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PubMed1989

A comparison of discrimination and identification of vibrotactile patterns.

Both discrimination and identification tasks have been used to assess subjects' abilities to perceive vibratory spatial patterns presented to the skin. The present study examined discrimination and identification performance under comparable conditions. In Experiment 1, subjects attempted to discriminate a pair of patterns on some blocks of trials and to identify both members of a pair on other blocks. For both tasks, the time between the members of the pair was varied. Discrimination performance could be predicted accurately from identification data. Analysis of performance on identification trials indicated that subjects used discriminability information to identify pairs. In Experiment 2, discrimination and identification were compared when the temporal separation between patterns was fixed and a masking stimulus followed each pattern after a variable delay. Results suggest that temporal masking, rather than the time available for processing pattern information, is the major limitation in both discrimination and identification of sequences of tactile patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Identification of larval and adult Simulium yahense and Simulium sanctipauli based on species-specific enzyme markers and their distribution at different breeding habitats in Central Liberia.

Human-biting adults and late instar larvae of the Simulium damnosum complex from four ecologically different simuliid breeding habitats in the Firestone Rubber Plantation at Harbel, Liberia, were identified morphologically and the monthly species composition of each site was recorded. Samples of the predominant species found at each site were assayed electrophoretically for species-specific variants of phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and trehalase (TRE). Enzyme identifications of flies and larvae were compared with morphological identifications to determine the accuracy of field identifications relying upon morphological characters. Enzyme identifications confirmed the accuracy of over 98% of the adult female identifications. S. yahense was found to be the predominant human-biting species at each site over the 10 months of sampling, with S. sanctipauli comprising a small percentage of the biting fly population. Species-specific larval enzymes confirmed the accuracy of more than 96% of the larval identifications. S. yahense was the predominant larval species found in smaller, more shaded, cooler breeding waters, while S. sanctipauli predominated in the single large watercourse that was sampled. Normally allopatric, mixed populations of these two larval species were found to exist at all sites, but sympatry occurred primarily during the wet season months of May-October. Biting activity of S. sanctipauli was found to be greatest during wet season months, and generally reflected the increase of S. sanctipauli in the larval populations of habitats dominated by S. yahense. The low human-biting activity of S. sanctipauli at all sites and during times which fostered large populations of S. sanctipauli larvae may be an indication of this specie's zoophilic tendency. Circumstantial evidence of hybridization, the expression of PGM and TRE species-specific variants for both species, was found in adults and larvae morphologically identified as S. yahense. The frequency of this "hybrid" condition, based upon PGM and TRE, was calculated to be comparable to the frequency of hybridization as determined by larval chromosome inversions.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Identification by 16S rDNA fragment amplification and determination of genetic diversity by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Pasteurella pneumotropica isolated from laboratory rodents.

Pasteurella pneumotropica is an opportunistic bacterium frequently isolated from colonies of various laboratory rodents. Identification of this species, including its differentiation into two distinct biotypes (Jawetz and Heyl), is usually based on the use of conventional bacteriologic methods. In this study, a 16S rDNA fragment amplification procedure was developed for use as an alternative method for identification and differentiation of P. pneumotropica. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were two distinctive fragments of 937 and 564 bp specific for biotypes Jawetz and Heyl, respectively. Specificity of PCR products could be achieved by EcoRI cleavage, leading to 596 plus 341-bp and 346 plus 218-bp fragments for each of the amplification products. Use of this procedure confirmed identification of 34 field isolates and allowed definitive identification of some strains that could not have been done by use of bacteriologic examinations. Field isolates subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis had high genetic diversity among biotype Jawetz strains in contrast to biotype Heyl strains. In conclusion, RAPD could represent an additional means for identification of ambiguous strains of biotype Heyl and a valuable epidemiologic tool for identification of biotype Jawetz strains of P. pneumotropica.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Hereditary and environmental dental findings in identification of human remains.

