA was demonstrated in nonimmune mouse plasma and serum. Exudate fluid and serum LAIA were heat stable and trypsin sensitive. These studies suggest that significant differences exist in the composition of the local tissue environment following PV and CV injection and that exudate LAIA is serum derived. Further studies in this direction should result in a better understanding of the ways in which inflammatory cells and fluid substances affect lymphocyte-macrophage interaction subsequent to adjuvant administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Production of prostacyclin in mice following intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid, phenylbenzoquinone and zymosan: its role in the writhing response.

The magnitude and temporal production of PGI2, PGE2 and LTB4 were measured in the mouse peritoneal cavity for a 15 min period following the intraperitoneal injection of either acetic acid, phenyl-p-benzoquinone (PBQ) or zymosan. For each algogenic substance, PGI2 (assayed as the stable metabolite, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha) represented the major eicosanoid with lower levels of PGE2 also detected. Zymosan induced the greatest 6-keto-PGF1 alpha production among the three algogenic agents, but only a weak writhing response was observed. LTB4 was detected in the peritoneal lavage only after zymosan. The magnitude of eicosanoid production did not correlate with the writhing response induced by the algogenic agents, even though the inhibition of both 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and writhing by several peripheral analgesics was positively correlated. PGI2, (100 ng), 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (1 microgram) and PGE2 (100 ng) did not induce writhing. However, only PGI2 acted synergistically with acetic acid to produce writhing. Presumably due to the short biological lifetime of PGI2, this synergism was noted only when PGI2 was administered after the acetic acid. These results suggest that PGI2 acts to sensitize the animal for the writhing response.

Acetates↗
PubMed1986

Demonstration of hydrothorax by intraperitoneal injection of technetium-99m MAA in the evaluation of peritoneovenous shunt patency.

A case of hydrothorax in a patient with recurrent ascites following Le Veen peritoneovenous shunt placement is presented. Patency of the Le Veen shunt was studied by the intraperitoneal injection of Tc-99m MAA with subsequent activity seen in the right hemithorax only. A standard perfusion lung scan showed only the left lung to be perfused. Thus, the right hemithorax activity seen could not be due to shunt patency, but represented direct communication between the labeled ascitic fluid and the right hydrothorax seen on chest x-ray.

Female↗
PubMed1975

Distribution of gold Au 198 after intraperitoneal injection in animals.

The distribution of gold Au 198 after intraperitoneal administration in dogs and rats was determined by scans and tissue radioassays obtained 24 hours after injection. Relative activity and percent of injected radioisotope contained in different organs were calculated. The radioisotope was found to be heavily concentrated in mediastinal lymph nodes and liver, with liver uptake averaging 36.5% of the injected isotope 24 hours after injection. The use of therapeutic intracavitary radiocolloids should be reevaluated in light of possible excessive irradiation of the liver.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1985

Ethanol increases plasma vasopressin shortly after intraperitoneal injection in rats.

In rats, ethanol has generally been thought to inhibit vasopressin (VP) release into the peripheral circulation; however, the primary evidence for this conclusion has been indirect. Radioimmunoassay was used to measure VP in the plasma of rats decapitated 5 or 60 min after intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (2.0 g/kg). Confirming the popular notion that ethanol inhibits VP release, VP levels were decreased 60 min after treatment. But radioimmunoassay techniques also revealed that VP release is markedly stimulated shortly after an injection of ethanol.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Induction of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen on amoeboid microglial cells in early postnatal rats following intraperitoneal injections of lipopolysaccharide or interferon-gamma.

The induction of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen on amoeboid microglia cells (AMC) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) in early postnatal rat brain was studied by immunohistochemistry. In newborn rats given successive intraperitoneal injections of LPS or INF-gamma and killed at the age of 7 days, MHC class II antigen expressing AMC were consistently present in specific areas throughout the entire brain, notably in the subcortical white matter and circumventricular region. It is concluded from this study that the induction of MHC class II antigen on AMC by LPS or INF-gamma is a widespread phenomenon in the developing brain. Since MHC class II antigen is essential for the initiation of immune response, it is suggested that besides their phagocytic nature, AMC may also be involved in immunological processes in the developing brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Intraperitoneal injection of 1-oleoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl phosphatidylcholine enhances discriminatory shock avoidance learning in rats.

Effects of injection of 1-oleoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (ODHPC) on learning ability were investigated in rats using discriminatory shock avoidance learning task. When ODHPC (2 mumol) was intraperitonealy administered 5 min before the beginning of the first trial of learning task from the second to fifth sessions, avoiding rates of the ODHPC-injected group were significantly higher than those of the control group. However, any injection of ODHPC derivatives, such as 1-oleoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-diacylglycerol, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, glycerophosphorylcholine, docosahexaenoate, oleate and choline chloride, did not affect learning. These results suggest that intraperitoneal ODHPC injection enhances learning ability by its specific conformation.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Osteoclast formation in response to intraperitoneal injection of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol in mice.

