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PubMed1978

Cyclic variation in concentrations of protein and hexose in human uterine flushings collected by an improved technique.

Uterine flushings were obtained from fertile women at various stages of the menstrual cycle. A technique was used which excluded contamination with cervical mucus and significantly lowered contamination with blood in comparison with an established technique. Contamination of the uterine flushings with seminal plasma and tubal fluid was also prevented. The concentrations of protein and hexose in the uterine flushings, corrected for contamination with plasma, were significantly lower in the secretory stages than in the proliferative stages of the cycle. It is concluded that proteins and carbohydrates are present within the uterine lumen not only after ovulation but also during the preovulatory period.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Hexose transport in preimplantation rabbit blastocysts.

Transtrophectodermal 3-0-methyl glucose (3-0MG) transport in the rabbit blastocyst at Days 6 and 7 post coitum was investigated to understand better how the trophectoderm can regulate inner cell mass growth by controlling substrate availability. 3-0MG rapidly traversed the trophectoderm and displayed saturation kinetics (Km = 4.3 +/- 0.5 mM, Vmax = 79 +/- 3.8 nmol.cm-2). The flux of 3-0MG was inhibited nearly 95% by 10(-4) M-phloretin, and only 15% by 10(-4) M-phlorizin. Furthermore, 3-0MG influx was inhibited by cytochalasin B (5 microM) and was unaffected by removal of sodium. The transport system had a high specificity for 2-deoxy-D-glucose and glucose, and a very low specificity for fructose and 4-alpha-methyl glucoside. Western blots probed with a polyclonal antibody to the human erythrocyte glucose transport protein and also with a polyclonal antibody to the C-terminus of the glucose transport protein of the rat brain revealed a broad band with a molecular weight of 55,000. Using immuno-gold labelling techniques, Na(+)-independent glucose transporters were localized to both the apical and basolateral borders of the trophectodermal cell. These results suggest that the mechanism in the trophectoderm responsible for transport of glucose is similar to other sodium-independent glucose transport systems. In addition, 3-0MG influx was unaffected by short-term incubation with progesterone, the progesterone antagonist mifepristone (RU-486), PGF-2 alpha, PGE-2, insulin, or cAMP. Day-7 p.c. embryos also transported hexoses by a similar system because the influx rate and the phlorizin/phloretin sensitivity were the same as in the Day-6 p.c. embryo.

3-O-Methylglucose↗
PubMed2003

Inositol transport in mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos: effects of mouse strain, embryo stage, sodium and the hexose transport inhibitor, phloridzin.

The uptake of myo-inositol by mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos of a crossbred (DBA x C57BL/6) and a purebred outbred strain (MF1) was measured using [2-(3)H]myo-inositol. Uptake in crossbred embryos increased about 15-fold between the one- and two-cell stages and increased again by about sixfold at the blastocyst stage compared with the morula stage. Uptake in purebred embryos increased about 42-fold between the one- and two-cell stages and increased more than threefold at the blastocyst stage compared with the morula stage. In all stages examined, except two-cell crossbred embryos, inositol uptake was, depending on the stage, either largely or partly sodium dependent and could be inhibited by the sodium-dependent hexose transport inhibitor, phloridzin. This is consistent with the hypothesis that transport occurs via a sodium myo-inositol transporter (SMIT) protein. In addition, there was strong evidence that a sodium-independent mechanism of uptake, possibly a channel, was switched on at the two-cell stage coincident with zygotic gene activation which resulted in 141-fold and 71-fold increases in sodium-independent uptake from the one-cell to two-cell stages in crossbred and purebred embryos, respectively. This mechanism was either abolished or drastically downregulated at the blastocyst stage, whereas sodium-dependent uptake was markedly upregulated. In two-cell crossbred embryos, there was a complete abolition of sodium-dependent uptake, again possibly regulated by zygotic gene activation. The hypothesis that the changes in mechanism of inositol uptake at about the two-cell stage are due to zygotic gene activation was supported by the finding that these changes did not occur in parthenogenetic two-cell embryos.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effect of 5-thio-D-glucose on hexose transport and metabolism in the mouse small intestine.