The paper presents the results on hereditary and environmental dental findings in identification of human remains exhumed from mass graves in the Republic of Croatia. The total of 17,880 teeth from all the categories (incisors, canines, premolars and molars) was examined. Hereditary findings of the teeth such as shape, size, position, as well as age were used in all of the cases confirming and completing the identification. In only 15% of the cases they were the starting points for the identification that would be later confirmed with another 3-5 traditional identification procedures. Disturbances in tooth eruption were recorded in 22% of the cases, impaction of teeth in 10%, and retarded eruption of teeth in 12%. Disturbances of tooth position were recorded in 65% of the cases. Tooth rotation in 26% and diastema mediana in maxilla or mandible in 39%. Disorders of tooth number in the form of unilateral and bilateral missing of lateral maxillary incisors were recorded only in 2% of the monitored cases. Abnormalities of the tooth shape were found in 11% of the cases. The majority of them were found on the tooth crowns 6%, and less on the tooth roots 5%. Environmental dental findings that were the most significant for the identifications were prosthetic appliances in 30% of cases. Prostheses were helpful in the identification of 3% of the cases, while crowns and bridges were helpful in 27% of the cases. Ante mortem teeth extractions were helpful in 25% of the cases. Teeth restorations were recorded in 20% of the identified cases, amalgams in 19% and aesthetic filings in 1%. Dental caries was helpful in only 10% of the cases, superficial caries in 3% and caries of dentin in 7% of cases.

Croatia↗
PubMed2001

Performance on a Spanish picture-identification task using a multimedia format.

An option for estimating the word-recognition performance of patients who do not speak English as a first language involves using auditory materials, presented in the patient's native language, in conjunction with a closed-set response mode incorporating pictures or written words. The advantage of this auditory/visual paradigm is that the audiologist is not required to know the foreign language and is therefore not required to judge the accuracy of an oral response to speech stimuli in a foreign language. Spanish auditory/visual materials, known as the Spanish Picture-Identification Task, were developed to be used in a computer-driven multimedia administration and scoring format. Performance data, both in open- (word-recognition) and closed-set (word-identification) response modes, were established for the Spanish Picture-Identification Task using subjects whose first language was Spanish. The results from the open-set paradigm indicate that the Spanish Picture-Identification Task word lists are essentially equivalent to conventional Spanish and English materials used for word recognition. Findings from the closed-set conditions indicate that the Spanish Picture-Identification Task materials are appropriate for estimating the word-identification abilities of Spanish-speaking adult listeners.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Forensic odontology within the Disaster Victim Identification team of the Dutch Police Force].

The author participated as a forensic odontologist in the Dutch Disaster Victim Identification (DVI-)team during the period 1977-1995. In this article he describes the organization and procedure of this police unit, which is especially trained for the recovery and identification of victims. He also gives an impression of the organization and the special manner of identification of the forensic odontologists within the group of external specialists of the DVI-team. He describes the technical aspects of the identification activities of the forensic odontologists, as well as the identification problems at different sorts of mass disasters. The quality of the records obtained from the victims' dentists greatly influences the final results of dental identification.

Accidents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of computer software for indirect molecular genetic identification of unidentified bodies].

The authors discuss the development and use of computer software for realization of indirect DNA identification, based on identification of biological relation. Estimated algorithms of this method are based on regularities of parental signs inheritance by children and consist in comparative analysis of allele states of nuclear DNA typed locuses in unidentified bodies and probable parents of these dead subjects and subsequent estimation of the coefficients of the likelihood of hypotheses of their probable blood relationship. Available software maintain the database with identification characteristics of VNTR and STR locuses, HLA DQA1 locuses, and PM system (potential set of 23 locuses). The results of identification are presented as lists of exclusions and tables with estimated likelihood coefficients for the probability expert evaluation of relationship. The suggested computer-aided method of indirect identification is a new highly effective tool for personality identification by chromosome markers under conditions of mass information processing in examinations of unidentified corpses.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Utilization of complex technologies of molecular genetics for forensic expert identification of unidentified remains of victims of terrorist acts in Moscow in 1999].

This paper presents the first experience gained in Russia in expert identification practice with complex utilization of technologies of molecular genetic individualization of biological objects for solving identification tasks requiring the maximum complete armory of mutually supplementing means. This is particularly important for forensic expert personality identification in cases with many deaths, when indirect identification has to be resorted to, consisting in the use of biological samples from relatives of the victims as the identifying objects. Methodological approaches and concepts of expert studies, used for identification of the remains of people who died in terroristic acts committed in Moscow in September, 1999, are discussed. The results of this study and methodological experience notably extend the potentialities of expert evaluation as regards forensic medical identification of victims of overall disasters, terroristic acts, and war conflicts.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1992

Plant nurseries: a reliable resource for plant identification?

