Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “HYPNOTICS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Hypnotic analgesia: 1. Somatosensory event-related potential changes to noxious stimuli and 2. Transfer learning to reduce chronic low back pain.

Fifteen adults with chronic low back pain (M = 4 years), age 18 to 43 years (M = 29 years), participated. All but one were moderately to highly hypnotizable (M = 7.87; modified 11-point Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C [Weitzenhoffer & Hilgard, 1962]), and significantly reduced pain perception following hypnotic analgesia instructions during cold-pressor pain training. In Part 1, somatosensory event-related potential correlates of noxious electrical stimulation were evaluated during attend and hypnotic analgesia (HA) conditions at anterior frontal (Fp1, Fp2), midfrontal (F3, F4), central (C3, C4), and parietal (P3, P4) regions. During HA, hypothesized inhibitory processing was evidenced by enhanced N140 in the anterior frontal region and by a prestimulus positive-ongoing contingent cortical potential at Fp1 only. During HA, decreased spatiotemporal perception was evidenced by reduced amplitudes of P200 (bilateral midfrontal and central, and left parietal) and P300 (right midfrontal and central). HA led to highly significant mean reductions in perceived sensory pain and distress. HA is an active process that requires inhibitory effort, dissociated from conscious awareness, where the anterior frontal cortex participates in a topographically specific inhibitory feedback circuit that cooperates in the allocation of thalamocortical activities. In Part 2, the authors document the development of self-efficacy through the successful transfer by participants of newly learned skills of experimental pain reduction to reduction of their own chronic pain. Over three experimental sessions, participants reported chronic pain reduction, increased psychological well-being, and increased sleep quality. The development of "neurosignatures of pain" can influence subsequent pain experiences (Coderre, Katz, Vaccarino, & Melzack, 1993; Melzack, 1993) and may be expanded in size and easily reactivated (Flor & Birbaumer, 1994; Melzack, 1991, 1993). Therefore, hypnosis and other psychological interventions need to be introduced early as adjuncts in medical treatments for onset pain before the development of chronic pain.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Primary process, hypnotic dreams, and the hidden observer: hypnosis versus alert imagining.

Previous research indicated that high-hypnotizable participants reported more primary-process mentation in hypnotic dreams than low-hypnotizable participants instructed to simulate hypnosis. Differences in primary process were not evidenced in response to instructions for a "hidden part" of the participant to report on the hypnotic dream. This research replicated and extended these findings by showing that high-hypnotizable participants (n = 20) passing the dream suggestion reported more primary process in their dreams than high-hypnotizable participants instructed to remain alert and think and imagine along with suggestions (n = 20). Differences in primary process were not evidenced in response to hidden-observer suggestions, and the frequency of dream (87% hypnosis vs. 96% imagining) and hidden-observer responses (100% in both groups) was equivalent across hypnotic and nonhypnotic groups. The results provided qualified support for a psychoanalytic model of hypnosis: Differences in primary process were apparent in response to the dream but not the hidden-observer suggestion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

An attempt to induce lower moral reasoning under hypnotic and task-motivated age regression.

In this study, we attempted to partially replicate and extend the findings of the Page (1985) study of hypnotic age regression and moral reasoning. The Kohlberg (1976) Moral Judgment Interview (MJI) was used to assess the initial stage of moral reasoning in 32 adults who were preselected on the basis of their hypnotic susceptibility. Subjects were hypnotized and age regressed to two of four possible ages (16, 13, 10, and 7), or were given task-motivation instructions before being age regressed. All were then administered the MJI, which involves the resolution of certain dilemmas. Both groups were able to lower their moral reasoning scores when given age regression instructions, but no significant differences were found between groups. Thus the results of this study are inconsistent with those of Page (1985), but are consistent with those of O'Brien et al. (1977). Reasons for the failure to reaffirm the earlier results of Page (1985) are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Eszopiclone (Lunesta): a new nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic agent.

