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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Follicle characteristics of non-woolly Indian goats.

Skin follicular studies of four non-woolly Indian goat breeds are reported. The number of primary follicles ranged from 2 to 14 mm-2 with an overall mean of 6.40 +/- 0.22. Secondary follicles per mm2 ranged from 1 to 23 with an overall mean of 9.48 +/- 0.55. The secondary/primary follicle ratios (S/P) for Black Bengal, Jamnapari, Barbari and Sirohi goats were 1.57 +/- 0.21, 1.15 +/- 0.16, 1.61 +/- 0.21 and 2.04 +/- 0.21, respectively, with an overall mean of 1.59 +/- 0.99. The corresponding values for the total follicles per mm2 for the four breeds were 16.83 +/- 1.39, 15.86 +/- 1.08, 17.66 +/- 1.41 and 13.19 +/- 1.41 with an overall mean of 15.88 +/- 0.66. Per cent primaries were lowest in Sirohi and highest in Jamnapari goats. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between breeds for the number of primary follicles and S/P ratio. Sex differences and the interaction between breed x sex were not significant for any of the follicle traits studied. On the basis of follicle characteristics the non-woolly short-haired goats offer a reasonable scope for crossing with fibre goats, and Sirohi goats possibly have better skin quality for leather conversion than other goat breeds studied.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1985

A reevaluation of rabbit anti-allotype antibody for the presence of cross-reactive idiotypes. II. Expression of rabbit a1-like images on goat antibody after immunization with anti-a1 antibody.

In an effort to generate heterologous anti-idiotype (Ab2) molecules to a suspected IdX on rabbit anti-a1 antibody (Ab1), goats were immunized with either rabbit or guinea pig Ab1. The goat Ab2 preparations reacted with each of 13 rabbit Ab1, as well as two goat Ab1 samples in serologic assays. From 8 to 50% of the molecules in purified rabbit Ab1 preparations reacted with each goat Ab2. Electron microscopy of immune complexes composed of rabbit Fab anti-a1 and goat Ab2 reveals that the Fab anti-a1 binds to the side of the variable region of most goat Ab2 molecules, rather than at the tip (i.e. in the CDR) as expected. This configuration indicates that the goat Ab2 actually represents a population of induced or enhanced Ig molecules expressing a1-like allotypic or isotypic determinants, rather than an anti-IdX Ab or a paratope-associated internal image of a1.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effects of infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus on milk production in goats.

A recently assembled commercial herd of Alpine goats was studied. Milk production criteria--305-day milk production (M), butter fat content (BF), and solids nonfat content (SNF)--and somatic cell counts (linear score) were monitored by Dairy Herd Improvement Association test records. Milk samples from all milking goats in the herd were obtained for bacteriologic culture for mastitis organisms on 2 occasions; the infection rate ascribed to major pathogens was 3%. In November 1985, serum specimens were obtained from 154 does in first lactation. Of these, 56 (36%) were seropositive for caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) antibodies by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), 91 (59%) were seronegative, and serotest results for 7 (5%) were inconclusive. In December, 80 seronegative and 48 seropositive goats remained in the herd and had 305-day projections available. The median production values for seronegative goats (1,539.5 lb of M, 52 lb of BF, 46 lb of SNF) were higher than those for seropositive goats (1,446 lb of M, 45 lb of BF, 44.5 lb of SNF), but this difference was only significant (t test, P less than 0.05) for BF. Does were ranked by a formula that combined M, BF, and SNF, with a desired minimal daily herd average of 5 lb of M, 3% BF, and 3% SNF. A decision was made not to keep offspring from does of the lowest quartile before CAE test results were obtained. This group consisted of 13 of the 80 (16%) seronegative goats and 18 of the 48 (38%) seropositive goats. Thus, a positive CAE test result by AGID was associated (chi 2, P less than 0.01) with poor production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Goat papillomatosis.

