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PubMed1987

Variations in the prevalence of achalasia in Great Britain and Ireland: an epidemiological study based on hospital admissions.

Six thousand three hundred and six cases of achalasia were admitted to hospital in Britain and Ireland over a 10-year period. The majority (4920) came from England. The disease was significantly more common in Eire than England, Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland. The prevalence in a 10-year period of 13.4/10(5) in Eire was based on 453 cases. Checks on the accuracy of prevalences collected in this manner showed them to be within 2.5 per cent of the actual figure. Studies of age-specific incidence in Scotland and Oxford showed a close correlation between the regions and between men and women. Achalasia is most common in Eire and its incidence increases with age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Prognostic factors in malignant melanoma of the choroid: a retrospective survey of cases occurring in Northern Ireland between 1965 and 1980.

In Northern Ireland between 1965 and February 1980 one hundred eyes were enucleated following diagnosis of malignant melanoma of the choroid. The pathology of 87 cases was available for re-examination. Data on those patients still alive were examined together with the post-mortem reports of those deceased. A mathematical model was constructed to assess tumour volume more accurately. Survival was analysed using univariate and multivariate methods. Actuarial survival curves were constructed and two multivariate regression models were used--the proportional hazards model and the log-logistic model. In addition person years at risk analysis was used to compare survival with the Northern Ireland population. When the data were examined univariately, the location of the tumour, cell type, degree of invasion and the parameters of size (height, diameter and volume) were all significant prognostic indicators. When multivariate analysis was employed, the degree of invasion did not contribute significantly to the model, this being accommodated by tumour size. Cell type was also shown to be of less importance in the multivariate models. The various prognostic indicators together with the person years at risk analysis are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in Northern Ireland: twenty years' experience.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare degenerative disease of the central nervous system that affects primarily children and adolescents. It is a late manifestation of measles virus infection. In a 20-year period (1965-85) there have been 26 cases of SSPE in Northern Ireland, a frequency of approximately one case per 1.2 million population per year. Males were affected more frequently than females. In other parts of the world the incidence of this disease has been dramatically reduced following effective measles immunisation programmes. The vaccination rate in Northern Ireland probably remains too low to have a similar effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Northern Ireland twin study 1983.

Two hundred and fifty-three twin deliveries in Northern Ireland during 1983 were studied. A high perinatal mortality rate of 57 per 1000 births was found, over four times greater than the overall perinatal mortality rate for Northern Ireland in that year. The main cause of these losses remains premature delivery which is frequently complicated by fetal growth retardation. Serial ultrasound scanning in the third trimester is considered mandatory in order to reduce the incidence of undiagnosed fetal growth retardation in twins.

Female↗
PubMed1985

Echovirus type 7 outbreak in Northern Ireland during 1984.

During 1984, 118 patients with echovirus type 7 infection were diagnosed. The incidence in Northern Ireland was more than three times higher than the rest of the United Kingdom. The outbreak peaked in June and July, with the highest incidence in Belfast and the eastern part of Northern Ireland. All patients were sufficiently unwell to require hospital admission. Aseptic meningitis was the commonest illness (54.2%) followed by gastroenteritis (22.0%), respiratory tract infections (11.9%) and influenza-like illnesses (8.5%). Males (62%) were affected more than females and 50 patients (42%) were less than one year old. The present epidemic had features in common with four previous enterovirus epidemics, except that the under one year age group was predominantly affected and no family or street outbreaks were detected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Development of sex-trait stereotypes among young children in the United Staes, England, and Ireland.

The Sex Stereotype Measure II (SSM II), a 32-item revision of the Williams, Bennett, and Best Sex Stereotype Measure, was developed to assess children's knowledge of conventional, sex-trait stereotypes defined by American university students. The procedure employed brief stories and human figure silhouettes which were individually administered to 5- and 8-year-old children in the United States, England, and Ireland and group administered to 11-year-olds in the United States. In the United States, knowledge of sex-trait stereotypes was found to develop in a linear fashion between the ages of 5 and 11, with more male traits than female traits being known at each age level. Cross-nationally, there was a high degree of similarity in the nature of the sex stereotypes being learned by the children in the 3 countries, although the rate of learning appeared slower among the Irish children. In all countries there was a clear progression in sex-stereotype learning from age 5 to age 8. English boys had greater knowledge of stereotypes than English girls, but this was not true in Ireland and the United States. Generally, knowledge of male stereotype traits appeared to develop earlier while knowledge of the female traits increased more rapidly between ages 5 and 8. The similarity in sex-stereotype learning in the 3 countries is discussed, and studies in progress in other countries of greater cultural diversity are noted.

Behavior↗
PubMed1994

Ascorbate and exercise in the Northern Ireland population.