In order to assess osteoclast formation in response to 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, osteoclast counts per cm of bone surface were performed on paraffin sections of femurs of male CBA mice killed at daily intervals up to 5 days. All animals received daily intraperitoneal injections of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol up to the time of death. Peak osteoclast formation occurred during the third day, by the end of which maximum numbers of osteoclasts were achieved (11.9 +/- 0.9 osteoclast cm-1) compared to controls (3.5 +/- 0.6 osteoclast cm-1), this increase being highly significant (p less than 0.01). Although the osteoclast population was most dense at the metaphyseal plate in both experimental and control groups, osteoclast counts in this region only doubled whereas overall osteoclast counts more than tripled. The number of nuclei per osteoclast did not significantly alter following four daily injections of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Transformation of mouse peritoneal macrophages to foam cells in intraperitoneal injection of low density lipoproteins, cholesterol and its oxidized products].

To investigate the possibility of macrophage transformation to foam cells in vivo, the authors studied 14C-oleate incorporation into cellular cholesterol esters (CES) and the content of free cholesterol (CS) and CES in mouse peritoneal macrophages harvested 24 hours after intraperitoneal injection of native low density lipoproteins (LDL), acetylated LDL (acetyl-LDL), purified CS and CS autooxidated at 60 degrees C for a month. The rate of 14C-oleate incorporation into CES and the content of CES in the macrophages increased in relation to CS levels in the preparations and the nature of the injected agents. Injection of acetyl-LDL (2 mg CS/18 g body weight) and oxidized CS (1 mg/18 g body weight) caused a 10-fold increase of 14C-oleate incorporation into CES and a 60-fold increase of CES concentrations in the macrophages, which was evidence of their transformation to foam cells. The model of obtaining foam cells in vivo may be used in the study of atherogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The head-twitch response to intraperitoneal injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan in the rat: antagonist effects of purported 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists and of pirenperone, an LSD antagonist.

The putative 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonists 2-bromo-LSD, cinanserin, cyproheptadine, pizotifen, methysergide, metitepine, mianserin and metergoline were found to reduce the frequency of the head-twitch response induced by intraperitoneal injections of 320 mg/kg of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in the rat. The antagonist dose-effect curve of these agents was biphasic. It consisted of an initial, steep, phase and a subsequent, shallower, phase. Analysis of the data by means of quantitative and quantal methods yielded different rank orders of potency of antagonist drugs. Only pirenperone, a drug identified earlier as a pure antagonist, produced a simple, monophasic dose-effect curve in antagonizing the effects of 5-HTP. The antagonist effects of pirenperone, and the first phase of the curve of the putative 5-HT antagonists, may reflect antagonist activity at 5-HT2 receptors. The data are consistent with earlier behavioural evidence that the putative 5-HT antagonists act complexly as mixed agonist-antagonists; only pirenperone exerted behavioural effects that suggest it to be a pure antagonist.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed1986

The effect of an intraperitoneal injection of capsaicin on the thermopreferendum in the frog (Rana esculenta).

In 7 frogs (Rana esculenta) weighing 70 to 180 g, thermopreferendum (Thp), measured by recording cutaneous temperature (Ts) in the animal placed in the warm end of an aqueous temperature gradient (0 degree C-40 degrees C), equalled 25 +/- 2 degrees C. After an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 20 mg/kg of capsaicin, Thp was significantly decreased and equalled 3 +/- 1 degree C. The frogs then remained in the cold end of the gradient for 60 minutes. When the time of observation was extended to 3 hours, one frog died from hypothermia. Seven to 24 days after the capsaicin injection, Thp was still decreased in 4 surviving frogs (Thp = 15 +/- 2 degrees C). Capsaicin or isotonic saline solution injected in frogs maintained at 25 degrees C ambient temperature had no effect on Ts or on cloacal temperature. According to results previously obtained in homeothermic species, small doses of capsaicin activated heat-loss responses in the frog.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The subchronic toxicity of hydroxysafflor yellow A of 90 days repeatedly intraperitoneal injections in rats.

Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is the main segment of the safflower yellow pigments, and its second clinical study has been approved by the China SFDA for the treatment of brain blood vessel disease. Present studies were conducted to demonstrate the subchronic toxicity of HSYA. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were tested by daily intraperitoneal (IP) injection of HSYA at the doses of 180, 60, 20 mg/kg for 90 days. HSYA at high dose of 180 mg/kg and at middle dose of 60 mg/kg (90-day daily injection) induced a prolonged blood coagulation time without influencing the normal blood coagulation process. No animal died from hemorrhaging. The prolonged blood coagulation time was recovered to a normal level on the 28th day after withdrawing the drug. Kidney injury, including round tubular figures and a breaking-off of the tubular epithelium in histological slices under the microscope scenic, was only observed in the rats given by HSYA at 180 mg/kg. HSYA at dose of 180 mg/kg also increases the liver index without an obvious pathological change in liver histological analysis. There was no other organ injury found in this study. In conclusion, 90 days of HSYA treatment at a dose of 180 mg/kg, not at a dose of 60 mg/kg, induces a slight nephrotoxicity.

Animals↗