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PubMed1993

British parents' beliefs about the causes of three forms of childhood psychological disturbance.

Parents were asked to rate which of 40 items were likely causes of one of three types of psychological disturbance common among 9-year-old children, the symptoms of which were outlined in vignettes. Parents' accounts were consistent and coherent. Symptoms of hyperactivity were linked to poor diet, antisocial conduct to a lack of discipline and unhappiness at school, and emotional problems to breakdowns in interpersonal relations and unhappiness at school. However, a number of factors (socioeconomic difficulties, attachment risks, and organic dysfunction) that research suggests are risks to development were rated by parents as unlikely causes of problems. The implications of this mismatch between "lay" and "expert" views is examined.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Elderly differential resources and patterns of intergenerational exchange.

The relationships between personal resources of elderly parents and intergenerational interactions were studied. On the basis of a fourfold typology of intergenerational exchange, it was hypothesized that the amount of parents' resources, including familial, economic, physical and cognitive resources, would be differentially related to three exchange types: instrumental aid, shared leisure, and affective relations. Data were collected from 145 Jewish elderly persons residing in the community, through structured personal interviews, and analyzed by a stepwise multiple regression procedure. The findings show the multidimensionality of intergenerational bonds, and support the hypothesis that the amount of personal resources is positively related to expressive interactions and inversely to instrumental aid.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

[Surgical decision making and behavior. Social psychology explanations and research perspectives].

Social psychology is the discipline that investigates thought processes, emotions, and behaviors in the interpersonal context. There are three broad topic domains: understanding oneself and other persons, interpersonal relations, and group influence. The most important method is the experiment. The value of the social psychological perspective is illustrated with regard to the following surgical research questions: How do surgeons arrive at their decisions? How do surgeons confirm their decisions? Why do decision aids (computer support, guidelines) receive so little acceptance? How should patients be informed? Which group processes play a role in the operating theatre? What are the determinants of patient outcomes? Social psychology can extend surgical research in three respects: better understanding of everyday phenomena in the clinical and surgical arena, methodologically refined and stronger patient-oriented study designs, and new perspectives for improved patient outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Intergenerational communication by age-integrating structures? Remarks on on gerontologic utopia].

In their "aging and society" paradigm Riley and collaborators conceptualize the ideal type of an age-integrated society in which the social segregation of different age groups is removed. They claim that in the future the life-world areas of education, work and leisure will no longer exclusively follow the triple division of the life course but will be visited repeatedly in different phases of life. Therefore, they argue, age barriers would be dissolved in many areas, which would lead to more contact and cooperation and to a greater solidarity between the generations. This conception shall be rejected as an utopia because it contradicts central functional mechanisms of modern societies; at best it might be imagined as a "reflexive modernization" of age-segregated structures. A certain distance and alienation between the generations remains a direct, though unintended product of the modernization process and cannot be reversed without welfare losses. A dialogue of generations as a societal project, therefore, implies that the functional differentiation into age groups and life stages will be accepted without referring to pre-modern idealizations of generational relationships.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Ethical dimension of generation solidarity].

Safeguarding mutual support between generations is vital in an aging society and leads inevitably to a number of sociopolitical challenges. Not only material solidarity, but also immaterial transfers within and outside the family are called for. But in order to develop a sustainable idea of generational solidarity, the traditional definitions of generations on the one hand and of solidarity on the other should be questioned. The following contribution describes main aspects of generational relations and brings up concepts of event based generations and horizontal solidarity for discussion. In the light of a demographic ethic, prerequisites for a promising cohesion between adults with and without children are derived.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

[III. Social relationships].

In this four-part review article, an update of psychological gerontology from 1988 to 1997/1998 in German speaking countries is given. Part III of this review focuses on social relationships in old age. Two perspectives are chosen for this analysis. The first perspective describes the process of actively coping with developmental tasks in social relationship - the elderly are not seen as a "passive" but as an "active" part in social relationships. Moreover, this perspective focuses on empirical relations between different patterns of social integration and the psychological situation in old age. The second perspective stresses on a special aspect of social engagement: the engagement and productivity in intergenerational relationships. Empirical data make clear that the elderly not only receive (emotional and instrumental) support, but also give a lot of support in these relationships.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Online mentoring: the promise and challenges of an emerging approach to youth development.