Randomized, placebo-controlled trials have shown that eszopiclone, a newly available nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic, effectively treats the symptoms of insomnia. Its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters are similar to those of the other currently available nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics (i.e., zolpidem and zaleplon). The unique quality of eszopiclone lies in its product labeling. It is not restricted to short-term use, unlike both zolpidem and zaleplon. Dosing of eszopiclone should begin at 2 mg for nonelderly patients and may be initiated at or increased to 3 mg if clinically indicated. The 3-mg nightly dose is more effective at sleep maintenance. Eszopiclone is well tolerated, with the main treatment-emergent side effects being unpleasant taste, headache, and dizziness. No studies comparing eszopiclone with nonpharmacologic insomnia treatments or other hypnotic agents, including zolpidem and zaleplon, are currently available.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Hypnotic effect of i.v. propofol is enhanced by i.m. administration of either lignocaine or bupivacaine.

We have compared the hypnotic requirements for i.v. propofol when combined with i.m. lignocaine or bupivacaine. Ninety women (ASA I, II) undergoing minor gynaecological surgery were allocated randomly to one of nine groups of 10 patients to receive propofol combined with i.m. lignocaine, bupivacaine or saline, respectively. Propofol was administered in bolus doses of 0.2 mg kg-1 every 30 s until loss of response to verbal command was achieved. Lignocaine and bupivacaine significantly enhanced the hypnotic effect of propofol in a dose-dependent manner. The maximum doses tested (lignocaine 3.0 mg kg-1 and bupivacaine 1.0 mg kg-1) reduced the hypnotic dose of propofol by 34.4% and 39.6%, respectively. We conclude that if lignocaine or bupivacaine is injected into soft tissue before induction of anaesthesia by propofol, the i.v. dose of the latter should be modified accordingly.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Hypnotic effect of i.v. thiopentone is enhanced by i.m. administration of either lignocaine or bupivacaine.

We have compared the hypnotic requirements for i.v. thiopentone alone and in combination with i.m. lignocaine or bupivacaine. Ninety women, ASA I-II, undergoing minor gynaecological surgery were allocated randomly to nine groups of 10 patients to receive thiopentone combined with i.m. lignocaine, bupivacaine or saline, respectively. Thiopentone was administered in bolus doses of 0.5 mg kg-1 every 30 s until loss of response to verbal command. Lignocaine and bupivacaine significantly enhanced the hypnotic effect of thiopentone in a dose-dependent manner. The maximum doses tested (lignocaine 3.0 mg kg-1 and bupivacaine 1.0 mg kg-1) reduced the hypnotic dose of thiopentone by 39% and 48%, respectively. We conclude that if lignocaine or bupivacaine are injected into soft tissue before induction of anaesthesia by thiopentone, the i.v. dose of the latter should be modified accordingly.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Anaesthesia for carotid endarterectomy: comparison of hypnotic- and opioid-based techniques.

BACKGROUND: Although the synergistic interaction between hypnotics and opioids for total i.v. anaesthesia has been repeatedly demonstrated, questions about different dose combinations of hypnotics and opioids remain. The optimal combination would be based on maximal synergy, using the lowest dose of both drugs and having the lowest incidence of side-effects. METHODS: The major goal of this prospective randomized study was to compare two different dose combinations of propofol and remifentanil (both administered by target controlled infusion (TCI)) in respect of haemodynamics during surgery and recovery, and the need for cardiovascular treatment in the recovery room. A secondary goal was to compare pain scores (VAS) and morphine consumption in the recovery room. Anaesthesia was induced in both groups using TCI propofol, adjusted to obtain a bispectral index score (BIS) value between 40 and 60. TCI for remifentanil commenced at an initial effect-site concentration of 0.5 ng ml(-1), and was adjusted according to haemodynamics. Patients were divided into one of two groups during anaesthesia: (i). Group H, hypnotic anaesthesia (n=23), propofol effect-site concentration maintained at 2.4 microg x ml(-1); and (ii). Group O, opioid anaesthesia (n=23), propofol effect-site concentration maintained at 1.2 microg x ml(-1). In both groups, remifentanil effect-site concentration was adjusted according to haemodynamics and changes in BIS value. RESULTS: In Group O, more episodes of intraoperative hypotension (P<0.02) and hypertension (P<0.01), and fewer episodes of tachycardia were observed. More patients in Group O required nicardipine administration for postoperative hypertension (8 patients in Group H vs 15 patients in Group O, P<0.04). During recovery, morphine titration was necessary in approximately 50% of patients. No significant difference between groups was observed concerning pain scores or requirement for morphine titration. CONCLUSIONS: Maintenance of anaesthesia predominantly with propofol and a low dose of remifentanil, both administered using TCI, is associated with greater stability in perioperative haemodynamics than anaesthesia predominantly with remifentanil alone. Postoperative pain was identical in both groups of patients who underwent relatively short duration, and relatively painless surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Benzodiazepine hypnotics increase heart rate during sleep.

