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PubMed1983

[Studies on the pathogenesis of idiopathic male infertility by testicular biopsy].

We have been studying the cause of idiopathic male infertility by means of testicular biopsy, and already have made several reports. This is a summary of these reports and a presentation of our concept for hypothetic pathogenesis of idiopathic infertile testes. Testicular biopsies were performed by Charny's accepted technique and tissues examined by light microscopic, histochemical, and transmission and scanning electron microscopic procedures. Also the circulatory sexual hormones; follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone of all patients were measured. The primary pathogenetic changes occur in the seminiferous tubular walls which are thickened by increase in immature collagen fibers and lamellation of seminiferous basement membrane, and they are followed by increase of follicle stimulating hormone. These seminiferous tubular changes occur discontinuously, so the idiopathic infertile seminiferous tubules resemble a rope strangulated in various places, or a tail-like rope gradually becoming thinner. Also, activated mast cells increase around the strangulated places. Thus, spermatogenesis in strangulated tubular parts decreases because of the nutritional disturbance caused by thickened tubular walls, and the strangulation of tubules interferes with the travel of sperms in the seminiferous tubules by interrupted seminiferous tubular peristalsis. Sloughing or disorganization in the infertile seminiferous tubules can be observed. In the infertile testes, Leydig cells generally increase with the elevation in the level of luteinizing hormone, but serum testosterone does not increase. And this normal value of serum testosterone is statistically found to be caused by the degradation in the quality of Leydig cells in idiopathic infertile testes. Also, galactose deficiency in glycoproteins of idiopathic infertile testicular tissue is reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Integrins as markers of uterine receptivity in women with primary unexplained infertility.

OBJECTIVE: To assess uterine receptivity in women with unexplained infertility using integrin cell adhesion molecules as markers. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled study design. PATIENTS: Eighty-seven nulliparous women with unexplained infertility and 32 fertile and infertile parous controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Immunohistochemical staining for alpha 1, alpha 4, and beta 3 integrin subunits in endometrial biopsies obtained during the window of implantation (days 20 to 24), using the semiquantitative HSCORE by two observers in a blinded fashion. RESULTS: All endometrial biopsies from parous controls contained positive immunostaining for the alpha 1, and beta 3 integrin subunits in glandular epithelium. Some samples from parous controls were missing the alpha 4 subunit. In contrast, compared with parous controls, biopsies from women with unexplained infertility had reduced significantly beta 3 expression, with similar expression of alpha 1 and alpha 4. Two distinct defects in integrin expression were identified: "out-of-phase" samples that lacked beta 3 because of histologic lag (type I defects) and "in-phase" endometrium that still failed to express this integrin (type II defects). These subclassifications accounted for 26% and 39% of the total unexplained infertility group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal endometrial integrin expression was a frequent finding in women with unexplained infertility. These data suggest that defective uterine receptivity may be an unrecognized cause of infertility in this population of women.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary exposure to aflatoxin in human male infertility in Benin City, Nigeria.

OBJECTIVE: To discover the relationship between aflatoxin levels, if any, in serum of infertile men in comparison with random controls from the community. In a parallel experiment, adult male rats were given an aflatoxin-contaminated diet. SUBJECTS: 100 adult males, yielding 50 semen samples, from men attending Infertility Clinics at a university teaching hospital and 50 normal men in the same community. METHODS: The staple foods of the men were assayed for aflatoxin content. The rats were given the aflatoxin-rich diet, and their spermatozoa were examined and their ability to reproduce assessed. RESULTS: A random sampling of semen from 100 adult males comprising 50 samples drawn from infertile men and 50 drawn from normal individuals within the same community revealed the presence of aflatoxins in 20 semen samples from the infertile group (40.0%) and four samples from the fertile group (8.0%). The mean aflatoxin concentrations were 1.660 +/- 0.04 micrograms/mL (infertile men) and 1.041 +/- 0.01 micrograms/mL (fertile men). Infertile men with aflatoxin in their semen showed a higher percentage of spermatozoal abnormality (50.0%) than the fertile men (10.0-15.0%). Dietary exposure of adult male Albino rats to aflatoxin (8.5 micrograms AF1/g of Guinea growers feed for 14 days) produced deleterious effects on the spermatozoa of the affected rats, producing features that resemble those seen in semen of infertile men exposed to aflatoxin.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1997

