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PubMed1983

Effects of carbohydrate-containing and carbohydrate-restricted hypocaloric and eucaloric diets on serum concentrations of retinol-binding protein, thyroxine-binding prealbumin and transferrin.

The effects of diet on the serum concentrations of albumin, transferrin, thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA) and retinol-binding protein (RBP) were studied in 3 groups of obese subjects (Groups I-III) and 1 group of normal weight subjects (Group IV). Group I subjects ate either a 830 kcal carbohydrate-containing diet (CCD) or carbohydrate-restricted diet (CRD), Group II and III subjects ate a hypocaloric CRD. Subjects in Group IV ate a eucaloric CRD. Serum albumin concentrations did not change in any of the 4 groups. Only the subjects in Group II had a statistically significant decrease in serum transferrin concentration 6 wk after starting the hypocaloric, CRD. Group I individuals eating the CRD and the subjects in Groups II, III and IV had significant decreases in the serum concentrations of TBPA and RBP after 1 wk which persisted without further change during the remaining 3-5 wk of the diets. Group I subjects eating the CCD had a significant decrease in TBPA concentration at 1 and 6 wk. The RBP serum concentration was significantly decreased after 1 wk on the diet, but was not significantly different from the control diet period at 6 wk. The magnitude of the decreases in serum concentrations of TBPA and RBP in the Group I subjects eating the CRD were significantly greater than in the Group I subjects eating the CCD. Thus, ingestion of a hypocaloric, CRD by obese individuals results in decreased serum concentrations of TBPA and RBP. Isocaloric substitution of carbohydrate for fat reduces this effect. Dietary carbohydrate apparently modulates the serum concentrations of TBPA and RBP, independently of caloric intake, since ingestion of a eucaloric CRD by normal weight individuals also decreased the serum concentration of the two visceral proteins.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Nitrogen economy in alcoholic patients without liver disease.

Nitrogen balance was studied in five alcoholic patients during alcohol consumption and after 1 or 2 weeks of abstinence, under metabolic ward conditions. Patients had a history of excessive ethanol intake for five years or more. They were intoxicated and otherwise asymptomatic on admission and had been drinking 150 g or more of ethanol daily, for at least one month. Subjects consumed a diet providing vitamins and minerals exceeding RDA values, 45 kcal/kg of body weight and 0.6 g/kg of proteins (as egg protein), for 33 days. During the first 11 days patients received 200 g of ethanol that were isocalorically substituted later by dietary fat and carbohydrates. The results of this study show that, in alcoholic patients while drinking and after seven days of alcohol withdrawal, nitrogen balance is significantly decreased compared to that performed after two weeks of abstinence. Ethanol metabolic rate was found to be increased, compared to controls. It was lower in four of five patients after the second week of abstinence. These results suggest that alcohol abuse increases protein requirements in chronic alcoholic patients even without histologic liver disease or clinical signs of gastroenterologic disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Macronutrient and energy database for the 1995 Exchange Lists for Meal Planning: a rationale for clinical practice decisions.

For more than 50 years the exchange lists have been one method of meal planning for persons with diabetes as well as for those on weight-loss regimens. Little research has been conducted, however, concerning the methodologic basis of the system or its clinical effectiveness. Justification for specific food inclusions and general food groupings for the 1995 revision of the Exchange Lists for Meal Planning is provided by a database of foods and associated energy and macronutrient values. The mean energy and macronutrient values for each of the lists and sublists (starch, fruit, milk, and vegetables from the carbohydrate group; the meat and meal substitutes group, and the fat group) closely match the mean exchange values; however, the standard deviation and range are large. Interpretation of the database provides a rationale and guidance for decision making in clinical practice when using exchanges for meal planning, recipe, and food label calculations.

Diabetes Mellitus↗
PubMed2000

Sucrose intake as a function of its cost and the cost of chow.

