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PubMed1994

Myocardial lipid composition in turkeys with dilated cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine if reduced heart lipid peroxidation in turkeys with two forms of dilated cardiomyopathy, previously reported, was related to an alteration in the lipid composition of the ventricle. METHODS: Myocardial lipid composition was measured in turkeys with two types of dilated cardiomyopathy. Twenty six turkeys with naturally occurring dilated cardiomyopathy, six with furazolidone induced dilated cardiomyopathy, and 18 age matched control birds were used at 1 day, 9-10 days, and 38-78 days of age. Left ventricular fatty acid composition of the phospholipid, triglyceride, free fatty acid, and cholesterol ester fractions was analysed using gas chromatography. RESULTS: Significant age related changes were identified in the fatty acid composition of the heart. In the phospholipid fraction, linoleic acid (18:2 omega 6) values increased with age, while arachidonic acid values decreased. The saturated to unsaturated fatty acid ratio in control hearts was unchanged as a function of age in the phospholipid fraction. In the triglyceride fraction, however, this ratio decreased substantially between newly hatched and nine day old birds and then markedly increased in two month old controls. There was a striking alteration in the saturated to unsaturated fatty acid ratio in the triglyceride fraction of 2 month old cardiomyopathic birds; this ratio was markedly increased in the furazolidone induced cardiomyopathic turkey hearts (5.14 v 2.79 in controls) and markedly diminished (ie, 0.97 to 1.21) in the spontaneously cardiomyopathic turkeys. A significant increase in myristic (14:0) and decrease in linoleic (18:2 omega 6) acid concentration in the furazolidone group v control and a marked decrease in myristic and increase in linoleic acid concentrations in the spontaneously cardiomyopathic group v controls was present. CONCLUSIONS: (1) There is an age related alteration in the fatty acid composition of control turkey hearts. (2) Previously identified reduced lipid peroxidation in furazolidone induced and spontaneous cardiomyopathy in turkeys does not appear to be related to reduced concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids. (3) The two forms of dilated cardiomyopathy are associated with markedly disparate alterations in the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the triglyceride fraction of 1-2 month old turkey hearts. The changes may be related, in part, to the pathogenesis in these two different forms of dilated cardiomyopathy.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

New once-daily, highly effective rescue triple therapy after multiple Helicobacter pylori treatment failures: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori treatment failure is a growing problem in daily practice. AIM: To determine the efficacy of the combination of rabeprazole, levofloxacin and furazolidone as a rescue therapy. METHODS: Duodenal ulcer patients previously submitted, without success, to at least two H. pylori treatment regimens were included. Gastroscopy (urease test, histological examination and culture) and (13)C-urea breath test were performed. All patients received a combination of rabeprazole 20 mg, levofloxacin 500 mg and furazolidone 200 mg (two tablets) administered in a single dose in the morning for 10 days. Clinical examination and a new (13)C-urea breath test were performed 90 days after therapy. RESULTS: Twelve patients (eight females and four males), mean age 43 (30-58) years were included. Two patients failed to complete the treatment because of nausea and vomiting. Ten patients completed the study and took all the medications as advised. Culture was obtained in six patients: 100 and 83% of the samples were sensitive to furazolidone and levofloxacin, respectively. Per-protocol and intention-to-treat eradication rates were 100 and 83% (P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: the combination of rabeprazole, levofloxacin and furazolidone in a single daily dose for 10 days constitutes a highly-effective and low-cost alternative as a third-line therapy in patients infected with H. pylori.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗
PubMed1990

Contrasting effects of nitrofurans on plasma corticosterone in chickens following administration as a bolus or diet additive.