The cardiovascular effects of benzodiazepines administered intravenously as preoperative sedatives have received considerable study, but sleep laboratory research on benzodiazepines administered orally as hypnotics has not focused on assessment of cardiovascular changes. Analysis of heart rate (HR) data collected in sleep laboratory studies on the effects of 0.5 mg of triazolam (Halcion) and 30 mg of flurazepam (Dalmane) demonstrated that both benzodiazepine hypnotics produced a significant HR elevation that was present for up to 4 h during sleep. By the 3rd night of bedtime administration of triazolam, the HR increase was no longer statistically significant, but on the 5th night of flurazepam administration, HR was still significantly elevated over baseline levels. The HR elevation does not appear to be of clinical significance for most patients. However, this finding indicates that benzodiazepines administered at hypnotic-dose levels have peripheral as well as central effects.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Hypnotic and anesthetic interactions between ketamine and midazolam in female patients.

BACKGROUND: Midazolam, if used with ketamine for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, may attenuate hyperdynamic circulatory effects and prevent undesirable emergenic reactions. The nature of the interaction between midazolam and ketamine used for anesthesia induction was studied in female patients. METHODS: Quantal dose-response curves were determined in 170 female patients for the drugs, individually and in combination. Two endpoints were assessed, loss of response to verbal command (hypnosis) and loss of response to a 5-s transcutaneous tetanus (anesthesia). At the hypnotic endpoint, interactions were analyzed by fitting the data to a mathematical model in which the response was analyzed in terms of the doses of the two drugs, and an additional term was included to describe nonadditive interactions. At the anesthetic endpoint, the decrease in ED50 of ketamine in the presence of midazolam was assessed because dose-related effects could not be demonstrated for midazolam alone. RESULTS: At the hypnotic endpoint, the ED50s were: 0.15 mg/kg midazolam (95% CIs 0.11-0.38 mg/kg), 0.37 mg/kg ketamine (95% CIs 0.08-0.44 mg/kg), and the combination of 0.086 mg/kg midazolam and 0.27 mg/kg ketamine (95% CIs 0.07/0.22-0.10/0.31 mg/kg), respectively. The hypnotic effects were found to be additive, and there was no evidence of an interaction. At the anesthetic endpoint, the ED50 of ketamine alone was 0.57 mg/kg (95% CIs 0.47-0.69) and the ED50 for ketamine in the presence of midazolam was also 0.57 mg/kg (95% CIs 0.48-0.79); 0.18 mg/kg midazolam was given at this point. Midazolam had no influence on the anesthetic dose of ketamine. CONCLUSIONS: When using the combination, doses employed should be adjusted according to the depth of central nervous system depression that is required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

No evidence of memory function during anesthesia with propofol or isoflurane with close control of hypnotic state.

BACKGROUND: The authors previously demonstrated memory function during apparently adequate general anesthesia in trauma patients. Hypnotic state fluctuations, stress, and variable amnesic qualities of commonly used anesthetics could account for this effect. METHODS: The authors replicated the trauma investigation in 90 elective surgical patients to enable anesthetic titration to a bispectral index value of 50-55 during auditory presentation of word stimuli. Patients were randomly assigned to maintenance with propofol (n = 48) or isoflurane (n = 42). Before surgery, state anxiety and trait anxiety were assessed using self-report measures. Postoperative memory assessment relied on the process dissociation procedure using a word stem completion task. RESULTS: There were no differences between groups for relevant demographic, preoperative, or supplemental drug variables. Ninety-eight percent of words were presented within a bispectral index range of 40-60, with values averaging 48.8 (SD = 5.7) during word presentation. Neither the process dissociation procedure nor standard measures of conscious recall and recognition memory showed evidence of explicit or implicit memory. Preoperative stress levels did not correlate with postoperative memory test scores in either study group. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to the results of their previous study, the authors found no evidence of memory function with close control of hypnotic state. This suggests that hypnotic state fluctuations are important to memory activation under anesthesia. Other variables may contribute to preserved memory function as well. Propofol and isoflurane block memory equally well during adequate anesthesia.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlation of Purkinje neuron depression and hypnotic effects of ethanol in inbred strains of rats.