The avid consumption of pure carbohydrate solutions, which often results in a distortion of nutrient balance, is generally presumed to be driven by their taste. In the first of two experiments, we examined the effect of consumption cost on rats' intake of three concentrations of sucrose solution (8%, 16%, and 32%) when a nutritionally complete chow was concurrently freely available. In the second experiment, we examined the intake of 24% sucrose solution and chow as the consumption costs of both were varied. Increasing the cost of sucrose resulted in a reduction in the percent calories taken from sucrose; the steepness of the decline in intake with price was inversely related to the sucrose concentration and to the cost of chow. Chow calories were substituted for relatively expensive sucrose calories. An increase in the cost of chow resulted in a reduction in the percent of calories taken from chow and a protein-poor diet. The cost of sucrose did not affect the slope of the chow intake curve, presumably because, despite its sweet taste, sucrose was not a substitute for the protein, fat, and micronutrients in chow. Total caloric intake was conserved in all cases.Thus, the avid consumption of sucrose solution is curtailed when it is costly; but the degree of change in intake with cost depends on the cost of an alternative food. These results suggest that diet selection involves a comparison not only of the taste and post-ingestive consequences of available foods, but also of the cost of calories and nutrients in the foods. Selection appears to be guided first by caloric requirements and the relative cost of calories, then by nutrient requirements and the relative cost of nutrients, and finally by taste.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Fatty acid composition of erythrocytes and plasma triglyceride and cardiovascular risk in Asian diabetic patients.

The excess of coronary heart disease in Indian Asians compared with Europeans is unexplained by conventional risk factors, although the high prevalence of diabetes may play a part. To explore the contribution of diet we compared the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane phospholipid and plasma triglyceride in 36 Gujarati Asians and 24 Europeans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Erythrocytes from Asian subjects contained higher proportions of linoleic, dihomogammalinolenic, and arachidonic acids, and lower proportions of oleic and n-3 series fatty acids; triglycerides contained higher linoleic and lower oleic acid levels. For example, mean percentage (SE) of oleic acid (18:1n-9) in erythrocytes was 16.7 (0.2) in Asians and 20.5 (0.6) in Europeans (p = 0.0001), and total n-6:n-3 ratio was, respectively, 12.8 (0.7) and 6.7 (0.7) (p = 0.0001). A high dietary intake of linoleic acid may not be cardioprotective unless balanced by significant intakes of oleic and n-3 series fatty acids, at least in diabetic Indian Asians. By itself, the conventional recommendation to substitute polyunsaturated for saturated fat in the diet may be inadequate to reduce thrombogenesis, and the overall balance of fatty acids, including monounsaturates, should be considered.

Arachidonic Acids↗
PubMed2002

Determining the displacement of the pelvic floor and pelvic organs during voluntary contractions using magnetic resonance imaging in younger and older women.

OBJECTIVES: To: (i) visualize the effect of sustained voluntary contractions on the anatomical configuration of the pelvic floor (PF) muscles using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); (ii) examine the effect of ageing on the range of displacement of the PF contents secondary to contraction and simulating incontinence exercises; and (iii) introduce the concept of contractile change in volume (DeltaPF-V) using three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction from axial, sagittal and coronal MRI. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Two groups of continent women volunteers, familiar with correct PF contraction, were evaluated. The mean (sd) age in group I was 34 (6) years and that of group II 55 (9) years; the mean parities were 0.7 and 2.2, respectively. MRI was conducted with the women supine and data were obtained in the axial, sagittal and coronal planes. In each plane, images were obtained with the PF relaxed and subsequently with the PF contracted over 10-20 s. Image processing was used to enhance the anatomical boundaries of the pelvic organs and to measure the displacement produced by the contraction. Displacements, observed between each image pair, were colour-coded to highlight the geometric differences between a relaxed and contracted PF and to facilitate measuring displacement. Data measured from each group were pooled and the range of motion expressed as the mean (sd), compared using Student's t-test. RESULTS: Digitally processed imaging allowed an accurate comparison between the relaxed and contracted PF, and highlighted the differences between them. From these views, the levator ani displaced the vagina asymmetrically in nine of the 11 older subjects, and in six of the 17 younger subjects. The values from the imaging in the sagittal and coronal plane for the two groups were: levator ani displacement, 7.4 (1.1) and 1.4 (0.2) cm (P < 0.002), superior bladder wall, 4.2 (0.5) and 1.0 (0.1) cm (P < 0.002). There were also significant differences in the range of displacement produced by voluntary PF contraction in the internal structures; external outlines did not reflect these changes. The maximum displacement of the gluteal surface in the coronal plane did not change significantly; in group I it was 3.9 (1.8) to 2.9 (0.7) cm. From the 3D re-construction, DeltaPF-V for the younger women was significantly larger, at 23.3 (3.9) mL (P < 0.01) than in the older women, at 9.1 (4.4) mL. CONCLUCION: The range of motion over which voluntary PF contractions displace the bladder and vagina is age-dependent, being higher in younger than in older subjects. It remains to be established whether range of movement is a limitation caused by neuronal factors, decrease in muscle strength/mass, or the substitution of spaces with fat (restricting free movement), or other factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Daily consumption of a high-phenol extra-virgin olive oil reduces oxidative DNA damage in postmenopausal women.