Administration of furazolidone as a bolus dose (8-500 mg/kg), produced a decrease in plasma corticosterone in chickens. In contrast, addition of furazolidone or furaltadone to the diet (0.04% or above, 10 days), increased plasma corticosterone. Pre-treatment with a 200-mg/kg bolus of furazolidone or furaltadone did not affect pentobarbitone anaesthesia time in the birds. In chickens pre-treated with a nitrofuran in the diet, however, pentobarbitone anaesthesia time was significantly less than that in controls. Furaltadone in the diet, produced significant increases in the amount of cytochrome P-450 and the activity of aniline hydroxylase in the liver microsomes. It is suggested that nitrofurans given in the diet stimulated corticosterone biosynthesis in the adrenal glands and induced mixed-function oxidase activity in the liver. Nitrofurans given as a bolus did not produce these effects. Furazolidone (200 mg/kg) produced severe anorexia, which lasted 2 days in T-line birds. The anorexia seemed to be associated with tissue damage in the birds rather than the ensuing adrenal cortical insufficiency.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1982

Treatment of giardiasis: literature review and recommendations.

Giardia lamblia has emerged as the most common intestinal parasite in the United States. This article presents a brief review of the clinically important aspects of giardiasis and evaluates the currently used therapeutic agents. Three drugs have been advocated for the treatment of giardiasis; furazolidone (Furoxone), metronidazole (Flagyl), and quinacrine (Atabrine). None of them, however, is ideal. Metronidazole and quinacrine are more effective than furazolidone, but furazolidone has the advantage of a liquid formulation that makes administration to children easier. Quinacrine is much less expensive than the other two agents but has a somewhat higher rate of side effects and a bitter taste. There is concern about the carcinogenic potential of furazolidone and metronidazole, but this has not been evaluated for quinacrine. In the balance, we conclude that quinacrine is probably the preferable drug to use in the pediatric age group because of proven effectiveness and lower cost.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Multi-drug resistant typhoid fever with diarrhea.

OBJECTIVE: To provide information about the characteristics of diarrheal stool in multi-drug resistant typhoid fever and observe the clinical course after treatment with furazolidone or ciprofloxacin. SETTING: Hospital based. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty one male children who were positive for multi-drug resistant S. typhi by blood and stool cultures, having diarrhea at the time of hospitalization comprised the subjects. Serum and stool electrolytes were estimated. Stool samples were also processed to detect established enteropathogens, leukocytes and red blood cells. Children were treated either with furazolidone or ciprofloxacin and evaluated till recovery. RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) pre-admission duration of fever and diarrhea of these cases were 19.1 (+/- 5.6) and 15.8 (+/- 4.6) days, respectively. Stool character in 81% of the patients was watery with mean (+/- SD) volume of stool 51.4 (+/- 25.1) ml per kg body weight in the first 24 hours of observation. Leukocyte count varied between 20-49 per high power field in 66.7% stool samples. Occult blood was present in only 19% cases. Fecal red blood cells in high power field were detected in 52.4% cases. Mean fecal electrolytes (mmol/liter) were as follows: sodium-53.8, potassium-51.4, chloride-41.6 and total CO2-24.3. Most of the children (71.4%) had no dehydration and had normal serum electrolytes. The isolated strains of S. typhi were multi-drug resistant. These children were treated successfully either with furazolidone or ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSION: The stools of multi-drug resistant typhoid fever patients were watery with little blood. Their electrolyte contents were more similar to the diarrheal stool seen in shigellosis rather than cholera. Uncontrolled observations revealed that children recovered with furazolidone or ciprofloxacin therapy.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of treatment and prophylaxis with nitrofurans and comparison with alternative antimicrobial agents in experimental Salmonella enterica Serovar enteritidis infection in chicks.

The ability of the nitrofuran antimicrobial agents furazolidone and furaltadone to prevent, reduce or eliminate Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis PT4 infection in artificially challenged day-old chicks was evaluated. Treating the birds with the nitrofurans failed to eliminate established infections with either furazolidone-resistant (FzR) or furazolidone-sensitive (FzS) strains. Simultaneous administration of the nitrofurans to day-old chicks challenged with FzS failed to prevent infection but reduced colonization significantly (p<0.05) compared to unmedicated controls. No reduction of colonization occurred with FzR. Challenging birds with FzS and simultaneous dosing with nitrofurans for 1 week, followed by a second week of continued treatment, resulted in an increase in the level of colonization in the second week rather than a decrease. Dosing with the nitrofurans (200 ppm) for 1 week prior to challenge with FzS and continued medication for a further week prevented colonization of the caecum, liver and spleen. However, cessation of dosing at the time of challenge with salmonella resulted in colonization. Chloramphenicol and tetracycline at concentrations of 200 ppm were both independently capable of preventing colonization by salmonella. Sulphadiazine initially reduced colonization but failed to eliminate the infection. Only when furazolidone was combined with chloramphenicol or when sulphadiazine was combined with trimethoprim, and the combined drugs were administered concurrently with the challenge, was colonization prevented.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Drug toxicity in piglets following long-term consumption of medicated feed].