This paper reports on an electronic mentoring program, the Digital Heroes Campaign (DHC), in which 242 youth were matched with online mentors over a two-year period. Survey, focus group, and interview data, in addition to analyses of the e-mails that pairs exchanged, were examined in order to assess the nature, types, and quality of the relationships that were formed. Despite youths' generally positive self-reports, deep connections between mentors and mentees appeared to be relatively rare. The findings suggest that online mentoring programs face significant challenges and that further research is needed to determine under what conditions online mentoring is likely to be most effective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Common free time of family members under different shift systems.

The amount and the chronological position of common free time of fathers under different shift systems with their children of different ages is analysed for reasons for explaining deficiencies in the school career of children of shiftworking fathers. It is shown that the amount of common free time is interactively determined by the particular form of the fathers' shift schedules and the timetables of their children. Shiftworkers have smaller amounts of common free time at their disposal for contacts with schoolgoing children than dayworkers, but within the group of shiftworkers the amount of common free time explains only a small proportion of the variance in the shiftworkers, evaluations of their interpersonal relations to their children.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Antimicrobial proteins in human unstimulated whole saliva in relation to each other, and to measures of health status, dental plaque accumulation and composition.

Saliva antimicrobial proteins may interact in a common system to influence the oral ecology. Clinical studies of antimicrobial protein action thus may require a multiple-protein approach. Multivariate statistical methods have been used to describe possible patterns of interaction for lysozyme, lactoferrin, salivary peroxidase and secretory IgA in stimulated parotid saliva. However, oral microbes are most likely to encounter antimicrobial proteins in mixed resting saliva. Relationships among levels of lysozyme, lactoferrin, salivary peroxidase, and secretory IgA therefore were investigated in whole saliva from 216 subjects, and an attempt made to relate interperson variation in those proteins to differences in health and status, and dental plaque accumulation and composition. All proteins were significantly (alpha = 0.05) correlated with each other (r = 0.38-0.52, p less than 0.001). There was only one axis of common variation among proteins, and that axis was significantly correlated (p less than 0.001) with total protein (r = 0.84) and flow rate (r = -0.56). That pattern deviated from the previous finding that proteins of acinar origin tended to vary independently from proteins of ductal origin in stimulated parotid saliva. The difference between parotid and whole saliva may reflect constitutive secretion of all proteins at low levels of stimulation. Common variation of unstimulated saliva proteins suggests that antimicrobial actions can be compared in subjects at population extremes. There were no significant associations between antimicrobial proteins in whole saliva and measures of health status or plaque accumulation. However, the proportions of Streptococcus sanguis were significantly correlated with lysozyme (r = -0.26), lactoferrin (r = -0.34), peroxidase (r = -0.30), total protein (r = -0.37), flow rate (r = 0.24) and principal-components scores (r = -0.33) in a subset of subjects (n = 85) where commercial biochemical tests were used to supplement species identification by colony morphology. Those findings may indicate that saliva antimicrobial proteins can affect the composition of dental plaque.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Subjectivity and culpability in the constitution of nurse-patient relationships.

The development and implementation of new modes of organizing nursing work, such as primary nursing, stress the quality of interpersonal relationships between nurses and their patients. It is important to recognize, however, that such relationships are inherently problematic. This paper explores, from a sociological perspective, nurses' orientations to interpersonal relations with patients and examines some of the sources of their problematic features.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1983

The school: liberator or censurer?

The community is faced with an increasing number of children suffering from social and emotional difficulties. As all children attend school, this is a highly suitable place to examine possible means of identifying and helping children suffering from social and emotional difficulties. For the last 20 years most schools have lagged in their adjustment to the full range of needs of students. They act as a censurer by: domination of academic requirements causing many to fail; failure to meet the expressed needs of children; inadequate teacher training; too little help given to children and often too late; uncoordinated assistance within the school or with community agencies; and by not reducing peer abuse. The school can play a significant role in child development, but for the child with adjustment difficulties coherent assistance is rarely offered. The school can liberate by: recognition of the needs of non-academic children; recognition of the affective needs of all; providing affective training for selected teachers; giving appropriate curriculum time for a programme in personal growth and social relationships; by developing a multidisciplinary community agency which interacts with the school. A model is proposed outlining how effective intervention will break and prevent the cycle of abusive behaviour. This programme proceeds sequentially through each grade. Basically it is one of effective student group interaction in the presence of a specially selected and trained group leader. Such a programme contributes to change in school philosophy, and increases the possibility of the child becoming a more adequate adult/parent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Achievement↗
PubMed1989

The effects of torture and political repression in a sample of Chilean families.