Extra-virgin olive oils (EVOO), high in phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties, could be partly responsible for the lower mortality and incidence of cancer and CVD in the Mediterranean region. The present study aims to measure oxidative DNA damage in healthy human subjects consuming olive oils with different concentrations of natural phenols. A randomised cross-over trial of high-phenol EVOO (high-EVOO; 592 mg total phenols/kg) v. low-phenol EVOO (low-EVOO; 147 mg/kg) was conducted in ten postmenopausal women in Florence. Subjects were asked to substitute all types of fat and oils habitually consumed with the study oil (50 g/d) for 8 weeks in each period. Oxidative DNA damage was measured by the comet assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes, collected at each visit during the study period. Urine samples over 24 h were collected to measure the excretion of the olive oil phenols. The average of the four measurements of oxidative DNA damage during treatment with high-EVOO was 30 % lower than the average during the low-EVOO treatment (P=0.02). Urinary excretion of hydroxytyrosol and its metabolite homovanillyl alcohol were significantly increased in subjects consuming high-EVOO. Despite the small sample size, the present study showed a reduction of DNA damage by consumption of an EVOO rich in phenols, particularly hydroxytyrosol.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Roles of omega 3 fatty acids and chronic ethanol in the regulation of plasma and liver lipids and plasma apoproteins A1 and E in rats.

Relative effects of feeding ethanol and/or omega 3 fatty acid-rich fish oil for 6 wk on body lipids and lipoproteins were investigated. Ethanol increased plasma cholesterol (P less than 0.06) and triglycerides (P less than 0.0005), whereas fish oil decreased plasma cholesterol (P less than 0.005) and triglycerides (P less than 0.02). Liver cholesterol and triglycerides were increased by ethanol (P less than 0.0001) while fish oil decreased liver cholesterol (P less than 0.01) but not triglycerides. Based on Scheffé contrasts (P less than 0.05), fish oil blocked the increases in liver cholesterol and triglycerides caused by ethanol. Substitution of normal dietary fat with omega 3 fatty acid-rich fat in ethanol-fed animals lowered plasma cholesterol by 29% (P less than 0.001) and triglycerides by 30% (P less than 0.05) within 2 wk. Plasma apo A1 was increased by ethanol (P less than 0.001) and decreased by fish oil (P less than 0.002). Plasma total apo E was unaffected by either ethanol or fish oil. However, HDL apo E was decreased by ethanol (P less than 0.04) and increased by fish oil (P less than 0.02). Scheffé contrasts (P less than 0.05) also showed that plasma apo A was increased by ethanol regardless of whether the animals were consuming regular fat (1.72-fold) or fish oil fat (1.49-fold). Thus, omega 3 fatty acids can not only prevent but also reverse many of the lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities caused by alcohol abuse in the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Modulation of mouse mammary tumor growth and linoleate enhanced metastasis by oleate.

