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PubMedDate not supplied

Mothers, fathers, and infants: the role of person familiarity and parental involvement in infants' perception of emotion expressions.

The roles of person familiarity and parental involvement in 3.5-month-old infants' sensitivity to the dynamic emotion expressions of others were explored. In the home, parental facial/vocal expressions (happy, sad, angry) were videotaped, and measures of parent-infant involvement were obtained. In the laboratory, 32 infants alternately viewed their mother and father and an unfamiliar woman and man portraying expressions in an intermodal preference task. Infants looked differentially at mothers' expressions but not at those of fathers or unfamiliar adults. Examination of parent-child involvement patterns revealed significant relations with infants' sensitivity to expressions. Results suggest that person familiarity may facilitate infants' developing understanding of others' emotion expressions, and that individual differences in family dynamics may be relevant to infants' patterns of responding.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Mothers of very low birth weight infants have less atopy than mothers of full-term infants.

BACKGROUND: Studies on the pregnancy outcome of asthmatic mothers have suggested an increased rate of preterm deliveries. In contrast, our earlier study suggests that mothers of very low birth weight (VLBW) (<1500 g) infants less frequently had atopy than did mothers of full-term infants. METHODS: We inquired about symptoms of atopy and doctor-diagnosed atopy in parents of 370 infants of VLBW (<1500 g) and 544 parents of full-term infants. Odds ratios for atopic symptoms and diagnosed atopy were calculated, and groups were compared with a trend test. RESULTS: Mothers of preterm infants of birth weight (BW) <1000 g significantly less often had physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis (AR) (P=0.02). Among all the mothers, a trend test showed that maternal AR was significantly (P=0.03) higher in parallel with a higher infant BW. Fathers of infants with different BWs showed no differences in prevalence of atopic symptoms. CONCLUSION: We thus infer that maternal balance between T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells, shifted towards Th2 in those with AR, may have a favourable effect on maintenance of pregnancy before gestational week 30.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A comparison of the relative acidogenic potential of infant milk and soya infant formula: a plaque pH study.

Soya infant formulas contain glucose syrups instead of lactose, which has led to concern that they are potentially more cariogenic than standard infant milk formulas, which contain lactose. However, the cariogenic potential of soya infant formulas has not been tested. The aim of this study was, therefore, to compare the effect of a soya infant formula and an infant milk on the pH of dental plaque. The study group consisted of 19 adults in whom plaque pH was measured before, and 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23 and 27 minutes after, rinsing the mouth with each of the formulas. pH curves were compiled and acidogenicity expressed as 'pH area', minimum pH reached, and maximum pH decrease. No statistically significant differences were observed between the acidogenicity of the soya infant formula and the infant milk.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Ethnic differences in infant-rearing practices and their possible relationship to the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

The aetiology of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is still uncertain, although associations with overheating and the prone sleeping position have been reported. In the UK, the incidence of SIDS is considerably lower in infants of Asian origin, but as yet no explanation for this has been suggested. We have studied a group of 202 white and 172 Asian multiparous mothers attending an antenatal clinic to compare the sleeping position and home environment of infants in each ethnic group. We found that significantly more white infants (31%) than Asians (11%) were placed in the prone position at night and that 94% of Asian infants slept in their parents' bedroom, compared with 61% of whites. These observations demonstrate marked differences in the infant rearing practices favoured by Asians and whites and lend support to the concept that the prone position and separate bedrooms may be contributors to the development of sudden infant death.

Child Rearing↗
PubMed1994

Developmental differences in infant attention to the spectral properties of infant-directed speech.