Poison Centers frequently rely on the assistance of local plant nurseries to identify unknown plants involved in exposures. The reliability and accuracy of utilizing this method has never been studied; therefore, our objective was to evaluate this primary resource of plant identification. A study was done in which callers were instructed to take plant samples to a local nursery for visual identification. Once the patient was treated according to our normal protocol, the plant specimen was sent to a botanist for a second identification. The botanist provided his identification results through a blinded process. The collected data was gathered from 68 cases that completed the necessary study criteria. In 58% of the cases, plant nurseries were an unreliable source for plant identification. These incorrect identifications resulted in the "undertreatment" in 24% of the exposures.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Disaster victim identification of military aircrew, 1945-2002.

BACKGROUND: Aviation accident fatalities are characterized by substantial tissue disruption and fragmentation, limiting the usefulness of traditional identification methods. This study examines the success of disaster victim identification (DVI) in military aviation accident fatalities in the Australian Defense Force (ADF). METHODS: Accident reports and autopsy records of aircrew fatalities during the period 1945-2002 were examined to identify difficulties experienced during the DVI process or injuries that would prevent identification of remains using non-DNA methods. RESULTS: The ADF had 301 aircraft fatalities sustained in 144 accidents during the period 1945-2002. The autopsy reports for 117 fatalities were reviewed (covering 73.7% of aircrew fatalities from 1960-2002). Of the 117 victims, 38 (32.4%) sustained injuries which were severe enough to prevent identification by traditional (non-DNA) comparative scientific DVI techniques of fingerprint and dental analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Many of the ADF fatalities who could not be positively identified in the past could be identified today through the use of DNA techniques. Successful DNA identification, however, depends on having a reference DNA profile. This paper recommends the establishment of a DNA repository to store reference blood samples to facilitate the identification of ADF aircrew remains without causing additional distress to family members.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1992

[High-pressure liquid chromatography versus a radiometric method in the identification of aminoglycoside-acetylating enzymes].

BACKGROUND: High Pressure Liquid Chromatography and a radiometric method for detecting and iso-enzyme identification of aminoglycoside-acetylation enzymes were compared. HPLC determines the acetylating activity of an enzyme by using its reaction product. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three reference strains that produce AAC (3)-I, AAC (6')-IV and AAC (2') and 15 strains isolated from patients. Identification was performed using radiometric and HPLC method in all cases. RESULTS: References strains: The enzymes produced by these strains were correctly identified with HPLC. Patient's strains: All give positive acetylase screening results with the chromatographic method, with holding time peaks that allows the identification of at least three different compounds. Identification at isozyme level was possible in all cases. In 14 out of 15 strains the results were the same using either technique. Radiometric method could not identify the enzyme of one strain. CONCLUSION: HPLC is a useful technique for isoenzyme identification of aminoglycoside-acetylation enzymes. The results were easily interpreted when compared to those of radiometric method. The group identification was possible with sisomycin.

Acetylation↗
PubMed2004

Promotion of the use of a thermoplastic material to aid in the identification of unidentified human remains.

There has been a recent effort to promote the use of a thermoplastic bite impression material for the identification of children. The American Board of Forensic Odontology is a certification board for forensic dentists in the United States and Canada. It is the position of the ABFO that this technique is of limited value when used for the dental identification of children. A presentation was made to the Odontology Section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences in Dallas, Texas, in February 2004. The presentation promoted the use of a thermoplastic material to record the morphology of the human dentition for use by qualified personnel to identify missing persons. Currently, the target population for the recording of this information is children. In addition to recording the morphology of the dentition, the presenter claimed that the material, properly stored after impressing the teeth, could also be used as a source of DNA for identification purposes, as well as a source of the individual's scent to be used by tracking dogs. The weeks and months following this presentation generated significant comments and concerns regarding the information presented amongst members of the ABFO and members of the Odontology Section of AAFS. It was suggested that the ABFO look into this tooth impression method and comment on its validity and usefulness in the identification process. The following comments regarding this method have been formulated following significant input from diplomates of the ABFO. The ABFO is a certifying organization for dentists who wish to become board certified in the field of forensic odontology, and as such, requires its diplomates to maintain significant experience in the use of the human dentition for identification purposes. The ABFO also has a mission to promote and enhance the science of forensic odontology. As the ABFO primarily deals with the dentition, the comments in this paper will be confined to the use of the thermoplastic material as it relates to the dental identification process. Experts in DNA analysis and tracking should address the issues of DNA and scent.