The effect of the addition of various drugs to the feed on the performance of recent weaned piglets was studied. The following procedures were examined: no additive, 50 ppm of carbadox, 50 ppm of carbadox plus 400 ppm of furazolidone, 50 ppm of carbadox plus 22 ppm of lincomycin plus 22 ppm of spectinomycin, 400 ppm of furazolidone and 22 ppm of lincomycin plus 22 ppm of spectinomycin. Each treatment was carried out in ten groups of eight piglets. The trials were continued from the fifth to the eighth week of life. Addition of lincomycin and spectinomycin improved both growth and feed conversion. Combined administration of lincomycin and spectinomycin with carbadox resulted in the best performance. Supplementation of carbadox alone did not produce any beneficial effects. Addition of 400 ppm of furazolidone resulted in a significant depression of growth. Combined administration of 400 ppm furazolidone and 50 ppm of carbadox resulted in the poorest performance. The growth depressing effect of this combined treatment was observed as early as the first two weeks of the experiment. The animals undergoing this treatment showed a greyish-white colour of the skin and very hard stools.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Myocardial Ca-sequestration failure and compensatory increase in Ca-ATPase with congestive cardiomyopathy: kinetic characterization by a homogenate microassay using real-time ratiometric indo-1 spectrofluorometry.

A novel, simple, rapid and reproducible microassay is used for kinetic analysis of Ca-sequestration by homogenates of myocardium of turkeys with furazolidone-induced congestive cardiomyopathy. The assay monitors Ca in real-time using dual-emission ratiometric spectrofluorometry and the Ca-indicator dye indo-1. Using this assay and isolated SR studies we make several novel findings regarding the mechanism of SR failure in furazolidone cardiomyopathy. Qualitative differences in Ca-sequestration were not detected between groups. However, compared to controls the furazolidone treatment resulted in: 1) 50% depression in maximal activities (1.54 +/- 0.36 vs 0.73 +/- 0.12 microM/sec); 2) 2-fold increases in post-sequestration concentrations of ionized Ca (79 +/- 23 vs 141 +/- 13 nmol Ca/L homogenate); 3) 2-fold increases in Ca half-life (415 vs 790 msec); and 4) 25% increased passive Ca-binding capacity of homogenates. The Ca-ATPase specific activity of isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum was 60% increased in congestive cardiomyopathy (543 +/- 140 vs 873 +/- 108 nmol ATP hydrolyzed/min/mg membrane protein) although membrane yield was 20% decreased (0.79 +/- 0.09 vs 0.63 +/- 0.03 mg/g heart). The increased ATPase and decreased Ca-uptake activities in combination with the occurrence of 36% cardiac hypertrophy and 19% decreased body weights resulted in estimates of the relative energy cost to the animal for myocardial Ca transport being 5.5-fold increased with cardiomyopathy (20.5 vs 111 nmol ATP hydrolyzed per microM decrease of sarcoplasmic free Ca/kg body weight). These data indicate that congestive cardiomyopathy is associated with markedly increased permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum to Ca and compensatorily increased Ca-ATPase activity. Accelerated energy consumption due to the increased energy cost of Ca transport and increased time of myocyte activation are predicted to predispose the myocardium to fatigue and irreversible failure.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Once-daily, low-cost, highly effective Helicobacter pylori treatment to family members of gastric cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori eradication in family members of gastric cancer patients is now widely accepted, although problems related to costs and compliance persist. AIM: To compare the efficacy, tolerability and long-term re-infection rates of two once-daily regimens for the eradication of H. pylori in family members of gastric cancer patients. METHODS: 106 first-degree family members of gastric cancer patients were recruited and submitted to the 13C-urea breath test (UBT) to detect H. pylori. If positive, they were randomly allocated to receive a combination of lanzoprazole 30 mg, clarithromycin OD (extended-release formulation) 500 mg and furazolidone 400 mg, once daily, in the morning, for 7 days (Group A) or the same regimen with only 200 mg furazolidone (Group B). Eradication was confirmed by urea breath test performed 6 weeks after treatment. 13C-urea breath test was repeated at 944 (784-1258) days after treatment in successfully treated participants to look for re-infection. RESULTS: Twenty-five participants were H. pylori negative and two H. pylori-positive individuals refused to sign the informed consent and were excluded. Therefore, 79 participants were studied. Forty participants were allocated to Group A and 39 to Group B. All participants completed treatment. Adverse effects, mostly mild, were observed in 18% of Group A and 18% of Group B (N.S.). The intention-to-treat eradication rate was 87.5% in Group A and 61.5% in Group B (P = 0.006). The mean annual re-infection rate was 3%. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of lanzoprazole 30 mg, one tablet of clarithromycin OD (extended release formulation) 500 mg and furazolidone 400 mg, once daily for 7 days, constitutes an inexpensive, safe and effective alternative for anti-H. pylori therapy in family members of gastric cancer patients.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗
PubMed2005

