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PubMed1989

Growth and development temperature influences level of tolerance to high light stress.

The influence of growth and development temperature on the relative tolerance of photosynthetic tissue to high light stress at chilling temperatures was investigated. Two tuber-bearing potato species, Solanum tuberosum L. cv Red Pontiac and Solanum commersonii were grown for 4 weeks, at either 12 or 24 degrees C with 12 hours of about 375 micromoles per second per square meter of photosynthetically active radiation. Paired leaf discs were cut from directly across the midvein of leaflets of comparable developmental stage and light environment from each species at each growth temperature treatment. One disc of each pair was exposed to 1 degrees C and about 1000 micromoles per second per square meter photosynthetically active radiation for 4 hours, and the other disc was held at 1 degrees C in total darkness for the same duration. Photosynthetic tissue of S. tuberosum, developed at 12 degrees C, was much more tolerant to high light and low temperature stress than tissue developed under 24 degrees C conditions. Following the high light treatment, 24 degrees C-grown S. tuberosum tissue demonstrated light-limited and light-saturated rates that were approximately 50% of their paired dark controls. In contrast, the 12 degrees C-grown tissue from S. tuberosum that was subjected to the light stress showed only a 18 and 6% reduction in light-limited and light-saturated rates of photosynthetic oxygen evolution, respectively. Tissue from 24 degrees C-grown S. commersonii was much less sensitive to the light stress than was tissue from S. tuberosum grown under the same conditions. The results presented here demonstrate that: (a) acclimation of S. tuberosum to lower temperature growth conditions with a constant light environment, results in the increased capacity of photosynthetic tissue to tolerate high light stress at chilling temperature and (b) following growth and development at relatively high temperatures S. commersonii, a frost- and heat-tolerant wild species, has a much greater tolerance to the high light stress at chilling temperature than does S. tuberosum cv Red Pontiac, a frost-sensitive cultivated species.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Prostatic growth and development are regulated by FGF10.

We have examined the role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10) during the growth and development of the rat ventral prostate (VP) and seminal vesicle (SV). FGF10 transcripts were abundant at the earliest stages of organ formation and during neonatal organ growth, but were low or absent in growth-quiescent adult organs. In both the VP and SV, FGF10 transcripts were expressed only in a subset of mesenchymal cells and in a pattern consistent with a role as a paracrine epithelial regulator. In the neonatal VP, FGF10 mRNA was expressed initially in mesenchymal cells peripheral to the peri-urethral mesenchyme and distal to the elongating prostatic epithelial buds. At later stages, mesenchymal cells surrounding the epithelial buds also expressed FGF10 transcripts. During induction of the SV, FGF10 mRNA was present in mesenchyme surrounding the lower Wolffian ducts and, at later stages, FGF10 transcripts became restricted to mesenchymal cells subadjacent to the serosa. We investigated whether the FGF10 gene might be regulated by androgens by analysing the levels of FGF10 transcripts in SV and VP organs grown in serum-free organ culture. While FGF10 transcript levels increased after treatment with testosterone in the SV (but not VP), these changes were not sensitive to anti-androgen treatment, and thus it is likely that FGF10 mRNA was not directly regulated by testosterone. Also, FGF10 mRNA was observed in the embryonic female reproductive tract in a position analogous to that of the ventral prostate in males suggesting that FGF10 is not regulated by androgens in vivo. Recombinant FGF10 protein specifically stimulated growth of Dunning epithelial and BPH1 prostatic epithelial cell lines, but had no effect on growth of Dunning stromal cells or primary SV mesenchyme. Furthermore, FGF10 protein stimulated the development of ventral prostate and seminal vesicle organ rudiments in serum-free organ culture. When both FGF10 and testosterone were added to organs in vitro, there was no synergistic induction of development. Additionally, development induced by FGF10 was not inhibited by the addition of the anti-androgen Cyproterone Acetate demonstrating that the effects of FGF10 were not mediated by the androgen receptor. Taken together, our experiments suggest that FGF10 functions as a mesenchymal paracrine regulator of epithelial growth in the prostate and seminal vesicle and that the FGF10 gene is not regulated by androgens

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Convergent evolution of embryonic growth and development in the eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus).

Theory predicts that cold environments will select for strategies that enhance the growth of ectotherms, such as early emergence from nests and more efficient use of resources. We used a common garden experiment to detect parallel clines in rates of embryonic growth and development by eastern fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus). Using realistic thermal conditions, we measured growth efficiencies and incubation periods of lizards from five populations representing two distinct clades. In both clades, embryos from cold environments (Indiana, New Jersey, and Virginia) grew more efficiently and hatched earlier than embryos from warm environments (Florida and South Carolina). Because eggs from cold environments were larger than eggs from warm environments, we experimentally miniaturized eggs from one population (Virginia) to determine whether rapid growth and development were caused by a greater maternal investment. Embryos in miniaturized eggs grew as efficiently and incubated for the same duration as embryos in unmanipulated eggs. Taken together, our results suggest countergradient variation has evolved at least twice in S. undulatus.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Gonadal development and growth in 46,XX and 46,XY individuals with P450scc deficiency (congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia).