Bites, Human↗
PubMed2005

Constructing and testing a model of trustworthiness, trust behavior and organizational identification.

This study, in which staff nurses in Taiwan participated, was aimed to construct a model for relationships among trustworthiness, trust behavior and organizational identification. One hundred and ninety five anonymously completed questionnaires were collected. Superiors' trustworthiness, staff nurses' trust behavior, and organizational identification were identified as latent variables to which the following indicators were to be applied: integrity, benevolence, ability, communication, consistency, compliance, sharing, teamwork, subordination, membership, loyalty and similarity. A logical trust and organizational identification model was constructed and tested with LISREL (Linear Structural Relations) analysis. Benevolence was eliminated due to excessive residual value. The adjusted model passed pertinent tests. It was also revealed that trust behavior acts as a mediator between trustworthiness and organizational identification. The results of this study may be taken as a reference for the training of supervisory level personnel, as well as for strengthening the organizational identification of staff nurses, and as a beginning phase in the construction and testing of a relationship model for the relationship between trust and organizational identification.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Genetically-engineered microorganisms: I. Identification, classification, and strain history.

We have argued that accurate identification of the microorganism will form a cornerstone of the assessment of potential hazard. Appropriate methodology for identification exists, and is continually under development and refinement. Organizations such as the American Type Culture Collection will perform certified identifications for relatively low cost. Thus there appears to be little reason that an organism should not be identified insofar as current microbiology allows prior to submission for PMN review. We suggest that a complete microbiological characterization be considered an essential element of an acceptable PMN. To accomplish this, however, current institutional arrangements for the protection of trade secret information needed in the process of identification may need to be improved. An accurate identification of the strain will often provide access to important information with which to evaluate its ecology, pathogenicity, biochemistry, and genetics. Specialized texts, the scientific literature, and professional consultation are ready sources of such information. However, a major effort should be made to establish a data base that can specifically address the needs of biohazard evaluation. This could be done, in part, by collecting information about the construction, and about the behavior in the environment of genetically-engineered microorganisms that are now under development and will soon be tested or used. Identification information may also eventually be useful for the formulation of hypotheses about possible modes of harm or about relative safety, based on phylogenetic relationships. This is a very difficult undertaking at present, however. Microbial taxonomy is currently in a process of radical reevaluation as new macromolecular sequence information reveals previously unsuspected phylogenetic relationships, and disturbs categorizations based on older types of traits such as morphology, etc. This means that both inferences about relative safety and about possible modes of harm from taxonomic relationships must be highly tentative based on current information. Regulatory authorities may wish to consider requesting confirmatory DNA hybridization data or other macromolecular sequence comparisons in cases where strong arguments related to safety must be made from taxonomic information in relatively poorly studied groups of organisms. Detailed strain histories would provide valuable information for safety evaluations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Bacteria↗
PubMed1986

Evaluation of Minibact, a new system for rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae. Comparison of Minibact, Micro-ID and API 20E with a conventional method as reference.

Minibact, a new system for four-hour identification of Enterobacteriaceae, combined with a computer identification system, was compared with Micro-ID and API 20E in testing 110 strains of Enterobacteriaceae. Minibact gave identification rates of 96.4% at species level and 96.4% at genus level; the corresponding values for Micro-ID were 87.3% and 91.8%, and for API 20E 91.8% and 94.5%. In conclusion, Minibact combined with a computer identification program gave high identification rates fully comparable to those of Micro-ID and API 20E, and the system might be an alternative to conventional identification systems in clinical microbiological departments.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1985

The identification of human remains.