Across several independent studies, infants from a few days to 9 months of age have shown preferences for infant-directed (ID) over adult-directed (AD) speech. Moreover, 4-month-olds have been shown to prefer sine-wave analogs of the fundamental frequency of ID speech, suggesting that exaggerated pitch contours are prepotent stimuli for infants. The possibility of similar preferences by 1-month-olds was examined in a series of experiments, using a fixation-based preference procedure. Results from the first 2 experiments showed that 1-month-olds did not prefer the lower-frequency pitch characteristics of ID speech, even though 1-month-olds were able to discriminate low-pass filtered ID and AD speech. Since low-pass filtering may have distorted the fundamental frequency characteristics of ID speech, 1-month-olds were also tested with sine-wave analogs of the fundamental frequencies of the ID utterances. Infants in this third experiment also showed no preference for ID pitch contours. In the fourth experiment, 1-month-olds preferred a natural recording of ID speech over a version which preserved only its lower frequency prosodic features. From these results, it is argued that, although young infants are similar to older infants in their attraction to ID speech, their preferences depend on a wider range of acoustic features (e.g., spectral structure). It is suggested that exaggerated pitch contours which characterize ID speech may become salient communicative signals for infants through language-rich, interactive experiences with caretakers and increased perceptual acuity over the first months after birth.

Child Development↗
PubMed1992

Early channels of mother-infant communication: preterm and term infants.

The impact of prematurity on the responsiveness of mothers and their 4-month-old infants was examined across three channels of communication: attentional, vocal and affective. Log-linear models were used to determine how the behavior of one partner was conditional upon the behavior of the other during home observations of 24 preterm and 24 term infants and their mothers. Visual attention was elicited by vocalization, and the onset of infant gaze was marked by a maternal smile. Mothers and infants responded to vocalizations with vocalizations, and mothers responded to smiles with smiles. Mothers of preterm infants were particularly responsive to their infants' signals within the attentional, vocal and affective channels. Preterm infants demonstrated correspondingly heightened responsiveness within the vocal and affective channels.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Lower body temperatures in infants delivered by caesarean section than in vaginally delivered infants.

Clinical experience suggests that infants delivered by caesarean section have difficulties maintaining normal body temperature during the first hours after birth. To test this hypothesis, body and skin temperatures were measured and compared in healthy full-term caesarean section and vaginally delivered newborn infants. The babies were studied during the first 90 min after birth. Axillary and skin temperatures were significantly higher in the vaginally delivered group than in infants delivered by caesarean section. Infants born by non-elective caesarean section were slightly warmer during the first 90 min after birth compared to infants born by elective caesarean section. There were no significant differences in temperatures between infants cared for in a cot as compared to those cared for in an incubator. An incubator creates a physical barrier between babies and parents and incubator care might cause parental anxiety. Thus the routine of putting healthy, full-term caesarean section infants in incubators can be abandoned from a thermoregulatory point of view.

Axilla↗
PubMed1986

Studies of the free faecal amines of infants with gastroenteritis and of healthy infants.

The free primary amines present in the faeces of 44 infants (1-18 months) with gastroenteritis have been examined by field desorption mass spectrometry of the lactone form of their fluorescamine derivatives without their prior separation. p-Tyramine, 2-phenylethylamine, the diamines, putrescine and cadaverine and several of their acyl derivatives were common constituents, but a number of other amines were also characterised. Using thin layer chromatography and field desorption mass spectrometry of the amine dansyl derivatives a comparative study was made of the faecal amines of 13 selected infants with gastroenteritis (diarrhoea) and of 13 healthy infants. p-Tyramine, the most abundant amine, was significantly higher (p = 0.02) in the sick infants. The overall presence of p-tyramine was more significantly related to the diet of the infants. Faecal tyramine was low in breast fed infants but significantly higher (p = 0.01) in infants fed cow's milk.

Amines↗
PubMed1996

Vulnerability of the infant brain stem to ischemia: a possible cause of sudden infant death syndrome.

In infants, extreme extension or rotation of the head can occlude one or both vertebral arteries. We sought to determine whether small communicating arteries or asymmetric vertebral arteries could predispose the brain stem to ischemia should such head movements occur. In 68 infants, the carotid, posterior communicating, precommunicator posterior cerebral, basilar and vertebral arteries were fixed in formalin, embedded in resin, the circumferences measured by image analysis, and the relative conductance of blood in each artery per gram of brain calculated. Conductance in the vertebrobasilar and carotid systems lagged behind increases in brain weight during the postnatal growth spurt. In 81% of infants, conductance through the communicating arteries was less than 25% of basilar artery conductance. Conductance in one vertebral artery was less than half that of the contralateral artery in 41% of infants. In conclusion, the lag in available blood flow and small communicating and asymmetric vertebral arteries may predispose the infant brain stem to ischemia if one or both vertebral arteries are occluded by head rotation or extension. Because these head movements are likely to be accentuated in the prone sleeping position (a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome), we suggest that vertebral artery occlusion may underlie some cases of sudden unexpected infant death.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Postnatal triiodothyronine concentrations in healthy preterm infants and in infants with respiratory distress syndrome.