Treatment-related and treatment-independent deliveries among infertile couples, a long-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this hospital based long-term follow-up study was to further elucidate resolved and unresolved infertility in relation to risk factors and perinatal outcome considering treatment-related and treatment independent pregnancies. METHODS: The study included all couples attending the out-patient clinic of the Department of Gynecology in Umeå due to failure to initiate a pregnancy after at least 12 months during the period 1.1.1980-31.12.1989. Data from the Swedish Medical Birth Registry consisting of all registered births during 1.1.1980-31.12.1992 was linked to establish the number of children born. RESULTS: Six hundred and ninety-one couples were analyzed, out of which 42% had a delivery outcome. Of these women, 53% conceived in relation to given treatment whereas 47% conceived treatment-independently. Women with ovulatory disorder had a cumulative delivery rate of 82%, whereas those with unexplained infertility and tubo-peritoneal pathology displayed delivery rates of 57% and 31% respectively. Duration of infertility > 3 years was the major negative prognostic factor among patients with unexplained infertility. The frequency of premature deliveries, low birth weight and perinatal mortality was increased among patients with treatment related pregnancies. CONCLUSION: For ovulatory disorders the prognosis for a resolved infertility is good. The results among patients with tubo-peritoneal pathology emphasizes the need of in vitro fertilization in modern treatment of infertility. Unexplained infertility is accompanied with a high rate of spontaneous pregnancies but prolonged duration is a negative prognostic factor for these patients. Irrespective of diagnosis, the perinatal outcome is worse in patients with treatment-related pregnancies.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Diagnostic value of hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy in infertile women].

UNLABELLED: Tubal pathology with tubal blockage due to the pelvic inflammatory diseases is one of the most frequent causes of infertility in a woman [1]. The two most important diagnostic procedures which are used for evaluation of tubal patency are hysterosalpingography and laparoscopic hydrotubation [4]. SUBJECT: The aim of the study was the comparison of hysterosalpingographic and laparoscopic findings and determination of accuracy of these two procedures in the diagnosis of tubal patency. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied and compared the results of hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy in 102 infertile women who were operated on at the Narodni Front Hospital of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in Belgrade during 1993 and 1994. Of 102 operated women 47 women were with primary infertility and 55 with secondary infertility. The patients were from 20 to 41 years of age, the average 28 +/- 2.4 years. RESULTS: Of one hundred and two operated women tubal blockage was found in 94 (92.1%) patients. Unilateral hydrosalpinx was found by hysterosalpingography in 16 (15.7%) subjects and bilateral hydrosalpinx in 30 (29.4%) women. Unilateral hydrosalpinx was found by laparoscopy in 17 (16.1%) patients and bilateral hydrosalpinx in 32 (31.4%) subjects. The concordant findings by hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy in the diagnostics of unilateral hydrosalpinx were found in 76.5% of cases, and in bilateral hydrosalpinx in 70.4%. This difference was not statistically significant. Unilateral tubal blockage was identified by laparoscopy in 26 (25.5%) patients and bilateral in 27 (26.5%) subjects. The concordant findings by hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy in unilateral tubal blockage were found in 61.5% of cases, and in bilateral tubal blockage in 70.4% of women. The total concordant findings by hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy in tubal blockage were found in 65.7 of cases, and concordant findings after hysterosalpingography and surgery were noted in 61.7% cases. The findings by laparoscopy and surgery were in harmony in 86.3% patients. Ovarian abnormalities were found by laparoscopy and surgery in 22 (21.6%) women. Pelvic adhesions were found by laparoscopy in 42 women of 49 patients in whom pelvic adhesions were found during the operation. Uterine congenital anomalies were found by laparoscopy in 3 (2.9%), women and by hysterosalpingography in 6 (5.9%) patients. DISCUSSION: Of 102 operated women tubal blockage was found in 94 (92.2%) women. Unilateral tubal blockage was found in 38 (40.4%) patients, and bilateral tubal blockage in 56 (59.6%) subjects. Hysterosalpingographic and laparoscopic hydrotubation findings in the diagnosis of tubal patency were concordant in 65% of cases, hysterosalpingographic and operative findings in 61.7% of patients, and laparoscopic and operative findings in 86.3% of subjects. Although concordant findings of 65.7% were noted in this study, which were similar to findings of other authors, the percentage of 62.5% [4], and 76% was observed [5]. During the operation pelvic adhesions were found in 49 patients, and laparoscopic in 42 women only. Ovarian abnormalities were found by laparoscopy in 22 (21.6%) patients, while uterine fibroid was found in 10 (9.8%) subjects. Uterine congenital anomalies were found by hysterosalpingography in 6 (5.9%) cases and by laparoscopy only in 3 (2.9%) patients. The advantage of visual hysterosalpingography seems to be in identification of some congenital uterine anomalies. However, the advantage of laparoscopy is identified by the possibility of visualisation of some other pelvic abnormalities which may be the cause of infertility. CONCLUSION: There are some hysterosalpingographic and laparoscopic advantages and disadvantages in the diagnosis of infertility in women. Only by using both procedures accurate results can be achieved in the tubes, the uterus and the ovary, that can be a cause of infertility in women.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[ The importance of genetic factors in pathogenesis of central infertility (hypothalamic and pituitary].