5-Thio-D-glucose ( 5TG ) elicits a time-dependent effect on net D-glucose transport and metabolism in the mouse small intestine. When incubation periods were less than 45 min, 5TG inhibited net D-glucose transport. As incubation periods were lengthened to 60 min or greater, net D-glucose transport was potentiated by 5TG , with a concomitant inhibition of lactate production from exogenous D-glucose. Furthermore, D-glucose inhibited 5TG transport at every time point studied. Initial velocity profiles done with 5TG and D-glucose, respectively, resulted in a KT of 6.3 mM and a Tmax of 18.5 mumole/g/30 min for 5TG ; while for D-glucose the KT was 11.7 mM and the Tmax was 43.4 mumole/g/30 min. Competitive inhibition between 5TG and D-glucose was demonstrated. The apparent KI's for 5TG and D-glucose were 3.0 mM and 9.3 mM, respectively. These findings indicated that 5TG has a lower affinity for the hexose-transport carrier than D-glucose. 5TG was also found to inhibit 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3MG) and D-galactose transport in a dose-dependent manner. Basal levels of lactate production were not affected by 5TG nor did 5TG affect lactate levels in the presence of 3MG. These results suggest that 5TG decreases intestinal utilization of D-glucose via glycolysis to partially account for the observed increase in net transmural transport of D-glucose.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Amelioration by active hexose correlated compound of endocrine disturbances induced by oxidative stress in the rat.

OBJECTIVE: Active hexose correlated compound (AHCC), an extract derived from fungi of Basidiomycetes family, has been found to be a potent antioxidant. Since the secretion of some hormones can be affected by reactive oxygen species, the objective of this study was to examine how ferric nitrilotriacetate (FeNTA), which generates hydroxyl radicals in vivo, modulates the hormone secretion and the effects of AHCC. METHODS: AHCC at 3 % in drinking water was given to male rats for one week, and the animals were decapitated at different time intervals after the treatment with FeNTA intraperitoneally. Serum levels of hormones (corticosterone, testosterone, thyroxine and triiodothyronine), adrenal ascorbic acid as well as changes in hepatic oxidative status were evaluated by immunoassay and spectrometry. RESULTS: Serum corticosterone levels increased significantly following FeNTA treatment, while AHCC reduced the increased levels to normal. Adrenal ascorbic acid levels that reflect ACTH secretion, were decreased by FeNTA and restored to normal by AHCC. Serum levels of testosterone and thyroxine (T4) decreased rapidly after FeNTA treatment, while AHCC pretreatment prevented this fall. Serum triiodothyroxine (T3) levels remained unchanged either by FeNTA or AHCC treatment. The hepatic oxidized glutathione, glutathione-related enzymes and also serum lipid peroxide were greatly enhanced after FeNTA treatment. All of these changes were restored to normal by AHCC pretreatment. CONCLUSION: FeNTA induces various endocrine disorders and AHCC ameliorates these effects by acting as an antioxidant.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Measurement of serum protein-bound hexose--an aid in the diagnosis and after-care of colorectal cancers?].

In a group of 80 patients with colorectal carcinoma and a control group of 103 persons Protein-bound Hexose (PHex) was measured in the serum. The level was, as reported previously by other authors, significantly elevated in the tumour group. The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity of PHex with that of the oncofetal antigens CEA and CA 19/9. The sensitivity of PHex turned out to be clearly lower than that of CEA. It was about as high as the sensitivity of CA 19/9 in colorectal carcinoma. In view of these results there is no benefit to be expected from an introduction of the PHex determination into clinical practice.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗
PubMed1991

Hexose metabolism in pancreatic islets. Insignificance of D-glucose futile cycling in rat islets.

When rat pancreatic islets were incubated in the presence of unlabelled D-glucose (16.7 mM) and 3HOH, the production of 3H-labelled material susceptible to be phosphorylated by yeast hexokinase and then detritiated by yeast phosphoglucoisomerase did not exceed 2.66 +/- 0.21 pmol/islet per 180 min, i.e. about 1% of the rate of exogenous D-[5-3H]glucose utilization. Such a material accounted for 43 +/- 4% of the total radioactivity, associated with tritiated hexose(s). It is proposed, therefore, that the futile cycling of D-glucose in the reactions catalyzed in the islet cells by the hexokinase isoenzymes and glucose-6-phosphatase represents a negligible fraction of the total rate of D-glucose phosphorylation.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Perchloric acid-soluble proteins and protein-bound hexoses in serum and tissues of normal, hypo-and hyperthyroid rats.