The effect of locally applied ethanol on spontaneous discharge rates of cerebellar Purkinje neurons was compared in two inbred strains of rats which differ in their sensitivities to the acute hypnotic effects of this agent. Ethanol, applied locally to neurons by micropressure ejection with multibarrel micropipettes, was significantly more potent for reducing neuronal firing rates in Fischer 344 rats when compared to Brown Norway rats. The hypnotic effect of ethanol, measured by loss of righting reflex, lasted significantly longer in the Fischer 344 strain of rats. These results suggest that susceptibility to a behavioral effect of ethanol might correlate with an effect on firing rates of cerebellar Purkinje cells in rats. In mice, selective breeding has produced "long-sleep" and "short-sleep" strains of mice which differ not only in sensitivity to the hypnotic effect of ethanol, but also to the sensitivity of cerebellar Purkinje cells to depressant effects of this drug. Because electrophysiological investigations are in many ways easier to perform in rats than in mice, genetic differences in rats may provide an important means for analyzing central nervous system actions of acute ethanol administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effect of chronic ethanol treatment and selective breeding for hypnotic sensitivity to ethanol on intracellular ionized calcium concentrations in synaptosomes.

The effect of chronic ethanol treatment and of selective breeding for hypnotic sensitivity to ethanol on intracellular ionized calcium concentrations (Cai) were examined in mouse whole brain synaptosomes. Following treatment with a liquid diet for 7 days, resting Cai and KCl-stimulated increases in Cai were measured in synaptosomes isolated from chronic ethanol-treated and pair-fed animals. Ethanol (350-700 mM) increased resting Cai and reduced KCl-stimulated increases in Cai in synaptosomes isolated from pair-fed animals. Ethanol-induced changes in Cai were reduced in synaptosomes isolated from chronic ethanol-treated animals. The effect of ethanol on synaptosomal Cai in long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) mice, selectively bred for differential sensitivity to the hypnotic actions of acute ethanol, was also investigated. In the absence of ethanol, resting values of Cai and KCl-stimulated increases in Cai did not differ between the two lines of mice. Ethanol (200-600 mM) increased resting Cai and reduced depolarization-stimulated increases in Cai in both long-sleep and short-sleep mice to the same degree. Similarly, KCl-stimulated increases in Ca uptake did not differ in synaptosomes isolated from whole brains and cortices of LS and SS mice, in the absence of presence of ethanol. These findings demonstrate that tolerance develops to the effect of ethanol on neuronal Cai following chronic treatment. However, sensitivity to the hypnotic action of ethanol is not related to changes in neuronal Cai in LS and SS mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

An experimental study of compliance and post-hypnotic amnesia.

A procedure was devised to test the hypothesis that the traditional measure of post-hypnotic amnesia, which involves determining the number of items recalled before and after a 'release' signal, may be significantly biased by compliance. One group of subjects (group B) was given an opportunity to 'own-up' to compliant behaviour before being tested for post-hypnotic amnesia. Another group (group A) was only given the opportunity to own-up after being tested for amnesia. Results indicated a very strong compliance effect, group A showed significantly more post-hypnotic amnesia than group B.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Hypnotic susceptibility and personality: the consequences of diazepam and the sex of the subjects.

It was suggested by Gibson & Curran (1974) that the rather complex relationships found to obtain between hypnotic susceptibility and the personality parameters of extraversion and neuroticism might be understood by considering neuroticism as a moderator variable (as had been suggested by Furneaux & Gibson, 1961). They made the hypothesis that if a tranquillizing drug were administered the operative level of neuroticism would be decreased, and as a consequence the level of susceptibility of neurotic extraverts would be raised, and that of neurotic introverts lowered. This study reports the test-retest data on a sample of 71 subjects on the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales, half of whom were retested with diazepam and half with nicotinic acid. The hypothesis was confirmed and additional data are given on the drug/placebo effects on each item of the scale. The significance of drugs on different aspects of hypnotic susceptibility in relation to personality is discussed.