The occurrence of nitrofuran metabolites in the tissues of chickens exposed to very low dietary concentrations of the nitrofurans.

The global problem of food products contaminated by residues of the banned carcinogenic nitrofuran drugs has prompted research into how such residues accumulate in tissues. In the study described here, two aspects have been investigated where the nitrofurans accumulate in tissues from chickens exposed to either a dietary or an environmental source of contamination. Twenty groups of broilers were fed a diet containing one of the nitrofurans: furazolidone, nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoin or furaltadone at concentrations of 30, 100, 300, 1000 and 3000 microg kg(-1). At the lowest concentration of furazolidone contamination (0.01% of the therapeutic dose) tissue bound AOZ metabolite residues were detected in liver (1.1 +/- 0.2 microg kg(-1)) and in muscle (0.33 +/- 0.03 microg kg(-1)). Similar results were obtained for AMOZ (0.6 +/- 0.2 microg kg(-1) in liver), the tissue bound metabolite of furaltadone. There was no appreciable accumulation of nitrofurantoin in chicken muscle. The AHD metabolite was not detected in muscle from birds fed nitrofurantoin at either 30 or 100 microg kg(-1). For nitrofurazone the concentrations of the SEM metabolite were higher in muscle than in liver for all dietary concentrations. The potential for a contaminated environment to cause nitrofuran residues in chickens was investigated. Six chickens were placed in a pen that was previously occupied by birds fed a diet containing 3000 microg kg(-1) of furazolidone. After 24 hours' exposure of the chickens to the litter in the pen, AOZ residues of 0.13 +/- 0.04 and 0.10 +/- 0.03 microg kg(-1) were detected in liver and muscle, respectively. The results of both experiments have implications for the poultry industry in trying to eliminate nitrofurans from their production systems, and for regulatory analysts faced with the detection of low concentrations of the drugs, both in tissues and in feedingstuffs.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1982

Contrasting effects of spontaneous and induced cardiomyopathy on the nucleoproteins of turkey hearts.

The possible involvement of nuclear proteins in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy was studied in a spontaneously occurring and a furazolidone-induced model of turkey cardiomyopathy. Both models are characterised by cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation, systemic hypotension and depressed contractility. The protein composition of myocardial nuclei was compared in normal (n = 9) and cardiomyopathic (spontaneous n = 6, furazolidone-induced n = 21) turkeys. Cardiac nuclei from spontaneously myopathic animals had a higher histone content (1.827 +/- 0.058 (mean +/- SD) mg . mg DNA-1 vs 1.688 +/- 0.187 in controls, P less than 0.05) and histone/nonhistone protein ratio (1.122 +/- 0.020 vs 0.882 +/- 0.128 in controls, P less than 0.01). Nuclear protein phosphorylation was lower in spontaneously cardiomyopathic turkeys primarily because of decreased nonhistone protein phosphorylation (5.100 +/- 0.759 pmol 32 P . mg prot-1 .15 min-1 vs 8.456 +/- 0.886 in controls, P less than 0.01). In contrast, furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy of similar severity to the spontaneously occurring model was not associated with changes in nucleoprotein composition or degree of phosphorylation. These results indicate that development of spontaneous cardiomyopathy in turkeys may be related to the composition and function of nuclear nonhistone proteins. These changes are not secondary to the cardiac hypertrophy/dilatation accompanying the myopathic process.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Reduced lipid peroxidation in dilated hearts of cardiomyopathic turkeys.