We have investigated gonadal development and growth in 4 individuals (3 with 46,XY and 1 with 46,XX karyotype) with P450scc deficiency. One patient died at 2 months of age from adrenal insufficiency, while the remaining 3 individuals were healthy and developed normally (age at follow-up: 18, 10 and 8 years). In the surviving individuals, the diagnosis was established during the first 2-4 months of life by extensive endocrine studies of blood and urine. In the remaining patient, the diagnosis was made on the basis of karyotype (46,XY), anatomy of internal and external genitalia and adrenal pathology. Gonadectomy was performed in the 2 surviving 46,XY individuals at the age of 7 years, and histological examination showed normal testicular morphology but very few germ cells. Postmortem examination of the testes of the 2-month-old subject showed normal testicular histology, and quantitative analysis revealed a normal number of germ cells. Ultrasound of the 46,XX individual showed normal internal female genitalia including ovaries with follicles. The 3 surviving patients grew along the 75th (46,XY), the 90th (46,XY) and the 50th percentile (46,XX), respectively. The oldest girl experienced normal breast and pubic hair development after oral estrogen replacement and topical testosterone administration. The glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement was adjusted in accordance with repeated measurements of serum sodium and serum potassium, plasma renin concentration and blood pressure. No attempts were made to normalize serum ACTH. We conclude that prenatal testicular maturation and development of female internal genitalia may take place in the absence of normal steroid hormone production. Normal growth and development may be obtained in P450scc-deficient individuals with adequate hormone replacement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Interaction between root lesion nematode Pratylenchus vulnus and two species of Fusarium on growth and development of maple seedlings.

Producing healthy seedlings and distributing them to far areas, is one of the most important factor for developing forests. Because of easy planting, rapid growth and good wood quality, Acer velutinum is the most useful species, among the softwood and hardwood trees. Growth and development of the nurseries were effected by different pests and diseases, the nematodes are one of these agents. They are not actively surveyed in the forest nurseries in Iran. On a survey of maple seedling in the forest nurseries Pratylenchus vulnus, Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum were identified. The interaction between these two fungi and nematode were studied in randomized complete block design with four replications and six treatments. For mass production and multiplication of the nematodes, they were sterilized with Streptomycin Sulfate, they were reared on carrot disc culture. The nematodes were then added to each pot. The results showed a highly significant difference (p = 0.01) between different treatments. In the treatment with nematodes alone growth of seedlings was minimum and population density of nematodes in soil and root tissue was maximum. In this treatments 75% of seedlings were died and seedling average height were 2.25 cm. In the treatments with nematode and fungi together the population of nematodes were decreased and the growth of seedlings were increased, in comparison with nematode alone. F. oxysporum showed more antagonistic effect on nematodes than F. solani. In the nematode + F. oxysporum treatment, 25% of seedlings were died and seedling average height was 12.75 cm. In the nematode + F. solani treatment, 50% of seedlings were died and the seedling average height was 5.5 cm. This is the first report of pathogenecity of Pratylenchus vulnus and its interaction whit fungi on maple seedlings in Iran.

Acer↗
PubMed2003

Body building: regulation of shape and size by PI3K/TOR signaling during development.

Growth of organisms and their constituent parts responds to both intrinsic and extrinsic cues during development: organisms of a given species generally grow at a predictable rate and to a specific body size, but individuals can modify this program during development in response to environmental conditions. Recent experiments, using gene knockouts and targeted overexpression, have revealed the central role of a signaling network controlled by the PI3K and TOR kinases in this regulation. These signaling molecules control growth by coordinately regulating a large number of cell biological processes. This review focuses on the cellular activities regulated by PI3K and TOR during development, and discusses how changes in different aspects of cellular metabolism may interact to regulate growth.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The effect of a green and blue monochromatic light combination on broiler growth and development.

Previous reports have suggested that green light enhances broiler growth at an early age, whereas blue light enhances growth at older ages. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a switch in monochromatic light at 2 ages on growth and development of broilers. Male chicks (Anak, n = 640) were used. After hatch, chicks were weighed, wing-banded, and blocked into treatment groups. Chicks were grown in 1-m2 pens in 8 isolated light-proof rooms (20 birds/pen). The light treatments were (1) Control white (mini-incandescent lamps), 2) blue light-emitting diode (LED) lamps, 3) green LED lamps, 4) blue LED switching to green at 10 d of age, 5) blue LED switching to green at 20 d of age, 6) green LED switching to blue at 10 d of age, and 7) green LED switching to blue at 20 d of age. There were 8 pens for treatment 1, and 4 pens for each of the other treatments. The light schedule was 23L:1D, and intensity was 0.1 watts/m2. BW and feed consumption were recorded. Green light birds were significantly heavier at 4 d of age. Switching light at 10 d of age from green to blue caused a further increase in BW. This improved growth was maintained until the end of the experiment. Light switching from blue to green at 20 d of age also improved growth as compared with white light. Average feed efficiency and mortality rate did not differ between groups. No association was observed among light treatment, performance, and plasma triiodothyronine concentration. We suggest that green light stimulated growth of birds at early age, and shifting birds to a different light environment at 10 or 20 d of age might further stimulate growth.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics of growth and development in children from families at social risk].