This paper analyzes the sociological and psychological characteristics of 24 families before, during and after suffering direct repression. The sample is from families who received assistance from a multi-professional health team in Santiago de Chile. Direct repression includes one or several of the following acts against one or more family members: detention, kidnapping, disappearance, exile, imprisonment, intimidation. All our cases were tortured. After describing the repressive events suffered, the paper examines the impact of repression on social mobility of the families and on the occupational status of adult members. In the last section the authors discuss individual and group behavior changes and adjustments, and variations in the interpersonal relations within the families.

Chile↗
PubMed1986

Predictive validity of four factors derived from an 'hyperactivity/MBD' questionnaire.

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the differential predictive validity of four factors--hyperactivity/impulsivity, attention/socialization problems, antisocial behavior, learning problems--derived from Tarter's 'hyperactivity/MBD' questionnaire. One hundred forty five inpatient alcoholic men were evaluated in the first study and 34 first or second year college men in the second study. Our previous research had revealed significant relationships between the total hyperactivity/MBD score and psychopathology (MMPI, Psychopathic State Inventory), alcohol use patterns and consequences/and several areas of life functioning (Addiction Severity Index). Factor 1 was revealed in both studies to be associated with hypomania and impulsive behaviors. Factor 2 was associated with many of the same MMPI scales as the total hyperactivity/MBD score, including psychopathic deviate, psychasthenia and social introversion, as well as other measures of sociopathy and criminal behavior. A subsequent breakdown of Factor 2 into its attention and socialization components provided further meaningful differentiations. Factor 3 was found in both studies to be predictive of antisocial and criminal personality and behavior. Both factors 2 and 3 were also closely associated with difficulties in interpersonal relations. Factor 4 bore few relationships with personality, but was found to be related to visuospatial performance deficits. The research therefore supported the differential predictive validity of the four factors. The examination of the individual relationships of these factors enabled a more precise delineation of underlying relationships than was achieved by the total hyperactivity/MBD score.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Empowerment techniques: from doctor-centered (Balint approach) to patient-centred discussion groups.

The importance of training in the emotional domain has been stressed since 1950. Balint and his co-workers advocate the conduct doctor-centred seminars (training and research) for better understanding of the contact with patients. The discussions form an understanding of the content of the consultation within the context of the sense and relationship. Balint's method, with its emphasis on the role of psychology in medical care and on the interpersonal relations between the group members and their patients, is a satisfactory answer to the need for communication in the dispensing of health care. The case reports and group discussions attempt to throw a light on the doctor-patient relationship through the identification of its form and content. This diagnosis enables the physician, at times, to intervene therapeutically. An intervention is therapeutic when it brings to the fore an emotional or cognitive factor in the doctor-patient relationship and enables the patient to recognize something new about himself, and in doing so, even to 'change'. The ability to be acquired largely comprises that which is necessary for developing and understanding a doctor-patient relationship. At the same time family groups and psychosocial problems are taken into account. Junior Balint Groups for medical students have now been in existence at various universities. For 25 years general practitioners, clinic doctors, university staff and medical students have met for international seminars in Ascona, known under the name of 'Ascona Model' (WHO) with the intendion of adding medical training and consist mainly of Balint teamwork.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Humans↗
PubMed1991

A behavioral comparison of the helping styles of nursing students, psychotherapists, crisis interveners, and untrained individuals.

Helping styles of nursing students were compared with those of subjects in a prior study (17 psychotherapists, 12 crisis interveners, and 15 untrained people). Subjects were 30 junior-year college students in the second part of a two-course sequence in interpersonal relations. The subjects were videotaped in a 3-minute interaction with a simulated client. An experienced psychotherapist who was trained in the use of the Helping Skills Verbal Response System instrument rated each student. The helping behaviors of nursing students were found to resemble those of trained mental health practitioners; their behavior was significantly different from those of untrained individuals, who were highly verbose, directive, and used minimal reflection of affect or content.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Career development: our professional responsibility.

Literature indicates that nurses' contributions to the health care profession are misunderstood by the general public. Of equal importance is how nurses perceive themselves. The present study attempted to describe the self-image of nurses working in a hospital setting and to determine whether there are differences in self-image between beginning and expert nurses, between caregivers and noncaregivers, between nurses with different levels of education, and between full-time and part-time nurses. Using the Porter Nursing Image Scale, a sample of 363 nurses perceived themselves positively on the three factors: Interpersonal Power, Interpersonal Relations, and Intrapersonal Ability. Significant differences were found between beginning and expert nurses, between caregivers and noncaregivers, between those with BSN and MSN education, and between full-time and part-time nurses. The data suggest the importance of graduate-level education for nurses and the need for career advancement and career counseling.

Adult↗