Postnatal changes in triiodotyronine (T3) concentration were investigated in 12 preterm infants of 26-34 weeks of gestational age. Blood for measurement of T3 was obtained from the cord at delivery and from infants at 1 day of age and at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. Seven of the babies suffered from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and five were considred healthy. Gestational ages and body weight were comparable in both groups. In preterm infants with RDS, cord blood T3 concentration was significantly lower than that in cord blood of babies without RDS (22 +/- 2.6 versus 36 +/- 5 ng/dl, P less than 0.05). There was no significant rise in T3 concentration of RDS babies at 24 hr of age (22 +/- 2.6 versus 34.0 +/- 8 ng/dl, P greater than 0.05), and hypotriiodothyroninemia persisted for 3 weeks. At 4 weeks of age, T3 concentration in babies with RDS, although within the normal range (80-190 ng/dl), was significantly lower than that in the healthy preterm infants (110 +/- 10 versus 165 +/- 11 ng/dl, P less than 0.05). Postnatal T3 changes in healthy preterm infants wre characterized by the absence of the initial hypertriiodothyroninemia and by a gradual rise within the first month of life. The noted difference in the pattern of postnatal T3 changes in healthy preterm infants compared to full term infants may reflect thyroid immaturity. The machanism and the significance of the neonatal hypotriiodothyroninemia in RDS and its long term effects on the development of these babies remain to be investigated.

Body Weight↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of the nursing staff in promoting the development of preterm infants through their contribution to mother-infant interaction.

Preterm birth constitutes a potential risk factor for infant development. There is evidence that parental sensitivity and responsivity can compensate for biological risk. Since the birth of a preterm infant often constitutes a crisis for parents, they may be impaired in their ability to relate appropriately to their infants. The nursing staff can play a vital role in enhancing the interaction between parents (in particular mothers) and their preterm infants, thereby indirectly promoting optimal infant development. This paper describes the psychological tasks faced by mothers of preterm infants, parents' experiences of preterm birth and suggestions as to what the nursing staff can do to facilitate healthy relationships between parents and their preterm infants, thereby preventing possible pathological development.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Early intervention promotes intellectual development of premature infants: a preliminary report. Early Intervention of Premature Infants Cooperative Research Group.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of early intervention on the intellectual development of the premature infants. METHODS: Premature infants at gestational age of 28-36.9 weeks were randomly divided into two groups: intervention and conventional care groups. Normal newborn infants during the same period were included in the control group (routine care). Up to March 1996, 156 cases were over the age 1.5-2 years (corrected age), 52 in the intervention group, 51 in the conventional care group and 53 in the normal control group. Parents were taught to carry out the 0-2 year intervention program, which included motor, cognitive, speech development and social behavior. Every three months, height, weight and head circumference were measured. At the age of one and a half and two years, all infants in the three groups received infant development tests of Child Development Center of China (CDCC) scale. The examiner did not know which infant had received intervention. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in biological factors among the two premature groups and in cultural and social factors among the three groups. Intelligence tests at the age of one and a half and two years showed that the average mental development index (MDI) in the intervention group was 13.8 and 14.6 higher than those in the conventional care group and the differences were significant. The psychomotor development index (PDI) was 5.2 and 4.7 higher but the differences were not significant. The MDI and PDI in the intervention group and normal control were quite close, but at two years, the MDI and PDI in the intervention group were 5.7 and 7.3 higher than those in the normal control and the differences were significant (P < 0.05). Compared with the normal control, the MDI in conventional care group at one and a half and two years of age were 11.5 and 8.9 lower. The difference was very significant. There were four cases of mental retardation, whose mental development index (MDI) was less then 70 in the conventional care group, but none in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: Early intervention can promote intellectual development of the premature infants and may be beneficial to the prevention of mental retardation. Early and intensive intervention can produce better results. Bringing parent's initiative into full play through deepening their understanding of the importance of early intervention is the key to success.