The infertility is a important health problem, affecting about 10-15% of couples. The important role of genetic factors in pathogenesis of infertility is now increasingly recognized and our knowledges in this field are improved each day. For these reasons we review the most important genetic causes of infertility. In this paper we analyse the genetic implications in central infertility (hypothalamic and pituitary). These conditions affect both sexes and are characterised by hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. In majority of cases central infertility is produced by recessive mutations of hormone or hormonal receptor genes. In some cases the infertility is a component of a specific syndrome.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1998

Pregnancy rates following hysteroscopic polypectomy, myomectomy, and a normal cavity in infertile patients.

Objective: To assess the reproductive benefits of hysteroscopic myomectomy and polypectomy for infertility when compared to infertile couples with a normal cavity at hysteroscopy.Material and Methods: All patients with a diagnosis of infertility who underwent hysteroscopic evaluation by a single surgeon between 1975 and 1996 were sent a questionnaire as routine follow-up regarding their reproductive history. All 100 subjects who were located responded to the questionnaire, and 78 subjects met the inclusion criteria; age <45 years, 12 months of infertility, and 18 months of follow-up with attempts to conceive including in vitro fertilization in patients with bilateral tubal occlusion.Results: Of the 78 subjects, 36 had undergone a myomectomy, 23 a polypectomy, and 19 had a normal cavity. Among the three groups there was no significant difference in their ages, types of infertility, length of infertility, or follow-up after the procedure. Using the Cox proportional hazard model, and adjusting for age, polypectomy patients had a significantly higher pregnancy rate (RR 3.89, P <.01) and a higher live birth rate (RR 2.42, P =.06) than patients with a normal cavity. Patients who had undergone a myomectomy also had a higher pregnancy rate (RR 2.02, P =.11) and live birth rate, but this did not achieve statistical significance. Pregnancy following a hysteroscopic myomectomy was associated with a larger fibroid resection (3.15 cm vs 2.5 cm P =.05). The spontaneous abortion rate following the myomectomy, polypectomy, or a normal study was equivalent, 28.1%, 23.1%, and 29.2%, respectively.Conclusions: Both hysteroscopic polypectomy and hysteroscopic myomectomy appear to enhance fertility when compared to infertile patients with a normal cavity. Despite concern that hysteroscopic resection of a large myoma may ablate a large surface area of the endometrial cavity, patients with larger myomas were more likely to conceive following resection.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Defective recombination in infertile men.