The relationship between physical activity, physical fitness and serum ascorbate was examined in the Northern Ireland Health and Activity Survey. This was a cross sectional population study (n = 1600), using a two stage probability sample, of the population of N. Ireland. Physical activity profile was recorded by computer assisted interview and physical fitness was determined by estimation of VO2 max by extrapolation from submaximal oxygen uptake. Serum ascorbate was measured using a colorimetric reaction of 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine with dehydroascorbate. Mean serum ascorbate was greater in females than males (p < 0.001), and was lower in smokers than non-smokers in both males (p = 0.01) and females (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant relationship between serum ascorbate and age, social class, body mass index, physical activity or physical fitness in males but there was a relationship with age (p < 0.01) and physical fitness (p < 0.05) in females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

A survey for swine vesicular disease antibody in pigs in Northern Ireland.

One thousand pig sera from Northern Ireland were tested using the radial immuno-diffusion (RID) test for antibody to swine vesicular disease (SVD) virus. Sera showing precipitation in RID were further tested by serum neutralisation (SN) and double immuno-diffusion (DID) tests. The results of the RID test showed low levels of antibody present. However, SN and DID tests did not prive the specificity of this antibody. It was concluded that the low levels of antibody detected by the RID tests were not caused by subclinical levels of SVD in the pig population in Northern Ireland.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Water fluoridation in Ireland.

The basis for the constitutional challenge to the Health (Fluoridation of Water Supplies) Act 1960 in the Republic of Ireland and the judgements of the High Court and Supreme Court are described. Pre-fluoridation baseline surveys and various surveys conducted over the last 30 years in the Republic of Ireland show, that amongst of fluoridated communities, children experience lower levels of dental caries and adults retain more of their natural teeth when compared with residents of non-fluoridated communities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Ethnic differences in women with HIV infection in Britain and Ireland. The study group for the mrc collaborative study of HIV infection in women.

OBJECTIVE: To examine ethnic differences in the socio-epidemiological and clinical characteristics of a cohort of women with HIV infection in Britain and Ireland. DESIGN AND METHODS: Analysis of baseline data (ethnic group, sexual history, likely route of HIV infection, reasons for HIV testing and first AIDS-defining disease) from 400 women with HIV infection recruited into a cohort study from 15 genitourinary medicine/HIV clinics in Britain and Ireland. RESULTS: Sixty-five per cent of women were white and 29% black African. Their median number of lifetime sexual partners was seven and three, respectively (P < 0.001). Ninety-three per cent of black African and 43% of white women were probably infected through sexual intercourse. Injecting drug use was the most likely route of infection in 55% of white women, but none of the black African women. Perceived risk (33%) or investigation of symptoms (26%) were the most common reasons for HIV testing. Seven per cent of white women and 16% of black African women (P < 0.001) had AIDS when HIV infection was diagnosed. The distribution of first AIDS-defining diagnoses differed (P = 0.001) by ethnic group. For white women, the most common disease was Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; for black African women it was pulmonary tuberculosis. CONCLUSION: There are important differences between black African and white women in sexual history and route of transmission, disease stage at diagnosis and pattern of AIDS-defining diseases.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1997

Neonatal BCG vaccination in Ireland: evidence of its efficacy in the prevention of childhood tuberculosis.

Data from the 1986 and 1991 National Tuberculosis Survey were used, together with the Census of Population for those years, to try and determine whether bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination policy had any influence on the reported incidence of tuberculosis in the Republic of Ireland. The age-specific incidence of tuberculosis for the country as a whole and for local areas, was determined with respect to neonatal BCG vaccination. Based on these data, the reported incidence of tuberculosis in people aged 15 yrs or younger in areas without a policy of neonatal BCG was shown to be significantly higher compared to areas that use neonatal BCG vaccination (p = 1.5x10(-5) in 1986; and p = 1.0x10(-7) for 1991). It was estimated that some 646 vaccinations needed to be given to prevent one case of tuberculosis in 1986, and that the figure for 1991 was 551 vaccinations. This evidence supports a policy of continued neonatal bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination in the population of the Republic of Ireland at present.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Suicide in Ireland 1945-1992: social correlates.

Previous studies on suicide in Ireland have concentrated on the reliability of official suicide rates and there is a general consensus of opinion that there has been a genuine doubling of suicide in Ireland over the last two decades. The present study supports the view that there has been a true rise in Irish suicide rates and aims to examine some of the socio-demographic factors which might explain this rise. Indicators of anomie and lower integration in society were found to be associated with increased numbers of suicides. However, the relationship between suicide and other forms of personal violence is more complex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Results from the 1995 survey of prevalent clinically diagnosed HIV infection in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

Health districts in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland were surveyed in 1996 to collect summary information about people with diagnosed HIV infection who received care under the statutory services in 1995. The survey provided demographic and epidemiological information about the prevalent caseload by area of residence, and the extent to which patients with diagnosed HIV infection travelled to obtain care related to it. A total of 13362 people with diagnosed HIV infection were reported to be resident and treated in England, Wales, or Northern Ireland in 1995. Forty-four per cent of these were treated outside the health district where they lived, with regional specialist centres attracting patients from wider areas. At least 13% received care from more than one treatment centre. This national survey of prevalent diagnosed HIV infections provided public health specialists with information relevant to their own localities without compromising confidentiality. This information complements surveillance data from confidential AIDS case diagnosis reports, laboratory reports of HIV infections, and the unlinked anonymous HIV prevalence monitoring programme, all of which contribute to the assessment and projection of demands on health and social services, and provide evidence on which to develop and direct national and local health campaigns.