This study examines whether oleate may influence the linoleate enhanced metastasis of line 4526 murine mammary tumors. In addition, the in vitro proliferative response of line 4526 to oleate and other selected fatty acids was assessed. Initially, the tumor cells were grown in a defined medium supplemented with palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate, linolenate or arachidonate. The unsaturated fatty acids stimulated and the saturated fatty acids inhibited proliferation compared to fatty acid-free medium. Next, we examined the effect of oleate on the linoleate enhanced metastasis of 4526 tumors by substituting oleate for saturated fat in isoenergetic diets containing high or low levels of linoleate. Oleate had no effect on metastasis in mice fed the high linoleate diets but it significantly increased metastasis in mice fed the low linoleate diets. Finally, the fatty acid compositions of tumors and mammary fat pads were compared to diet fatty acid compositions and metastatic frequency. Metastasis corresponded more closely to total unsaturated fatty acids than to total polyunsaturated fatty acids or to any individual fatty acid. These studies suggest that both mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids may stimulate mammary tumor metastasis. However, the influence of dietary oleate probably depends on the level of linoleate and total unsaturated fatty acids in the diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in formulae influence deposition of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in brain and red blood cells of artificially reared neonatal rats.

We studied the effects of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the fatty acid composition of the brain and red blood cells in gastrostomized rat pups reared artificially from postnatal Days 5-18. These pups were fed rat milk substitutes in which the fat comprised 10% linoleic acid and 1% alpha-linolenic acid and, using a 3 x 3 factorial design, one of three levels of both arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplied as single cell microbial oils (0.0, 0.4 and 2.4% fatty acids). A tenth group was reared by nursing dams. The fatty acid composition of the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylinositol (PS/PI) phospholipids in the brain and red blood cells on Day 18 reflected the dietary composition in that pups receiving long-chain supplementation of each had higher levels of the supplemented PUFA, but lower levels of the other, relative to unsupplemented groups. In contrast to these results, there were few changes in the brain in phosphatidylcholine (PC) phospholipids whereas, in the red blood cells, changes in PC were similar to those in PE and PS/PI. Regression analyses showed that DHA levels in the brain correlated more closely with those of the red blood cells than did AA levels. The results of this study indicate that, although supplementation of formula with AA or DHA during the period of rapid brain development in rats increases deposition of the long-chain PUFA in the developing tissues, each also affects the levels of the other.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Dietary soy protein is associated with reduced intestinal mucosal polyamine concentration in male Wistar rats.

Quantitation of polyamine levels has been correlated with biomarkers of proliferation in the colon mucosa where dysregulated epithelial hyperproliferation is associated with colorectal cancer risk. This study was performed to assess the response of polyamine measurements to dietary factors in an animal model. Male Wistar rats were fed purified diet or diets substituted by 20% lard fat, 20% beet fiber and 20% soy protein. After 2 wk, mucosal polyamines were measured along intestinal tracts by HPLC. In rats fed the control diet (n = 10), mucosal polyamines were found at high levels in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum but at low levels in the cecum, colon and rectum. Compared with rats fed the control diet, those fed the 20% lard diet showed greater polyamine levels in the large intestine (P < 0.05, n = 10), but those fed the 20% fiber diet exhibited lower polyamine levels in the small intestine (P < 0.05, n = 9). However, rats fed the 20% soy protein diet had lower polyamine levels in both small and large intestines (P < 0.05, n = 15). Significant linear correlations were observed between rectal polyamine levels and the dietary energy intakes in these four diet groups (r = 0.972-0.991, P < 0.001). Supplementation of 0.1% soy isoflavones to the basal diet or 0.3% DL-methionine to the 20% soy protein diet for 4 wk did not affect polyamine levels. The results indicate that soy protein reduced mucosal polyamine levels, at least in part, through reduction of energy intakes. Further studies are warranted to verify that polyamine levels in intestinal mucosa are useful as an intermediate endpoint of the dietary risk factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Dietary omega-3 fatty acids decrease mortality and Kupffer cell prostaglandin E2 production in a rat model of chronic sepsis.