Two percent of men are infertile owing to defects in sperm production. In 10-15% of cases, Y chromosome deletions that encompass critical spermatogenesis genes are detected; in the remaining cases, the cause of infertility is unknown. In model organisms, defects in recombination genes cause infertility, germ cell aneuploidy and subsequent development of inviable or abnormal progeny. Several studies have also linked infertility and higher rates of germ cell aneuploidy in men and women. Thus, we reasoned that defective recombination may be a major cause of infertility in men with poor or no sperm production and we performed the first comparison of recombination parameters within populations of single spermatocytes from infertile and fertile men who reported for assisted reproduction. We observed that 10% of non-obstructive azoospermic men had significantly lower recombination frequencies than men with normal spermatogenesis. Furthermore, when we focused our analysis only on those men who had a pathological diagnosis of 'maturation arrest' due to arrest during sperm development, about half had detectable defects in recombination. In contrast, none of the men with normal spermatogenesis had defects in recombination. Thus, this study provides direct evidence that defects in recombination are linked to poor sperm production in a significant percentage of infertile men. Implications of this observation for the use of assisted reproductive technologies are especially relevant to consider, given that recombination is required to both introduce genetic variation and insure proper chromosome separation during meiosis.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Association between the apolipoprotein B signal peptide gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and male infertility.

In male mice heterozygous for a null apolipoprotein B (apoB), allele infertility was noticed. These data led us to investigate a possible role of APOB gene polymorphism and male infertility in humans. In this case-control study, we searched for an association between the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the APOB gene and male infertility in 560 Slovene Caucasian men. The study group consisted of 310 infertile patients: 115 with azoospermia and 195 with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT) and a control group of 250 fertile men. We found a statistically significant difference in the genotype distribution between the two groups (chi2 = 6.315, P = 0.043). A separate analysis of azoospermic and OAT patients demonstrated that significant differences in genotype distribution were limited to the OAT group (chi2 = 7.011, P = 0.030). The presence of the D allele (DD or ID genotypes) conferred a 1.6 risk [chi2 = 6.089, P = 0.014, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.102-2.347] for male infertility in the OAT group of patients. We did not find a correlation between the I/D polymorphism genotypes and the clinical characteristics of infertile men: sperm concentration (P = 0.102), rapid progressive motility (P = 0.449), normal morphology (P = 0.085) and Johnsen score (P = 0.531). These data suggest that genetic variation in the signal peptide of the APOB gene (I/D polymorphism) might be a risk factor for the development of male infertility.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Sequence family variant loss from the AZFc interval of the human Y chromosome, but not gene copy loss, is strongly associated with male infertility.

BACKGROUND: Complete deletion of the complete AZFc interval of the Y chromosome is the most common known genetic cause of human male infertility. Two partial AZFc deletions (gr/gr and b1/b3) that remove some copies of all AZFc genes have recently been identified in infertile and fertile populations, and an association study indicates that the resulting gene dose reduction represents a risk factor for spermatogenic failure. METHODS: To determine the incidence of various partial AZFc deletions and their effect on fertility, we combined quantitative and qualitative analyses of the AZFc interval at the DAZ and CDY1 loci in 300 infertile men and 399 control men. RESULTS: We detected 34 partial AZFc deletions (32 gr/gr deletions), arising from at least 19 independent deletion events, and found gr/gr deletion in 6% of infertile and 3.5% of control men (p>0.05). Our data provide evidence for two large AZFc inversion polymorphisms, and for relative hot and cold spots of unequal crossing over within the blocks of homology that mediate gr/gr deletion. Using SFVs (sequence family variants), we discriminate DAZ1/2, DAZ3/4, CDY1a (proximal), and CDY1b (distal) and define four types of DAZ-CDY1 gr/gr deletion. CONCLUSIONS: The only deletion type to show an association with infertility was DAZ3/4-CDY1a (p = 0.042), suggesting that most gr/gr deletions are neutral variants. We see a stronger association, however, between loss of the CDY1a SFV and infertility (p = 0.002). Thus, loss of this SFV through deletion or gene conversion could be a major risk factor for male infertility.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Evidence of prior pelvic inflammatory disease and its relationship to Chlamydia trachomatis antibody and intrauterine contraceptive device use in infertile women.