Child Development↗
PubMed1992

["A life threatening event" in infants. Results of polysomnography and examination of a group of 122 infants].

Survivors of an "apparent-life-threatening-event" subsequently more often die from sudden infant death syndrome than others. The aim of this study was to find out abnormal clinical symptoms and/or polysomnographic patterns in this group of patients. Between January 1989 and September 1990 122 infants (mean age 13.98 weeks) were examined after a life threatening event (mean age 9.3 weeks at the event). In total, 222 polysomnographic studies were performed. In 46 cases additional esophageal pH-metric measurements, and in 26 cases a Holter 24 hours monitoring were done. Seven infants were premature and had been ventilated, and 6 were siblings of sudden-infant-death-syndrome victims. Pulmonary problems were identified in 7 (6%), cardiac problems in 17 (14%), 18 (15%) had neurological problems, and 40 (33%) showed a gastroesophageal reflux. In 14 (11%) other diseases were found. Only 43 (35%) infants were without pathologic findings and were classified as having had an "idiopathic" event. The polysomnographic studies showed that obstructive apnea occurred significantly more often, the maximal duration of apnea was longer, and the number of sudden pO2 decreases was significantly higher than in a group of 188 normal infants. Thus, patients having had an "apparent-life-threatening-event" showed a broad spectrum of abnormal clinical symptoms and some respiration disturbances compared to a reference group of infants.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed2004

Influence of mother and infant zidovudine treatment duration on the age at which HIV infection can be detected by polymerase chain reaction in infants.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of zidovudine (ZDV) prophylaxis duration in mothers and infants on the age at which infection becomes detectable by DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in non-breastfed infants. METHODS: Blood samples were collected sequentially from birth to 6 months in a Thailand perinatal HIV prevention trial in which 98 transmissions occurred. The proportions of infections detectable at birth and the Turnbull distributions of age at which infection became detectable after birth were compared according to actual ZDV treatment duration (mothers: no more than 7.5 weeks versus more; infants: 3 days versus at least 4 weeks), provided an adherence greater than 75%. RESULTS: Detectable infection at birth was less frequent in children whose mothers received a long treatment as compared to a short treatment (27 vs 50%, P=0.04). When mothers received a long treatment, infant ZDV treatment duration did not influence the distribution of age at which infection became detectable after birth (median 24 days). However, when mothers received a short treatment, this distribution was shifted to the right when infants received a long treatment (median 43 days, P<0.0001), and to the left when infants received a short treatment (median 11 days, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: When mothers receive a short treatment, the proportion of infections detectable at birth is higher and the time at which infection becomes detectable after birth depends on the infant treatment duration. In the study conditions, a PCR result after 2 months could be used to define infection status.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed1992

Maternal perception of first-born infants: a controlled comparative study of mothers of premature and full-term infants.

Mothers of premature infants monitored at home for apnea and mothers of full-term infants had significantly more positive perceptions of their infants than mothers of premature infants not monitored. Using the Brief Symptom Inventory 2 weeks after the infants went home from the hospital, the mothers of infants not monitored reported significantly more psychological symptoms than the other two groups. Maternal perceptions of their infants had not changed when interviewed 6 months later. Implications for nursing practice are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Identification of a high-risk group for sudden infant death syndrome among infants who were resuscitated for sleep apnea.

Of the 1,153 infants who completed monitoring by Aug 1, 1984, through our program at Massachusetts General Hospital, 76 infants had an initial apnea spell during sleep which was characterized by a change in tone and color, was unresponsive to repeated vigorous stimulation, and was terminated only after mouth to mouth resuscitation. The infants were hospitalized for observation and evaluation, and no cause could be identified. All were discharged on a home apnea or cardiorespiratory monitor, and subsequent episodes of apnea and/or bradycardia were reviewed. We grouped infants based on the intervention used to terminate subsequent episodes: Group 1, resuscitation; group 2, vigorous stimulation; and group 3, neither resuscitation or vigorous stimulation. There was no significant difference in clinical features or in the results of the initial evaluation in groups 1 and 2, compared with group 3. However, the mortality rate was significantly higher in group 1 (4/13) and group 2 (3/12) than in group 3 (3/51) (P less than .007). Siblings of victims of sudden infant death syndrome (n = 8) were at a significantly higher risk of an adverse outcome (two deaths and four resuscitations) than nonsiblings (P less than .02). A seizure disorder that developed during monitoring was associated with a high mortality (4/11 v 6/65, P less than .02). We conclude that these relatively rare infants who have sleep-onset apnea that responded only to resuscitation and have a subsequent similar episode or are siblings of victims of sudden infant death syndrome or develop a seizure disorder during monitoring have a very high risk of dying (31%, 25%, and 36% respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bradycardia↗
PubMed1995