We tested the hypothesis that substitution of omega-3 fat for dietary omega-6 fat would reduce mortality and decrease Kupffer cell prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in a rat model of chronic sepsis. Rats were fed via gastrostomy for 12 days with isonitrogenous, isocaloric diets containing 15% of calories as either safflower oil (omega-6) or a 10:1 mixture of menhaden oil (omega-3) and safflower oil. After five days of feeding, animals received an intra-abdominal abscess of defined bacterial content. Survivors were killed on post-laparotomy day 6 in conjunction with liver perfusion and protease liver digestion for Kupffer cell isolation. Kupffer cell PGE2 production was measured by radioimmunoassay after 18 hours of cell culture and again after stimulation with 0 LPS, 10 ng/ml LPS, and 10 micrograms/LPS. Mortality was decreased in menhaden oil-fed animals compared with safflower oil-fed animals (16% vs. 35%). Kupffer cell PGE2 production was decreased in menhaden oil-fed animals at 18 hours (354 +/- 54 vs. 570 +/- 95 pg/0.1 ml; p = 0.09) and after stimulation with 10 micrograms/ml LPS (140 +/- 41 vs. 288 +/- 45 pg/0.1 ml; p = 0.03) compared with safflower oil-fed animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The influence of dietary protein and carbohydrate on the principal oxidative biotransformations of estradiol in normal subjects.

Dietary protein, when substituted for carbohydrate or fat, can increase cytochrome P-450-dependent drug oxidation rates in humans. Endogenous estrogens, as well as drugs, are also metabolized by cytochrome P-450 and other enzymes in the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, it was of interest to determine whether variations in diet can alter the major metabolic pathways for estrogens, as assessed by radiometric methods. Eight normal men were fed a high protein diet (44% of calories as protein, and 35% as carbohydrate for 2 weeks), followed by a high carbohydrate diet (70% of calories as carbohydrate and 10% as protein) for an additional 2 weeks. The fat and total energy contents of the two diets were equal. The percent oxidation of [2-3H]estradiol, measured as 3H2O released, which is an in vivo measure of 2-hydroxylation of endogenous estrogen, was greater in all eight men during the high protein dietary period than during the high carbohydrate dietary period (44 +/- 3% and 33 +/- 3%, respectively, means +/- SE, P less than 0.005). In contrast, 16 alpha-hydroxylation of estrogen, as measured using [16 alpha-3H]estradiol, did not change significantly. Our findings demonstrate that dietary components can alter estradiol oxidation in humans and that the 2- and 16 alpha-hydroxylases for estrogen are under separate regulatory control. The influences of specific nutrients on estrogen metabolism may have potential significance for diseases in which these hormones may play a role in clinical expression.

Antipyrine↗
PubMed2005

Treatment of Parkinson disease with diet-induced hyperketonemia: a feasibility study.

Ketones may bypass the defect in complex I activity implicated in Parkinson disease (PD). Five of seven volunteers with PD were able to prepare a "hyperketogenic" diet at home and adhere to it for 28 days. Substituting unsaturated for saturated fats appeared to prevent cholesterol increases in four volunteers. Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores improved in all five during hyperketonemia, but a placebo effect was not ruled out.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed2005

Effects of birth date and order in lactation performance of Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus).

This study discriminated between 2 effects (birth date and presence of older calves) assessed jointly in previous studies. Birth date delay produced similar effects to those reported previously: reduced milk and milk nutrient production in late-calving hinds, concentration of milk, substitution of protein by fat, greater body weight losses of dams (hinds), and reduced calf growth. Hinds in a group consisting of early- and late-born calves produced more milk, and calves grew more than their isolated counterparts. Evidence exists for consequences of foster suckling by early-born calves in mixed groups of early- and late-born calves at the end of the standard birth period, because these calves grew more than predicted by the milk production of their dams. In contrast, no detrimental effect was found in late-born calves of this group. Lack of differences might be due to the excess of hind milk production during the first 5 wk of lactation previously recorded in other experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Evaluation of cookies enriched with corn germ and soy fiber].