England↗
PubMed1997

Visual impairment in Northern Ireland.

Statistics on the registration of blind and partially-sighted patients in Northern Ireland underestimate the true extent of visual impairment within our community. In comparison to other UK regions, where between 0.53% and 0.59% of the population avail of blind or partial sight registration, only 0.35% of residents in Northern Ireland appear on the respective registers. Most patients on the combined registers are in the older age groups and many also suffer from other disabilities. Regional discrepancies may be attributed to a combination of factors including: patient attitudes to the registration process, medical attitudes to registration and local anomalies in the way in which social services departments both record and present annual registration returns. Better liaison is necessary between the community, hospital and voluntary sector providers to improve identification and support services for the visually impaired in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Salmonella in raw shell eggs in Northern Ireland: 1996-7.

The shells and contents of 2090 packs of six raw eggs from shops in Northern Ireland were examined for the presence of salmonella between April 1996 and October 1997. Nine isolates of salmonella were detected from separate packs of eggs (0.43%). One of the isolates was from egg contents (0.05%), where salmonella can proliferate to levels likely to cause human infection if the egg is inadequately cooked. Visible dirt and organic contamination were poor predictors of salmonella contamination since most contaminated eggs had apparently clean and uncracked shells. Contaminated eggs were more likely to have been sold from small shops than supermarkets. Sampling for uncommon pathogens is expensive, labour intensive, and yields many negative results. The small numbers of positive results make it particularly susceptible to variations between methods. It continues to be important to cook eggs thoroughly to eliminate the risk of salmonellosis since this survey suggests that over 10,000 boxes containing one or more contaminated eggs may be sold in Northern Ireland each year. Caterers should use pasteurised liquid egg. A system of branding to enable eggs to be traced to individual flocks would assist in the investigation of outbreaks.

Eggs↗
PubMed1998

General practitioner deprivation payments in Northern Ireland: is the current system equitable?

The allocation of General practitioners deprivation payments has been a contentious issue since it was first proposed. This paper examines the method of allocation of such payments in Northern Ireland. A more equitable system would be based on enumeration districts, have a lower Jarman score and a closer relationship between Jarman score and remuneration. Unlike other parts of the UK these changes are now possible in Northern Ireland and should be implemented.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed1992

Patterns of contamination by organochlorines and mercury in the eggs of two river passerines in Britain and Ireland with reference to individual PCB congeners.

Unhatched eggs were collected in 1988 and 1990 from nests of the Eurasian Dipper Cinclus cinclus and the Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea in Wales, eastern Scotland and south-western Ireland. Mercury concentrations in Dipper eggs (geometric means 0.45-0.91 ppm (microg g(-1)) dry mass) were significantly lower in eastern Scotland than in either south-western Ireland or Wales, where the incidence of detectable residues increased markedly between 1988 (2% of eggs) and 1990 (69%). By contrast, DDE (geometric means 0.63-3.54 ppm in lipid), TDE (<0.01-1.80 ppm), DDT (<0.01-0.65 ppm), total PCBs (3.99-10.47 ppm), HEOD (0.39-0.61 ppm) and HCB (0.02-0.13 ppm) were all significantly higher in Scottish eggs than others. Around 33-46% of the total PCB burden in Dipper and Grey Wagtail eggs could be accounted for by six congeners (IUPAC numbers 118, 180, 101, 153, 138 and 170). Amongst these attributable PCBs, Dipper eggs from eastern Scotland were dominated by congener 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl), whilst Welsh and Irish eggs were dominated by congener 118 (2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl). With the latter exception, all the individual congeners were found at significantly higher concentrations in Scottish eggs than others. Grey Wagtail eggs were dominated by congeners 118 and 101 (2,2,4,5,5'-pentachlorobiphenyl). In general, these congeners are common, widespread, and dominant components in the eggs of other wild birds for which data are available. Consistent with the low to medium levels of contaminants found in Dipper eggs, there was only slight evidence of any toxic effects. These included moderate shell thinning in relation to increasing DDE, and some evidence that contaminants had contributed to egg failure.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Plastic surgery senior house officers in the UK and Ireland: academic background, publication rates and research plans.

Academic achievements by surgical trainees may vary according to the competitiveness of the subspecialty and desirability of the consultant post. Plastic and reconstructive surgery is a competitive specialty. In order to assess the level of achievement of current trainees, we investigated the academic qualifications, publication rates and future research plans of 100 senior house officers in plastic surgery working in units in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Selected results from our survey show that 30% had intercalated degrees, 6% had higher degrees, 58% of trainees had MRCS, 37% had previous plastic surgery experience and 57% had published (range 1-13). We believe this study provides interesting information concerning the current crop of plastic surgery trainees in the United Kingdom and Ireland. This survey may provide a benchmark for consultants to refer to when shortlisting for SHO posts. We also believe it will be of interest to those junior trainees hoping to pursue a career in plastic surgery.

Clinical Competence↗