The total content of perchloric acid-soluble proteins (PCA-SP) and protein-bound hexoses (PBH) were studied in blood serum and tissues (liver, kidney, lung, brain) of normal, hypo- and hyperthyroid rats. The results obtained indicate that the hyperthyroid state induced an increase in both PCA-SP and PBH in blood serum and studied tissue homogenates, and hypothyreosis causes a decrease of total glycoproteins content in all studied materials. The results were counted per 1 g of protein and in this way the nonspecific effect of thyroid hormones on the protein metabolism had no influence on the measurements.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Epitope mapping of four monoclonal antibodies recognizing the hexose core domain of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide.

Four murine monoclonal antibodies reactive with distinctive regions of the hexose core domain of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were generated and their epitope specificities were delineated. MAST 56 (IgG1) and MAST 50 (IgG3) antibodies elicited by immunizations with Salmonella typhimurium Rb1 and Rb2 mutants, reacted selectively in enzyme immunoassay with the LPS from rough mutants. In contrast, MATy 1 (IgM) and MATy 2 (IgG2b) antibodies raised by an attenuated Salmonella typhi 620 Ty strain were reactive with LPS from both smooth and rough Salmonellae. Immunoblotting analysis showed that MATy 1 distinguished only the bottom bands (naked LPS core) among the heterogeneous LPS populations, whereas MATy 2 gave a ladder pattern (reactive with both naked and O-chain-substituted LPS cores). Differential binding specificities of MATy 1 and MATy 2 antibodies to the naked and capped LPS cores were further analyzed utilizing S. typhimurium polysaccharide fractions with different O-chain:core ratios which were obtained after separation by Sephacryl S-200 chromatography. Steric effects on the antibody reactivity by the bulky O-polysaccharide chain were detected. The use of chemically defined native and synthetic saccharides as inhibitors, in combination with the conformation of the Salmonella core oligosaccharide, permitted the definition of antigenic determinants carried in the core domain recognized by each antibody: (i) the branches I and VIII are essential for MATy 1 recognition, (ii) the backbone III-IV-V for MATy 2, (iii) the backbone II-III-IV-V for MAST 56, and (iv) the backbone plus the branch III-IV-V-VIII for MAST 50. (formula; see text)

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1991

Hexose metabolism in pancreatic islets (time course of 3HOH production from tritiated D-glucose in models with and without enzyme-to-enzyme tunnelling).

The fate of D-[2-3H] glucose and D-[5-3H] glucose in pancreatic islets was simulated in models with or without enzyme-to-enzyme tunnelling of hexose 6-phosphates in the glycolytic cascade. Satisfactory values for the recovery of phosphoglucoisomerase activity, for the ratio between unlabelled D-glucose 6-phosphate and D-fructose 6-phosphate, and for the time course of both 3HOH production from D-[2-3H] glucose and tritiated D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate generation from D-[5-3H] glucose were only reached in models with enzyme-to-enzyme tunnelling, with emphasis on the coupling between phosphoglucoisomerase and phosphofructokinase.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Glycosylated haemoglobin(HbA1C) and serum protein bound hexose in diabetes mellitus.

Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) and serum protein bound hexose (SPBH) levels were estimated in 35 healthy control subjects and 35 diabetic subjects. The mean levels of SPBH in control subjects was 161.69 +/- 3.84 mg/dl. The SPBH levels in diabetic subjects were found to be increased (P less than 0.001). It was not influenced by age and sex of the patients, complications, type of diabetes and treatment received. HbA1C levels in control subjects were 5.33 +/- 0.38/dl. The HbA1C levels in diabetic subjects was found to be markedly elevated (11.95 +/- 0.46/dl) and was found to be highly significant (P less than 0.001). The levels were found to be on higher side in juvenile diabetics. A progressive linear correlation was observed between fasting blood sugar levels and concentration of SPBH and glycosylated haemoglobin concentration. A significant correlation was also observed between the levels of glycosylated haemoglobin and SPBH levels (P less than 0.05).