The present study indicates that the development of caprine mammary gland warts seems to depend on several factors--namely, nonpigmented skin, adult age, excessive exposure to sunlight, and contact with a yet undefined infective agent. Three types of goat papillomas are described: mammary, cutaneous, other than mammary, and genital. Warts on animals lacking pigmented skin are more frequent in adult animals that live in areas where there is abundant sunlight. Mammary gland papillomas are the most numerous and occur in different stages: ie, goats with mammary gland papillomas that regress, never to recur, goats with papillomas that regress in the winter and reoccur in summer, goats with persistent papillomas of which some are from the group that had previous winter time regression, and goats that have progression of persistent papilloma to carcinoma. Saanen, Saanen crossbreeds, and goats of other breeds that lack pigmented skin and live in sunbelt areas are at high risk for papillomatosis. An infective agent was not defined even after electron microscopic, immunocytochemical, and DNA-DNA hybridization studies. Yet, there is high probability that an infective agent is involved, because mammary gland papillomas usually occur in the susceptible herd 4 to 6 months after an affected goat is introduced.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Sarcocystis capracanis and Toxoplasma gondii infections in range goats from Texas.

Specimens of tongues, esophagi, diaphragms, or abdominal muscles of 115 range goats from San Angelo, Tex, were examined for Sarcocystis and Toxoplasma gondii infections. Sarcocystis spp zoites were found microscopically in pepsin digests of muscles of 60.8% goats and sarcocysts of S capracanis were found in histologic sections of 27.8% goats. Sarcocysts were more common in sections of tongue (19.1%) than in those of other muscles (9.9% to 10.7%). A dog fed Sarcocystis-infected tissues shed sporocysts in feces, whereas 2 cats fed the same tissues did not shed sporocysts. Toxoplasma gondii was neither seen in histologic sections of goat tissues nor found by bioassays in mice or cats. Mice inoculated with pepsin digests of muscles did not develop T gondii infection and 2 cats fed goat tissues did not shed oocysts. Also, antibody to T gondii was not found in serum samples from goats. The low prevalence of T gondii infection in range goats may be because of the relative absence of domestic cats on Texas ranges.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Characterization of lectin-binding lymphocytes in goats with caseous lymphadenitis.

Numbers of lymphoid cells bearing markers for peanut agglutinin, wheat germ agglutinin, and anti-immunoglobulin G in healthy goats and in goats with caseous lymphadenitis were determined by use of immunofluorescent techniques. Results indicated that, when compared with healthy goats, diseased goats had normal numbers of anti-immunoglobulin G-positive cells (B cells), had significantly reduced numbers of peanut agglutinin-positive cells (T cells), and had fewer cells with receptor sites for Lens culinaris agglutinin and concanavalin A. Compared with healthy goats, numbers of peanut agglutinin-positive cells in goats with caseous lymphadenitis indicated that the goats may have had a compromised cell-mediated immunity.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Hepatic necrosis following halothane anesthesia in goats.

One goat anesthetized with thiamylal sodium, xylazine, and halothane for repair of an abominal hernia, and 7 of 29 goats similarly anesthetized for an experiment unrelated to considerations of anesthesia, developed signs of hepatic failure within 24 hours of anesthesia. Affected goats had high values for serum aspartate transaminase and serum total bilirubin by 12 to 24 hours after induction of anesthesia. Necropsy of the 8 affected goats revealed centrilobular to massive hepatic necrosis (8 of 8), brain lesions consistent with hepatic encephalopathy (3 of 4), and acute renal tubular necrosis (6 of 6). Two unaffected goats had no hepatic necrosis. Causes of hepatic necrosis other than those related to anesthesia (eg, infectious agents, toxins) were ruled out by lack of supporting necropsy findings or were considered unlikely because of lack of opportunity for exposure. Hepatic lesions in these goats closely resembled those described in human beings with halothane-associated hepatic injury, although in both species these lesions are nonspecific at the gross and light microscopic levels. The pathogenesis of halothane-associated hepatic injury in goats, as in human beings, remains to be determined.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1985

Q fever serologic surveillance program for sheep and goats at a research animal facility.