The objective of this study was to evaluate four cookie formulations which wheat flour was partially substituted by free-fat corn germ flour and/or soy fiber. Baking quality, protein, fat, ash, dietary fiber, hardness, color, Protein Efficiency Ratio PER and Apparent Digestibility in vivo were determined. A trained panel evaluated color, hardness and fracturability of cookies. Dietary fiber of cookies varied from 8.2 to 24.9% and protein from 11.3 to 12.7%. The source and amount of dietary fiber modified physical, sensory, and nutritional properties of cookies. Cookies formulated with 20% corn germ flour gave the highest PER, Digestibility Aparente in vivo, and acceptance by consumers. This study demonstrated the potential use of free-fat corn germ and soy fiber as functional ingredients.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Oat products and lipid lowering. A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To test the a priori hypothesis that consumption of oats will lower the blood total cholesterol level and to assess modifiers and confounders of this association. DATA SOURCES: A computerized literature (MEDLINE) search and the Quaker Oats Co identified published and unpublished trials as of March 1991. Raw data were requested for all trials. STUDY SELECTION: Trials were included in summary effect size estimates if they were randomized and controlled, if a formal assessment of diet and body weight changes occurred, and, if raw data were not received, if there was enough information in the published report to perform calculations. DATA SYNTHESIS: Twenty trials were identified. Using the methods of DerSimonian and Laird, a summary effect size for change in blood total cholesterol level of -0.13 mmol/L (-5.9 mg/dL) (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.19 to -0.017 mmol/L [-8.4 to -3.3 mg/dL]) was calculated for the 10 trials meeting the inclusion criteria. The summary effect size for trials using wheat control groups was -0.11 mmol/L (-4.4 mg/dL) (95% CI, -0.21 to -0.01 mmol/L [-8.3 to -0.38 mg/dL]). Calculation of Keys scores demonstrated that substituting carbohydrates for dietary fats and cholesterol did not account for the majority of blood cholesterol reduction. Larger reductions were seen in trials in which subjects had initially higher blood cholesterol levels (greater than or equal to 5.9 mmol/L [greater than or equal to 229 mg/dL]), particularly when a dose of 3 g or more of soluble fiber was employed. CONCLUSION: This analysis supports the hypothesis that incorporating oat products into the diet causes a modest reduction in blood cholesterol level.

Cholesterol↗
PubMed2003

[The annual involution and regeneration of the thymus in hibernating animals and perspectives of its studies in gerontology and stem cell proliferation].

Data on a unique phenomenon of annual involution and neogenesis of thymus gland in hibernating animals are reviewed. In accordance with morphological findings, the annual thymus involution in hibernating animals is close to the age-dependent thymus involution occurring in all mammals once in a lifetime. In opposite, thymus involution in hibernating animals is totally different from the accidental involution. During hibernation, the thymus tissue is substituted by the brown fat tissue. In the spring, thymus gland neogenesis stats with intensive growth of epithelial tissue followed by lymphocyte infiltration and exhaustion of brown tissue. Morphological changes in the thymus gland within the annual cycle were compared with seasonal dynamics of structural and functional changes in peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen, lymphoglandular, peritoneal fluid). A general regularity was observed involving a decreased functional activity of immune cells in autumn, its sharp depression during winter hibernation, and obvious increase in summer with the onset of a season of animal activity. It is supposed that a sharp increase in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production observed during short-term awakenings in winter may serve an important link in this unique immune adaptation mechanism. The season changes in cellular TNF secretion suggest a mobilization of protective resources in hibernating animals in autumn and winter, i.e. in seasons when the thymus gland activity is depressed. The annual involution of thymus gland cannot be related to droppings in the environmental or body temperatures, as it comes long before their fall. Additionally, it is not related to ageing, as it occurs already in young hibernating animals. The role of hormones, including melatonine and corticosteroids, in mechanisms regulating thymus gland involution in hibernating animals is discussed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