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1968

Cerebrosides of human aorta: isolation, identification of the hexose, and fatty acid distribution.

Cerebrosides have been isolated from adult human aortic tissue. Each aorta was divided into portions classified as normal, fatty streaks, fibrous plaques, or complicated lesions. The cerebrosides were isolated by Florisil column chromatography, mild alkaline methanolysis, a second Florisil column, and preparative thin-layer chromatography. The concentration of cerebrosides was higher in fatty streaks than in the more advanced plaques; apparently normal tissue gave the same cerebroside content as plaques found in the same aorta. The quantities of cerebrosides ranged from 0.01 to 0.73% of the total lipid. Of the 16 cerebroside samples isolated, 10 contained glucosyl ceramide, 1 contained galactosyl ceramide, and 5 were not analyzed for specific hexose. The fatty acid distribution was determined for 11 of the samples; it was similar to that of spleen cerebrosides. We suggest that aortic cerebrosides originate in the plasma. "Normal tissue" cerebrosides contained less unsaturated fatty acid than cerebrosides from a diseased area of the same aorta. Preparative thin-layer chromatography, the last step of cerebroside isolation, always separated at least two unidentified substances. One of these substances yielded both glucose and galactose on acid hydrolysis. Their removal from the cerebrosides accounts for the lower values for cerebroside compared to other authors' determinations.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[The efficiency of hexose energy transformation into energy for volatile fatty acid production in the rumen of sheep fed diets containing sawdust].

Based on the production and interrelationship of volatile fatty acids (VFA), the mathematical method according to Orskov et al. (1968) was used to determine the efficiency of VFA production, and/or conversion of the energy of hexoses contained in fodders into VFA energy in rumen. VFA were separated by gas chromatography. The energy yield of VFA production in the rumen contents of wethers was averaged from the samples taken one, three and five hours after feeding. Whethers were fed 11 experimental diets, in which a part of bulk fodder (5-20%) was replaced by treated or untreated sawdust, and/or a diet without sawdust. The energy yield varied from 73.12 to 76.51% and the maximum values were achieved with the diets containing no sawdust. Compared with the diets with sawdust addition, the differences are statistically significant (P less than 0.05). The addition of the treated beech sawdust to the same diet, in comparison with untreated sawdust resulted in a higher energy yield of VFA production, however, with no statistical significance. The ratio of acetate to propionate was in a direct but negative relationship to energy yield of VFA production (n = 44, r = -0.905, P less than 0.001). Therefore the diets rich in cellulose, which cause an increase in the molar percentage of acetic acid and a subsequent increase in the ratio of acetate to propionate, might be responsible for the energy losses in the form of methane and can result in the decrease in total energy balance (Orskov et al., 1968).

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1980

[Regulation of the processes of dipeptide and saccharose digestion and hexose absorption in the canine small intestine].

The total amount of digested saccharose increased under the effect of acetylcholine, noradrenaline, ornide, whereas the total amount of digested dipeptides increased under the effect of atropine. The decrease of the total amount of digested saccharose occurred under the effect of atropine and of digested dipeptides under the effect of acetylcholine, noradrenaline, ornide. The effects of these agents on digestion in the cavity and on the small intestine walls were not similar. The resorption of hexose formed during digestion of saccharose depended on the total amount of the digested saccharose.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Growth of bovine retinal pericytes and endothelial cells in high hexose concentrations.