Since Q fever is a potential risk to personnel working with small ruminants, the serologic status of sheep and goats received at a medical school animal facility for research was evaluated. A total of 104 sheep and 102 goats were subjected to blood sample-collection procedures on arrival, as well as after a 2-week quarantine period, and the sera were tested for Q fever specific antibodies by complement-fixation (CF) and microagglutination (MA) tests. The results from the 2 tests were compared and analyzed for seroconversion. On the basis of the CF test, 14 sheep and 3 goats were considered positive; these included 7 sheep and 2 goats that seroconverted during the quarantine period. In contrast, 1 sheep and 5 goats were found positive by the MA test, which also detected seroconversion of 1 sheep and 1 goat. The use of both tests for serologic surveillance of Q fever in sheep and goats increased the likelihood of detection. Management safety practices are also required to minimize the risk of disease transmission.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1980

[Comparison of goats and sheep with respect to the ingestion, digestibility and nutritive value of various diets].

The voluntary food intake, organic matter, crude protein and crude fiber digestibility and nitrogen balance of 23 diets have been measured simultaneously using 5 to 7 wethers and 5 to 7 castrated billy-goats in digestibility trials. The goats ate more than the wethers (58 vs 46 g DM/kg W0.75). The digestibilities obtained for goats were highly correlated with those obtained for wethers, and the mean values were similar in both species: Organic matter: digestion coefficient (CUD)goats = 1.22 CUDwethers -14.5 r = 0.93 Crude protein: digestion coefficient (CUD)goats = 1.07 CUDwethers -4.8 r = 0.94 Crude fiber: digestion coefficient (CUD)goats = 0.56 CUDwethers +29.6 r = 0.78 The mean nitrogen balance for goats (226 mg/kg W0.75) was significantly higher than that of wethers (152 mg/kg W0.75). Based on the regression equations for each species, the calculated efficiency of proteins digestible in the intestine (PDI) was 55 p. 100, the endogenous urinary nitrogen 160 mg/kg W0.75 and the nitrogen maintenance requirement 1.8-1.9 g of PDI/kg W0.75.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1983

Augmented T lymphocyte responses and abnormal B lymphocyte numbers in goats chronically infected with the retrovirus causing caprine arthritis-encephalitis.

Caprine arthritis-encephalitis is a retrovirus-induced disease resulting in lymphoproliferative lesions of the CNS and joints. Peripheral blood leukocytes of chronically infected goats were analyzed for the types of cells present and for their reactivity to viral antigen and polyclonal stimulants. Two of 9 infected goats had abnormal numbers of B lymphocytes--one elevated and the other deficient. Lymphocyte reactivity to viral antigens was transiently detectable by a lymphoblastogenic assay in 5 of the 9 goats. The reactive cells were peanut agglutinin-negative T lymphocytes. Concanavalin A induced more division in T lymphocytes of infected goats than in lymphocytes of noninfected goats, whereas the reactions to phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide were no different in the 2 goat groups. It is concluded that goats infected by the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus have antigen-reactive T lymphocytes and that infection promotes the response to a nonspecific T-cell stimulant.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effect of the caprine variant of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides on endothelium, monocytes, and complement of guinea pig, calf, sheep, and goat serum.

The caprine variant of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides causes septicemia with coagulopathy in goats. Pathogenetic mechanisms that might explain the coagulopathy, the ability of the Mycoplasma to persist in the blood, and its specificity for goats were studied. Severe endothelial damage was seen by electron microscopy of goat aorta tissue exposed in vitro to 10(7) colony-forming units of mycoplasmas. The Mycoplasma did not damage 51Cr-labeled adherent cells from peripheral blood of goats. The hemolytic complement titer was reduced by 94%, 50%, 50%, and 25% in guinea pig, calf, sheep, and goat serum, respectively, 30 minutes after treatment with 8 X 10(9) colony-forming units of the Mycoplasma. Freshly prepared serum from these animal species killed the Mycoplasma. Heat-inactivated serum was not mycoplasmacidal. Complement from these 4 animal species was activated by the Mycoplasma through the classical pathway, because ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid precipitation of serum Ca2+ inhibited activation. Proof that the classical pathway was functional in goats was not conclusive because Ca2+ supplementation of ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid-treated serum did not restore complement activity. Endothelial damage and complement activation may explain the coagulopathy. The function that complement activation may have in the inflammatory response of this disease is not known. Difference in susceptibility of calves, sheep, and goats to M mycoides septicemia cannot be explained by species variation in complement mycoplasmacidal activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Pathogenetic mechanisms of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides septicemia in goats.