Adverse pulmonary reactions to some nitrofuran antibiotics are thought, in part, to involve production of reactive oxygen radicals. Furazolidone, a nitrofuran antibiotic, causes a dilated cardiomyopathy in domestic turkeys. The mechanism of this drug induced cardiomyopathy is unknown. We investigated the possible role of free radical injury in this heart failure model. Left ventricular lipid peroxidation capacity, assessed by two methods (the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and lipid hydroperoxides assays respectively), was investigated in five 5-8 week old cardiomyopathic turkeys with severe cardiac dilatation, left ventricular dysfunction and systemic hypotension, and in five control birds. Superoxide dismutase activity, total and manganese, was also measured in the crude left ventricular homogenates. Both lipid peroxidation products were reduced in the myopathic hearts: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (malondialdehyde) 70(SEM 4) v 86(3) nmol.100 mg protein-1 in controls, p less than 0.02; and lipid hydroperoxides 29(7) v 74(14) nmol.100 mg protein-1, p less than 0.02. Total superoxide dismutase activity was similar in cardiomyopathic and control hearts: 670(26) v 657(105) nitrite units.100 mg protein-1. Although total superoxide dismutase activity was unchanged, we found decreased manganese superoxide dismutase in the dilated hearts compared with controls (54% v 84% of total activity, p less than 0.02). In separate in vitro experiments furazolidone (2-10 mg.g wet weight-1) did not increase malondialdehyde production in turkey (or rat) left ventricular homogenates. These results indicate that cardiomyopathy induced by furazolidone is associated with decreased myocardial lipid peroxidation. Although as yet unexplained, the decrease may be due to a diminished amount of heart lipid susceptible to peroxidation accompanying the process of cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Mechanism of nitrofuran resistance in Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 and interpretation of nitrofuran susceptibility tests.

The mechanism of nitrofuran resistance in Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 was studied. Nitrofuran reductase activity was inversely related to the furazolidone MIC for the organism. Strains with low-level nitrofuran resistance, typically found in almost all isolates of S. enteritidis PT4, had intermediate nitrofuran reductase activity. Disc diffusion tests with furazolidone, 15 or 50 micrograms discs, and nitrofurantoin, 50 or 300 micrograms discs, failed to distinguish reliably between susceptible populations and those with low-level resistance. In order to detect low-level resistance to nitrofurans a dilution method should be used with a furazolidone breakpoint of 1 mg/l or a nitrofurantoin breakpoint of 16 mg/l.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed2002

Factors associated with treatment failure of Helicobacter pylori infection in a developing country.

BACKGROUND: Although no regimen can eradicate in 100% of patients, factors that may affect the eradication rates have been poorly studied. GOAL: To evaluate factors associated with treatment failure. STUDY: One hundred patients were treated with pantoprazole plus clarithromycin and furazolidone for eradication. Clarithromycin and furazolidone resistance was evaluated by the agar dilution method. Point mutations in 23S rRNA genes related to clarithromycin resistance were investigated by polymerase chain reaction and restriction length fragment polymorphism and A by polymerase chain reaction. The data were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS: eradication occurred in 85 of 97 patients who completed the treatment (87.6%; 95% CI = 79.0-93.1). All strains were susceptible to furazolidone, and nine were resistant to clarithromycin (A2142G or A2143G mutation was detected in all of them). The treatment failure was significant and independently associated with clarithromycin resistance (OR = 7.79; 95% CI = 1.73-35.01), A-negative status (OR = 4.81; 95% CI = 1.14-20.14), and male gender (OR = 4.20; 95% CI = 1.01-17.78), but not with the type of disease, mean age, smoking, alcohol consumption, and the degree of the antral and oxyntic gastritis. CONCLUSION: Resistance to clarithromycin, A-negative status, and gender were predictive factors of eradication failure.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗
PubMed1976

In vitro and in vivo activity of 3-(1-methyl 1-5-nitro-2-imidazolylmethylideneamino)-2-oxazolidinone against Pasteurella.