Diazepam↗
PubMed2004

Characterization of the interaction of indiplon, a novel pyrazolopyrimidine sedative-hypnotic, with the GABAA receptor.

Clinically used benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic agents for the treatment of insomnia produce their therapeutic effects through allosteric enhancement of the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at the GABA(A) receptor. Indiplon is a novel pyrazolopyrimidine sedative-hypnotic agent, currently in development for insomnia. Using radioligand binding studies, indiplon inhibited the binding of [(3)H]Ro 15-1788 (flumazenil) to rat cerebellar and cerebral cortex membranes with high affinity (K(i) values of 0.55 and 0.45 nM, respectively). [(3)H]Indiplon binding to rat cerebellar and cerebral cortex membranes was reversible and of high affinity, with K(D) values of 1.01 and 0.45 nM, respectively, with a pharmacological specificity consistent with preferential labeling of GABA(A) receptors containing alpha1 subunits. In "GABA shift" experiments and in measurements of GABA-induced chloride conductance in rat cortical neurons in culture, indiplon behaved as an efficacious potentiator of GABA(A) receptor function. In both the radioligand binding and electrophysiological experiments, indiplon had a higher affinity than zolpidem or zaleplon. These in vitro properties are consistent with the in vivo properties of indiplon as an effective sedative-hypnotic acting through allosteric potentiation of the GABA(A) receptor.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1983

Hypnotic accumulation and hangover in elderly inpatients: a controlled double-blind study of temazepam and nitrazepam.

The hypnotic and residual sedative effects of the first and seventh of seven regular night-time doses of nitrazepam 5 mg, temazepam 20 mg, and placebo were studied in 58 elderly inpatients. Plasma temazepam and nitrazepam concentrations rose by about 50% and 113% respectively between the mornings of day 1 and day 7. Patients reported sleeping well more often after the first dose of either hypnotic (p less than 0.05), but there was no difference after the seventh dose. Reaction time was unchanged on the morning after the first dose but was significantly prolonged after the seventh dose of both hypnotics (p less than 0.01). The time taken to eliminate the letter E from a page of prose tended to be prolonged after the first dose of both drugs (temazepam v placebo, p less than 0.05; nitrazepam v placebo, not significant) and was further prolonged on the morning after the seventh dose of nitrazepam (nitrazepam v placebo, p less than 0.05). Thus plasma accumulation of the drug was associated with a deterioration in daytime performance. This change in performance did not correlate with age, cerebral blood flow, or plasma concentration, but patients of low intelligence tended to be more severely affected.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Chlormethiazole--no hangover effect but not an ideal hypnotic for the young.

The hangover effects of 768 mg chlormethiazole, an hypnotic with a half-life of approximately 4 hr, were compared with those of placebo in a double-blind cross-over study in 8 young subjects. Ten hours after dosing there were no differences between the preparations in the subjects' psychomotor performance, EEG sleep scores, or visual analogue ratings. Thus, an hypnotic which is rapidly removed from the body may confer considerable advantages. However, all 8 subjects had unpleasant nasal symptoms following chlormethiazole, and it is therefore not an ideal hypnotic for this age group.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Hypnotic alteration of somatosensory perception.

Effects of hypnotic alterations of perception on amplitude of somatosensory event-related potentials were studied in 10 highly hypnotizable subjects and 10 subjects with low hypnotizability. The highly hypnotizable individuals showed significant decreases in amplitude of the P100 and P300 waveform components during a hypnotic hallucination that blocked perception of the stimulus. When hypnosis was used to intensify attention to the stimulus, there was an increase in P100 amplitude. These findings are consistent with observations that highly hypnotizable individuals can reduce or eliminate pain by using purely cognitive methods such as hypnosis. Together with data from the visual system, these results suggest a neurophysiological basis for hypnotic sensory alteration.

Attention↗