The variant best known as the large-colony type of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides is responsible for severe outbreaks of septicemia with coagulopathy in goats. Our objective was to study aspects of the pathogenesis that might explain the coagulopathy, the persistence of mycoplasmas in the blood of septicemic goats, and the host specificity. The endothelial cells of caprine aorta tissue cultured in vitro and exposed to the M. mycoides underwent severe ultrastructural damage. There was no evidence of cytotoxicity to 51Cr-labeled adherent cells from peripheral blood of goats. Complement from goat, sheep, calf and guinea pig was activated by the mycoplasma, resulting in consumption of complement and lysis of mycoplasmas. Goat complement had the poorest mycoplasmacidal effect, whereas guinea pig complement had the highest cidal activity. Complement was activated through the classical pathway, since selective chelation of Ca++ inhibited activation, and serum from C4-deficient guinea pigs was not mycoplasmacidal. Complement activity was restored in chelated serum of sheep, calf and guinea pig after Ca++ supplementation, but not in goat serum, suggesting a difference in the classical pathway activity between these species. Activation of complement may be an important generator of inflammation in this disease. However, species variation in mycoplasmacidal efficiency of complement cannot wholly explain why goats and sheep are susceptible to septicemia and calves and guinea pigs are not. Both endothelial damage and complement activation may be important features of the pathogenesis of tissue damage, and may help explain the coagulopathy in this disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Microorganisms associated with abscesses of sheep and goats in the south of Iran.

A total of 86 abscesses (45 and 41) abscesses of sheep and goats, respectively) were examined for their causal agents; 44 of these abscesses were located subcutaneously, and the remaining 42 were in lungs, livers, intestines, and udders. A total of 23 different types of microorganisms were isolated from 78 abscesses; bacteria were not detected in the remaining eight abscesses. Microorganisms isolated were: species of the genera Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus and Pasteurella, Escherichia coli, and other gram-negative rods. Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Eubacterium tortuosum were isolated in pure culture from one abscess each in goats. Two to four different microorganisms were associated with 25 of the 86 abscesses. It was determined that 11 isolates of Corynebacterium pyogenes, 2 isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica, 1 of P multocida, and 1 of C pseudotuberculosis were lethal to mice. Two of the C pyogenes isolates from subcutaneous spreading abscesses of goats were pathogenic for rabbits; these two isolates produced similar suppurative inflammation in goats experimentally, but did not cause death. As determined by experimental inoculation, goats were more susceptible than sheep to the two isolates. In nature, subcutaneous abscesses of goats associated with C pyogenes were of a more diffusive type which resulted in generalization of the infection and death of the animals. Postmortem examination of ten goats dying of field infection showed the presence of larvae of the warble-fly Przhevalskiana silenus at the site of infection.

Abscess↗
PubMed1982

[Observations on the spring rise of faecal strongyle egg counts in goats (author's transl)].

Examination of the faeces at regular intervals during the period from February to June 1980 in a group of multiparous dairy goats produced the following results: (a) a marked increase in faecal strongyle egg-counts, (b) Haemonchus contortus was the worm mainly causing this increase, (c) differences in faecal egg-counts between Dutch white (Saanen) goats and Toggenburger goats or between groups of goats of different ages were not observed, (d) no differences in faecal egg-counts were observed in groups of goats kidding at different times. Therefore the increase in egg-counts was apparently not affected by parturition. The general conclusion is that a genuine spring rise rather than a peri- or post-parturient rise was observed in the goats. The striking difference between this increase in faecal egg-counts in goats and that in sheep, which is associated with parturition and lactation, is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Clinical fascioliasis in domestic goats in Montana.

Fascioliasis (Fasciola hepatica infection) was diagnosed in a herd of domestic goats in Montana. Twenty-eight goats died after a month-long clinical course of anorexia, weight loss, depression, lethargy, and decreased milk production. Clinical laboratory findings included anemia, low hemoglobin content, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, eosinophilia, and high hepatic enzyme activity. The livers of affected goats had extensive parenchymal necrosis, fibrosis, and biliary hyperplasia. Albendazole oral suspension (20 mg/kg) was used to treat 45 of the remaining goats twice, 30 days apart; 15 goats were untreated controls. Egg counts for the untreated group averaged 171 fluke eggs per gram of feces, which compared with less than 1 epg per gram for the treated group. Fifteen percent of the treated goats died, whereas 73% of the untreated goats died. On the basis of necropsy findings, albendazole treatment was regarded as greater than 99% effective against adult F hepatica.