In modern societies identification of human remains is necessary for both legal and social reasons. There are various methods, but all of them employ the basic process of comparison. Thus, identification is dependent upon the available ante-mortem records as well as the completeness and degree of preservation of the remains. The most frequently used and simplest method of identification is personal recognition by relatives and friends--a method that has led to innumerable mistakes. Evidence from clothing and personal belongings is also widely relied upon. It too leads to mistakes since loose objects can be mislaid or switched between bodies. The more reliable methods of identification rest upon features inherent in the body itself. Fingerprinting is the most accurate and precise method. If it cannot be used, the dental method becomes of the utmost importance. In cases of mutilated, decomposed, burned or fragmented bodies, other methods--medical, radiological, skeletal, serological and hair examinations--must be employed. Skeletal examination can lead to the reliable determination of age, sex, race and stature of the individual. From birth to adolescence, accurate age estimation can be obtained from tooth development and in adults by examination of the pubic symphysis. The data derived from these methods when pooled together provide sufficient comparison for conclusive identification to be established. The identification procedures in the Israel Defence Forces are described.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Evaluation of the GNF computer-coding system for the identification of non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli].

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the GNF computer-coding system for the identification of glucose non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli, we employed 406 strains of bacteria including 367 clinical isolates and 39 standard strains for testing. These strains were inoculated into the following eleven conventional biochemical test media: Triple Sugar Iron Agar, Simmon's Citrate Agar, Christensen's Urea Agar, Sulfide-Indole-Motility Medium, Semisolid Voges-Proskauer Test Medium, Moeller's Ornithine Decarboxylase Test Medium, Pyocyanin Test Medium, Oxidation/Fermentation (O/F) Glucose, O/F Fructose, Nitrate Broth, Moeller's Arginine Dihydrolase Test Medium. The results of these tests plus those from the hanging drop motility test and the oxidase test were converted into bacterial code number and then checked with the GNF computer-coding system. It was found that the first preference of agreement was 75.6%, second 15.3%, third 5.9%, and fourth or more 3.2%. In regard to the speed of bacterial identification by using the GNF system and information from hemolysis pattern and flagella stain, it was indicated that 84.7% would be correctly identified within 36-48 hours after isolation. If more confirmational tests were employed, the accurate identification rate would reach to 98.7% after 4 days of isolation. In addition, the use of the GNF computer-coding system can standardize identification procedures, shorten the identification period, and save cost in terms of materials supply, inoculation time, media preparation and media-storing space. Therefore, we conclude that the GNF computer-coding system is an effective tool in the identification of the glucose non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli.

Computers↗
PubMed1995

[The NEFERM test in the identification of psychrotrophic bacteria isolated from milk and dairy products].

Sanitary and nutriti on quality of foods from animal sources, that means also of milk and dairy products, are significantly influenced by the presence of psychrotrophic bacteria, the lipolytic and proteolytic activity of which contributes to their nutritive and sensory changes. This applies particularly to psychrotrophic bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas, Shewanella, Alcaligenes and Flavobacterium (Muir and Phillips, 1984; Piton and Richard, 1985; Craven and Macauley, 1990). These bacteria cause raw and pasteurized milk to turn bitter and gelatinize, and/or technological problems during processing. In the present paper the possible use of NEFERM-test and numerical identification system TNW was verified for identification psychrotrophic, nonfermentative bacteria isolated from milk and dairy products. This research is a continuation of our preceding work (Urbanová and Pácová, 1995) dealing with identification of these bacteria in poultry. The test comprised 35 psychrotrophic, gram-negative, oxidase-positive nonfermentative bacteria isolated from raw milk (30 strains) and hard cheeses (5 strains). A commercial diagnostic kit NEFERM-test (Lachema a.s., Brno) and respective conventional methods were parallelly used for identification: the conventional methods were complemented by assays of oxidase (OXI) and beta-galactosidase (ONPG) using of commercial strips Lachema a.s. Additional tests were as follows: gelatin and Tween 80 hydrolysis, fluorescein production. The readings of yellow or orange pigment production were also applied. A numerical identification system TNW was used to process the results (Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno). Correct identification of bacteria by means of commercial diagnostic kits depends particularly upon the high goodness of fit of the results obtained by conventional tests in relation to those obtained by commercial kits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