Selective loss of capillary pericytes occurs early in diabetic and galactosemic retinopathies, at a stage when endothelial cells are still spared. To ascertain whether such loss is directly related to high hexose concentrations, the replication of bovine retinal pericytes and endothelial cells was studied by culturing them in media containing 5.6 mmol/l glucose alone and enriched with extra glucose, mannitol or galactose to achieve final concentrations of 16.7, 27.8 and 50.0 mmol/l. At the end of the incubation there were significantly less pericytes/culture cell in 16.7 mmol/l glucose (341 +/- 78 x 10(3), mean +/- SEM, p = 0.027) and galactose (304 +/- 55 x 10(3), p = 0.046) than in 5.6 mmol/l glucose (417 +/- 98 and 355 +/- 75 x 10(3) for separate experiments, respectively). Mannitol had no such effect (343 +/- 52 vs. 337 +/- 52 x 10(3). Endothelial cells did not change in number, except in 50.0 mmol/l glucose (533 +/- 66 vs. 629 +/- 67 x 10(3) at 5.6 mmol/l; p = 0.026) and 50.0 mmol/l galactose (440 +/- 48 vs. 592 +/- 51 x 10(3); p = 0.013). To verify if these effects are due to decreased replication, the uptake of 3H-thymidine was measured in pericytes and endothelial cells subjected to the same concentrations of glucose, mannitol and galactose. In pericytes, thymidine uptake was reduced in the presence of 16.7 mmol/l glucose (p = 0.003, compared to 5.6 mmol/l) and galactose (p = 0.027) but not mannitol. Pericyte counts and thymidine uptake was reduced for concentrations of glucose, galactose and mannitol higher than 16.7 mmol/l.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Nitric oxide attenuates cellular hexose monophosphate shunt response to oxidants in articular chondrocytes and acts to promote oxidant injury.

Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in both cartilage degradation and cell survival. Importantly, NO has been shown, in a cell-type-dependent manner, to directly cause cell death or indirectly promote cell death by compromising the ability of cells to detoxify intra- or extracellular oxidants. In this study we examined the role of NO in the survival of bovine chondrocytes exposed to catabolic cytokines (interleukin-1 (IL-1); tumor necrosis factor [TNF]) with or without the addition of an exogenous oxidant stress (e.g., H2O2, HOOCl, etc.). The exposure of chondrocytes to a mixture of IL-1 and TNF (IL-1/TNF) results in the release of NO but did not alter cell viability. However, there was evidence of NO-dependent oxidative responses in the IL-1/TNF group, as we observed an increased level of intracellular oxidants as well as the appearance of a 55 kD nitrated protein which reflects the formation of peroxynitrite. We next analyzed viability with H2O2. The LD50 for IL-1/TNF-treated cells was 0.1 mM (vs. 1 mM for control). The enhanced sensitivity was completely reversed when cells were incubated with the NO synthase inhibitor 1-n5-1-iminoethylornithine (NIO). To test whether cell death was caused by compromising the ability of cells to detoxify extracellular oxidants, we examined the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) response in cells given H2O2. Treatment of control cells with H2O2 resulted in a fourfold increase in HMPS activity. In contrast, IL-1/TNF cells exhibited no increase in HMPS activity. The attenuation of stimulated HMPS activity was reversed by the coaddition of NIO. Thus, these data indicate that 1) endogenous NO mediates cytokine-dependent susceptibility to oxidant injury and 2) this effect is in part due to impaired activation of the HMPS. In inflamed joints replete with cytokines and oxidants, NO may contribute to chondrocyte death and progressive joint destruction.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Long-term adaptive response to dietary protein of hexose monophosphate shunt dehydrogenases in rat kidney tubules.

We have studied the effects of several different macronutrients on the kinetic behaviour of rat renal glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH). Rats were meal-fed with high-carbohydrate/low-protein, high-protein/low-carbohydrate and high-fat diets. High-protein increased renal G6PDH and 6PDGH activities by 66 per cent and 70 per cent respectively, without significantly changing the Km values of either and each Hexose monophosphate dehydrogenase activity increased steadily, reaching a significant difference on day 4. A rise in carbohydrate or fat in the diets, produced no significant change in either the activity or the kinetic parameters, Vmax and Km of the two dehydrogenases. In addition, the administration of a high-protein diet for 8 days significantly increased both the pentose phosphate pathway flux (92.6 per cent) and the kidney weigth (35 per cent), whereas no significant changes in these parameters were found when the animals were treated with the other diets. Our results suggest that an increase in the levels of dietary protein induces a rise in the intracellular levels of these enzymes. The possible role of this metabolic pathway in the kidneys under these nutritional conditions is also discussed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