Albendazole↗
PubMed1981

Myotonia congenita. A histochemical and ultrastructural study in the goat: comparison with abnormalities found in human myotonia dystrophica.

Muscle biopsy specimens from the myotonic goat, an animal model of heritable myotonia, were examined histochemically and by electron microscopy. After Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining with diastase digestion, there was increased PAS-positive material within myotonic goat fibers, as compared with those of normal goats. Myotonic muscle stained with alizarin red S, a histochemical stain for calcium, also had an increased staining reaction when compared with muscle from normal goats. Several ultrastructural abnormalities were found in myotonic goat muscle using routine osmium and uranyl acetate staining. These included increased density of the t-tubules, electron-dense material within t-tubules, proliferation and dilatation of sarcotubular elements, and abnormal mitochondria in the myotonic biopsy specimens. To further study muscle ultrastructure, ruthenium red and lanthanum were used as electron microscopic stains with specificity for membranes. There was increased density of the sarcolemma and t-tubules in myotonic muscle stained with ruthenium red as compared to normal, and lanthanum produced a darker staining reaction of the myotonic goat sarcolemma. The histochemical and ultrastructural differences between normal and myotonic goat muscle were interpreted to be consistent with a morphologic basis for the abnormal contraction-relaxation properties characteristic of myotonia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

The pathogenesis of viral leukoencephalomyelitis-arthritis of goats. I. Persistent viral infection with progressive pathologic changes.

The pathogenesis of viral leukoencephalomyelitis of goats was studied in newborn and adult goats using purified, concentrated leukoencephalitis virus. The disease could be transmitted using purified leukoencephalitis virus or tissue suspensions from a goat experimentally infected with leukoencephalitis virus. As early as 1 week following inoculation, goats developed lesions in the brain, joint, and lung. Lesions persisted 8 to 21 months, were not age-dependent, and were inflammatory in character. In the brain they were accompanied by demyelination. Virus could be isolated from experimental goats by cocultivation of peripheral blood leukocytes and by explantation of tissues beginning a week after inoculation and throughout the life of the goat. These studies confirm that leukoencephalitis virus is the etiologic agent of leukoencephalitis-arthritis of goats and produces a persistent infection characterized by demyelinating encephalitis, progressive arthritis, and interstitial pneumonia.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Anesthetic potency and cardiopulmonary effects of enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane in goats.

Anesthetic requirements, as defined by the minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) that prevents gross, purposeful movement in 50% of animals, have not been determined in goats. Therefore, we determined anesthetic potency of enflurane (N = 6), halothane (N = 8), and isoflurane (N = 7) in goats by using the tail clamp and dew-claw clamp as the noxious stimuli and then measured the cardiovascular and respiratory effects of these agents. The MAC was 2.0 +/- 0.4%, 1.3 +/- 0.1%, and 1.5 +/- 0.3% (mean +/- SD) for enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane, respectively. At 1 MAC, when ventilation was changed from controlled to spontaneous, blood pressure decreased in goats anesthetized with isoflurane (98 +/- 17 to 78 +/- 13 mm Hg) and halothane (95 +/- 10 to 83 +/- 14 mm Hg) but did not significantly change in goats anesthetized with enflurane; heart rate increased in goats anesthetized with halothane (117 +/- 12 to 127 +/- 10 beats/min) but was not significantly different in goats anesthetized with enflurane or isoflurane; and cardiac output increased in goats anesthetized with enflurane (5.70 +/- 1.23 to 7.05 +/- 2.02 liters/min) and halothane (6.14 +/- 0.94 to 7.91 +/- 2.45 liters/min) but not with isoflurane. During spontaneous breathing, respiratory depression was manifested by apnea in two animals and an elevated PaCO2: 57 +/- 15 mm Hg, 55 +/- 13 mm Hg, and 59 +/- 14 mm Hg, respectively, for enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane. Minute ventilation during spontaneous breathing was approximately 50% of controlled ventilation for each anesthetic agent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