Newborn acoustic cry characteristics of infants subsequently dying of sudden infant death syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that the occurrence of a neonatal cry exhibiting a high first formant is a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and to evaluate the association between SIDS and other acoustic cry variables. METHOD: We recorded cries and obtained medical and demographic data for 21,880 apparently healthy term newborns. Two cries were recorded between days 2 and 7 of life, after a painful stimulus at the time of routine blood drawing. Acoustic variables were measured with an automated computer-based analysis system. Twelve infants died of SIDS. Age at death ranged from 19 days to 6.5 months. Autopsies were performed in all cases. At least one cry was analyzed for all 12 infants who died of SIDS and 20,167 infants without SIDS. Two cries were analyzed for 9 infants who died of SIDS and 14,235 infants without SIDS. RESULTS: Newborns whose first cries exhibited a high first formant were more likely to die of SIDS than infants whose first cries did not have this characteristic (relative risk, 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 12). The relative risk for SIDS increased to 8.8 (95% CI, 2.2 to 35) for newborns whose second cries showed that this characteristic persisted. Newborns with the combination of both a high first formant and a high number of mode changes on both of two cries had a relative risk of 32 (95% CI, 8.7 to 120). CONCLUSIONS: We have shown an association between alterations in neonatal cry acoustics and SIDS. Cry analysis represents a potentially important research tool that, when studied in relation to other physiologic measures, may lead to an improved understanding of SIDS.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1997

Infant polysomnography: reliability. Collaborative Home Infant Monitoring Evaluation (CHIME) Steering Committee.

Infant polysomnography (IPSG) is an increasingly important procedure for studying infants with sleep and breathing disorders. Since analyses of these IPSG data are subjective, an equally important issue is the reliability or strength of agreement among scorers (especially among experienced clinicians) of sleep parameters (SP) and sleep states (SS). One basic issue of this problem was examined by proposing and testing the hypothesis that infant SP and SS ratings can be reliably scored at substantial levels of agreement, that is, kappa (kappa) > or = 0.61. In light of the importance of IPSG reliability in the collaborative home infant monitoring evaluation (CHIME) study, a reliability training and evaluation process was developed and implemented. The bases for training on SP and SS scoring were CHIME criteria that were modifications and supplements to Anders, Emde, and Parmelee (10). The kappa statistic was adopted as the method for evaluating reliability between and among scorers. Scorers were three experienced investigators and four trainees. Inter- and intrarater reliabilities for SP codes and SSs were calculated for 408 randomly selected 30-second epochs of nocturnal IPSG recorded at five CHIME clinical sites from healthy full term (n = 5), preterm (n = 4), apnea of infancy (n = 2), and siblings of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (n = 4) enrolled subjects. Infant PSG data set 1 was scored by both experienced investigators and trained scorers and was used to assess initial interrater reliability. Infant PSG data set 2 was scored twice by the trained scorers and was used to reassess inter-rater reliability and to assess intrarater reliability. The kappa s for SS ranged from 0.45 to 0.58 for data set 1 and represented a moderate level of agreement. Therefore, rater disagreements were reviewed, and the scoring criteria were modified to clarify ambiguities. The kappa s and confidence intervals (CIs) computed for data set 2 yielded substantial inter-rater and intrarater agreements for the four trained scorers; for SS, the kappa = 0.68 and for SP the kappa s ranged from 0.62 to 0.76. Acceptance of the hypothesis supports the conclusion that the IPSG is a reliable source of clinical and research data when supported by significant kappa s and CIs. Reliability can be maximized with strictly detailed scoring guidelines and training.

Humans↗