INTRODUCTION: Body height and weight are important indicators of children's health status. There are many evidences that children from disadvantaged families have lower height and weight than children of the same age from families without social risk. The aim of this study was to investigate characteristics of growth and development of children from economically disadvantaged families. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was partly retrospective and partly prospective. The retrospective study included 509 children from disadvantaged families hospitalized at the Institute of Child and Adolescent Health Care in Novi Sad, during a five-year period. The prospective study included 90 children from disadvantaged families (experimental group) and 132 children from families without social risk (control group) hospitalized at the Institute during a six month period. Height/length, weight, head circumference, and psychomotor/intellectual development have been examined. In the retrospective study results were compared with theoretically expected values, whereas the prospective study results of experimental and control group were compared. RESULTS: In the retrospective study that included only children from disadvantaged families, 136 (26.7%) children had height/length, 173 (34%) had weight, and 86 (16.9%) children had head circumference below 10th percentile. Delay in psychomotor/intellectual development was established in 177 (34.8%) children. Children from families with social risk have significantly more often height/length, weight, head circumference and developmental delay than theoretically expected. In the prospective study 40 (44.4%) children from experimental group had height/length, 29 (32.2%) had weight, 20 (22.2%) children had head circumference below 10th percentile, and 17 (26.2%) had delay in psychomotor/intellectual development. Children from disadvantaged families (experimental group) significantly more often had delay in growth and development comparing with children from families without social risk (control group). CONCLUSION: Children from disadvantaged families significantly more often exhibit delay in growth and development, comparing with children of the same age from families without social risk. Therefore, pediatricians should consider social risk factors whenever treating children with growth or developmental delay.

Body Height↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of methanol eluates from Ginkgo biloba root on growth and development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi cultured in vitro].

The effect of methanol eluates from Ginkgo biloba root on growth and development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was studied under cultured in vitro. The study indicated that the methanol eluates from Ginkgo biloba root could significantly stimulate the spore germination and hyphal growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora margarita), and the 80% methanol eluates had the most significant effect. There were rich flavonoids in the methanol eluates, and the highest flavonoids content was in the 80% methanol eluates. The mathematical analysis showed that there was a significantly positive correlation between the flavonoids content in the methanol eluates and the growth and development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi cultured in vitro.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed1980

Relation of the neuroendocrine system to the development and growth of experimental mammary tumors.

The regulation of hormonal influences on mammary tumor development and growth resides in the hypothalamus. The two major hormones essential for mammary tumor development in the rat and mouse, and also for mammary tumor growth in the rat, are prolactin and estrogen. Prolactin secretion is directly controlled by the hypothalamus, and estrogen indirectly via the pituitary gonadotropins. Treatments that increase prolactin secretion in the rat and mouse increase the incidence of spontaneous mammary tumors, whereas treatments that decrease prolactin or estrogen secretion decrease the incidence of spontaneous mammary tumors in these species. In carcinogen treated rats, either an increase or decrease in prolactin or ovarian hormones inhibits development of mammary cancers. After the appearance of mammary tumors in rats, spontaneous or carcinogen-induced, a reduction in prolactin results in reduced mammary tumor growth, and an increase in prolactin in enhanced mammary tumor growth. Either a reduction in estrogen or an excess of estrogen inhibits mammary tumor growth in rats. Large doses of estrogen inhibit mammary tumor growth by preventing prolactin from stimulating tumor growth. In mice with well established mammary tumors, prolactin or estrogen have relatively little effect since these tumors are largely autonomous.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2002

Growth and development of adolescent girls from the Segou Region of Mali (West Africa).

In Mali, adolescent girls face many physical stresses which, with a history of poor nutrition, can result in delayed growth and development. Despite the fact that adolescent girls encounter nutritional demands, most research in Mali has focused only on young children. This study examines anthropometric and reproductive data on 1,056 adolescent girls (aged 10-17 years) from the Segou Region of Mali. When compared to the reference population, the Malian girls exhibited poorer indicators of growth and development. Z-scores for height-for-age and weight-for-age were below 0 at all ages. Urban girls had better indicators of growth than rural girls. The body composition data show that the Malian girls have lower body fat than reference girls. Menarche was delayed by about 1.5 years compared to girls from the United States and Europe. Delayed growth and development may be due to many factors, including a history of undernutrition, poor socioeconomic status, and increased energy demands.

Adolescent↗