Furazolidone was more active than 3-(1-methyl)-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl-methylideneamino)-2-oxazolidinone (MABN) against a series of 34 isolates of Pasteurella and 11 of Yersinia (formerly designated Pasteurella). However, the nitroimidazole was superior to furazolidone by both subcutaneous and oral routes against a series of mouse infections incited by strains of Pasteurella. It also was superior to furazolidone and sulfaquinoxaline when administered in the diet against two Pasteurella strains in a fowl cholera model infection in chickens. The good in vitro activity of MABN plus its low toxicity suggest its further study as an agent for fowl cholera and the shipping fever complex of cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of a Bacillus stearothermophilus tube test as a screening tool for anticoccidial residues in poultry.

A Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis C953 tube test was evaluated for its ability in detecting the residue of selected anticoccidial drugs in poultry, specially sulfamethazine, furazolidone, and amprolium. Various concentrations of each drug were injected into chicken liver and kidney tissues and these tissues were tested to determine the drug detection limits for each drug. The detection limit was defined as the drug concentration at which 95 % of the test results were interpreted as positive. The limits of detection in liver tissue were 0.35 microgram/ml for furazolidone, 0.70 microgram/ml for sulfamethazine and 7.80 microgram/ml for amprolium. In kidney tissues, they were 0.30 microgram/ml for furazolidone, 0.54 microgram/ml for sulfamethazine, and 7.6 microgram/ml for amprolium. It was concluded that this tube test could be used to screen for the residue of these three drugs in poultry.

Amprolium↗
PubMed2001

[Multidrug resistance to antibacterial drugs of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strains isolated in Poland in the 1998-1999 period].

A total of 510 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strains representing 56 serotypes, isolated from human stool specimens during 1998-2000 in sanitary-epidemiological units in Poland were tested for their susceptibility by a standard disk diffusion method for: ampicillin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, furazolidone, cotrimoxazole, sulfonamides and trimethoprim. For 201 of the investigated strains, belonging to 5 most common isolated serotypes (S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Hadar, S. Infantis and S. Virchow) the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the aforementioned antibiotics, as well as for amoxicillin with clavulanian were determined. Selected strains were screened for production extended spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs). It was observed that 42.9% of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strains were resistant to 2 or more antibiotics, with the highest prevalence of MDR strains among serotypes Typhimurium, Hadar and Virchow. Resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, furazolidone and sulphonamides was observed most frequently. Over 93% of S. Virchow strains were resistant to furazolidone. No strains resistant to ciprofloxacin were detected according to the NCCLS guidelines, but 31.3% of isolates exhibiting reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility (MICs ranging between 0.125 and 0.5 mg/l). Two strains S. Mbandaka and Salmonella group D (variant motility--) were resistant to cefotaxime and probably produced ESBL.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

[Development of drug resistance and the cross resistance in Shigella to certain chemotherapeutic preparations in vitro].

A total of 700 Shigella cultures isolated in different regions of the Ukraine in 1974 and occasionally in 1971-1973 were studied. No cultures resistant to furazolidone or enteroseptol were found. Under the experimental conditions resistance to nitrofuran and especially oxycholine preparations in Shigella developed slowly when the cultures were passaged in broths with increasing concentrations of the drugs. Cross resistance in Shigella was observed with respect to (a) various nitrofuran preparations, less pronounced with respect to furacryline and (b) enteroseptol and 5-NOK. No cross resistance was noted between the above groups of the chemotherapeutics and levomycetin and tetracycline. 5-NOK inhibited the resistance development to streptomycin, while enteroseptol inhibited the development of resistance to furazolidone in Shigella. The studies showed that in the near future there will be observed no mass development of resistance to furazolidone and enteroseptol in Shigella.

Clioquinol↗