A total of 204 infertile women attending the Infertility Clinic of the Medical Center Hospital of Vermont were studied for the possible role of Chlamydia trachomatis and intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) use as factors related to their infertility. All patients had had at least 1 year of involuntary infertility. All but one woman had negative cultures for C. trachomatis, but a highly significant correlation (p less than 0.001) was evident between evidence of prior pelvic inflammatory disease (PPID) as documented by hysterosalpingograms and/or laparoscopy and the prevalence of chlamydial antibody. Furthermore, a significant (p = 0.01) correlation could be shown between the prevalence of the antibodies and adnexal adhesions. IUCD use could also be shown between the prevalence of the antibodies and adnexal adhesions. IUCD use could also be shown to correlate significantly (p less than 0.001) with PPID, and a detailed statistical analysis indicated that the two factors, antibody to C. trachomatis and a history of IUCD use, were independently related to PPID. Only about one third of the patients with PPID could ever recall having had an illness consistent with PID. Subsequent to the infertility workup, 76 of these women became pregnant and there was a significant (p less than 0.001) correlation between the occurrence of ectopic pregnancy and antibody to C. trachomatis. A significant (p = 0.01) correlation was also noted between a history of IUCD use and subsequent ectopic pregnancy. From these data it appears that antecedent infection with C. trachomatis, as measured by antibody prevalence, and a history of IUCD use are important factors in infertility of tubal origin and are also related to ectopic pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Pregnancy rates after laparoscopy for infertility.

To obtain prognostic data on the likelihood of pregnancy in infertile women with no observable abnormalities at diagnostic laparoscopy, the occurrence of pregnancy was studied in a series of 229 patients. The cumulative conception rate during a follow-up period of at most 5 yr was 50%. The probability of pregnancy proved to decline with age and duration of infertility. The cumulative conception rate during the first year after laparoscopy was approx. 30%, and there was no significant difference between the patients that were treated with respect to other sub-optimal fertility factors (subfertile group) and the patients in whom no rational treatment could be instituted (unexplained infertility group). Implications of these findings with respect to the treatment of long-term infertility are discussed. Knowledge of pregnancy rates after infertility laparoscopy seems important for the evaluation of results of therapy in unexplained infertility.

Female↗
PubMed1991

Psychological sequelae of infertility treatment: the role of gender and sex-role identification.

Infertility has traditionally been viewed as a female problem and women have been expected to suffer greater psychological distress due to infertility. This paper investigates the nature of gender differences and sex-role identification in the psychological sequelae associated with infertility treatment. The expectation that infertile women experience higher distress levels than men was not supported by these data. No gender differences were observed in either the level of emotional strain, marital adjustment, or sexual satisfaction for the 104 couples studied. However, gender differences were apparent in factors associated with psychological distress, suggesting that while the level of strain might be comparable, the experience of infertility is different for men and women. Sex-role identification was found to have a greater relationship to the indices of distress than gender. Masculinity was associated with lower emotional strain and greater marital satisfaction for both genders and enhanced sexual satisfaction for men. Femininity was related to enhanced marital and sexual satisfaction for both genders. Gender differences and sex-role identification are discussed in the context of the unique experience of infertility.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Decreased suppression of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by seminal plasma in unexplained infertility.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether seminal plasma (SP) from unexplained infertile males has different suppressive activity on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) than SP from fertile males or SP from males of couples with known infertility factor. DESIGN: Comparative clinical/experimental study. SETTING: In vitro fertilization program in a university hospital and a hospital research laboratory. PATIENT(S): A total of 245 SP samples from 174 infertile and 16 fertile couples were compared. INTERVENTION(S): SP suppression of ADCC was measured by using human 51chromium-labeled red blood cells (RBC), sensitized with IgG-rabbit-anti-human-RBC as targets and peripheral blood lymphocytes as effector cells. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Suppressive activity of each sample was determined by calculating 51Cr-release in the presence and absence of SP. RESULT(S): When analyzed with respect to sperm number, motility, and morphology, suppressive activities of samples with normal semen analyses (n = 142) were significantly higher (x = 37% +/- 14%) than suppressive activities of abnormal samples (n = 103; x = 32% +/- 13%). There was no strong correlation of suppressive activity to other semen parameters. Within the andrologically normal males, SP from the unexplained infertile couples (n = 15) showed significantly lower suppressive activity (x = 24% +/- 11%) compared with the SP from fertile males (n = 16; x = 35% +/- 13%) and from couples with female infertility factor (n = 65; x = 39% +/- 14%). CONCLUSION(S): Loss of suppressive activity is associated with unexplained infertility, even in male patients who previously were considered normal by traditional methods of semen analysis.

Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity↗
PubMed1979

The role of counseling in infertility.

Sixty-two couples with infertility received infertility counseling along with the infertility investigation and treatment. At the end of the study a questionnaire was sent to all patients in order to evaluate the incidence of psychologic symptoms associated with their infertility and their response to counseling. The study confirmed the presence of a high incidence of emotional symptomatology in the self-selected patients. It showed that male partners are also affected, but less so. Finally, it has demonstrated that infertility counseling serves to enhance the quality of life in many patients who have become the victims of their "infertility crises."

Anger↗
PubMed2002

Guidelines for the appropriate use of genetic tests in infertile couples.

Research on genetic causes of male and female infertility rapidly expanded in the last years, following the development of in vitro fertilising techniques. Genetic tests are now available to explore the cause of the infertility and assess the risk of a given couple to transmit its genetic characteristics. This allows at-risk couples to take an informed decision when electing for a medically assisted reproduction. It also allows the professionals to offer a prenatal diagnosis when appropriate. Thus, the genetic work-up of the infertile couple has become good practice for an appropriate diagnosis, treatment and prognostic assessment. The lack of national or international rules for the genetic approach to the infertile couple, prompted the Italian community of professionals in the field of reproductive medicine to join and set up guidelines for the genetic diagnosis of male and female infertility. The group of clinical and research experts is representative of 12 national scientific societies and was supported by external experts from four international societies. We examine the clinically relevant genetic causes of male and female infertility and suggest the category of patients for which each genetic test is recommended or optional, both for an accurate diagnosis and prior to ART.

3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed2006

Infertility and the environment: the medical context.

Approximately 10 to 15% of the population experiences infertility. Although 85 to 90% of couples or individuals who experience infertility have a diagnosis for their infertility, underlying causes of infertility rarely are found. Extensive literature reporting adverse effects of environmental contaminants on wildlife and laboratory animal reproductive tract development, and reproductive function and epidemiologic studies with humans, suggests that many environmental chemicals and heavy metals may contribute to infertility. This article introduces the medical context in which infertility patients are evaluated and lays the foundation for health care professional and patient conversations, and medical education regarding environmental contaminants and human reproductive health for the future.

Endocrine Disruptors↗
PubMed2026

Association between seminal and serum iron parameters and male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Iron is an essential trace element for normal spermatogenesis, yet excessive iron accumulation may impair male fertility. Preliminary studies imply a link between elevated iron levels and male infertility, but evidence remains limited without systematic quantitative synthesis. This metaanalysis assessed the association between iron concentrations and male infertility. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, CBM, CNKI and Cochrane Library. RevMan, Stata and R were used for data analysis. Randomeffects models pooled effect sizes, with forest and funnel plots generated to evaluate seminal and serum iron levels in male infertility. RESULTS: After screening studies published up to April 2025, a total of ten eligible articles involving 985 participants were finally included in this meta-analysis. Pooled results revealed that seminal and serum iron concentrations were notably higher in infertile males compared with fertile controls. Specifically, infertile men presented higher seminal iron levels (SMD&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.44, 95% CI: 0.12-0.76, P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05), as well as elevated serum iron levels (SMD&#x2009;=&#x2009;3.77, 95% CI: 1.68-5.87, P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). The present results suggest that increased seminal and serum iron concentrations may be potentially correlated with male infertility risk.

Humans↗