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PubMed1998

Cytokine filtration and adsorption during pre- and postdilution hemofiltration in four different membranes.

In the present in vitro study we investigated filtration and adsorption of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) during predilution and postdilution hemofiltration with polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide and cellulose triacetate membranes. The median sieving coefficient (SC) for all membranes was 0.0 for TNF-alpha, below 0.15 for IL-6 and below 0.15 for IL-8 during postdilution hemofiltration. Differences in SC between filtration modes were less than 0.05. Maximal differences in SC between membranes were 0.11 for IL-6, 0.0 for TNF-alpha, and 0.11 for IL-8. The progressive decrease in cytokine concentrations was identical between the two filtration modes and most pronounced with the polyacrylonitrile membrane (reduction 77% for IL-6, 39% for TNF-alpha and 95% for IL-8 after 4 h of hemofiltration). The relative contribution of adsorption to the reduction in cytokines was 100% for TNF-alpha for all membranes, between 53 (cellulose triacetate) and 83% (polyacrylonitrile) for IL-6, and for IL-8 between 0 (polysulfone) and 100% (polyacrylonitrile). In conclusion, the reduction in TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-8 was most impressive with the polyacrylonitrile membrane after 4 h of hemofiltration and was largely due to adsorption. Adsorption of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-8 was also seen with the other membranes. None of the membranes filtered TNF-alpha. Sieving of IL-6 and IL-8 was low for all membranes with only marginal differences between membranes or between filtration modes.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1985

Comparative aspects of glomerular filtration in vertebrates.

Glomerular ultrafiltration of the plasma is a fundamental component of vertebrate renal function. The importance of the glomerulus is reflected by its near-universal presence and great elaboration among the vertebrates. Although the general structural features and functional properties of the glomerulus appear to be largely similar among diverse groups, there exists considerable variation in the magnitude of the rate of filtration. The kidney is the primary vertebrate organ responsible for water and metabolic waste excretion, and glomerular filtration plays an important role in these functions. Therefore, the magnitude of the GFR appears to be influenced primarily by the rates of water influx and metabolism. Major phylogenetic differences in morphological, physiological and metabolic design have a decisive impact on the magnitude of the GFR. The endothermic classes, with more numerous glomeruli, high metabolic rates, and high ultrafiltration pressures, have proportionately higher rates of glomerular filtration than the ectothermic groups. As a group, the reptiles, with presumably the lowest rates of water influx, exhibit the lowest GFRs. Within each class, there are trends toward species with greater access to free water having higher GFRs (e.g. fresh water vs. marine; mesic vs. xeric. The clearest examples exist for the teleosts, with marine forms having lower GFRs than their fresh water relatives. The coupling of the GFR to environmental influences is also demonstrated by the response of the animal to environmentally imposed perturbations, such as dehydration. In terrestrial animals during dehydration, reductions in the rate of glomerular filtration occur reducing the rate of urinary water loss. And increases in GFR appears to be important in the rapid elimination of water loads in nonmammalian vertebrates. This short-term modulation of the GFR occurs by either changing glomerular plasma flow or glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, or both. In addition, shifts in the filtering populations of glomeruli can take place, as has been demonstrated in birds. Although the mediators of these effects have not been unequivocally identified, several hormones, including antidiuretic hormone, angiotensin, and catecholamines, have been implicated.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Testing renal reserve filtration capacity with an amino acid solution.

In healthy individuals and in patients with varying degrees of impaired renal function, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow were measured before and during infusion of an amino acid solution (Vamin N). GFR increased during amino acid infusion in healthy individuals while the filtration fraction (FF) remained constant. However, in patients with impaired renal function no significant changes in GFR were observed. The FF increased slightly. We conclude that amino acid infusion can increase GFR, possibly by utilization of 'dormant cortical nephrons' together with a rise in net ultrafiltration pressure of other filtrating glomeruli, both due to afferent vasodilatation. Thus, amino acid administration can be used to test the presence of reserve filtration capacity.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The antihypertensive mechanism of verapamil. Alteration of glomerular filtration rate regulation.

The renal hemodynamic and renin release responses to verapamil were analyzed to determine if the antihypertensive action of the calcium entry blocker could be due to its renal effects. Hemodynamic and renin release measurements were compared in a control group of nine anesthetized rabbits and in a group of 10 rabbits given verapamil (200 micrograms/kg i.v. initially, 4 micrograms/kg/min thereafter), starting 30 minutes before data collection. Measurements were made over a range of controlled renal perfusion pressure from 100 to 40 mm Hg. The renal blood flow at 100 mm Hg of the verapamil-treated group was 18% greater (p less than 0.02) than that of the control group, while the glomerular filtration rate was 51% greater (p less than 0.001) than that of the control group. Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate autoregulation were highly effective in the control group down to 80 mm Hg, but both variables were poorly regulated in the verapamil-treated group. The filtration fraction of the treated group was 36.9 +/- 1.5% versus 28.5 +/- 1.6% in the control group (p less than 0.003) at 100 mm Hg, and the filtration fraction of the treated group remained significantly greater down to 40 mm Hg. Renin release rates of the two groups were similar at the 100 mm Hg pressure level, but the increase in release due to the progressive reduction in perfusion pressure was significantly greater in the treated group than in the control group. At the 80 mm Hg pressure level, the mean release rate for the treated group was more than three times greater (p less than 0.05) than that of the control group. These findings demonstrate that verapamil is an effective renal vasodilator and that the effect is proportionally greater on the preglomerular than on the postglomerular resistance. This action could be the basis for its antihypertensive efficacy.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Role of ventilation, air filtration, and allergen production rate in determining concentrations of rat allergens in the air of animal quarters.

Concentration of any substance in the air of a room is determined by the ratio between the rates of its production and removal. Thus, high concentrations can result from high production, low removal, or a combination of the two. Air filtration can supplement ventilation in removing allergens from the air. Control of aeroallergen exposure at any particular location would be more rational and effective if the contribution of production, ventilation, and filtration were known. Using immunochemical assays for rat urinary protein allergen, we measured the rate of production by individual rats and the concentration of allergens in the air of rat animal quarters where the ventilation rate was about 15 changes per hour. We introduced two different high-efficiency filtration systems that provided additional clean air changes up to a maximum of 127 changes per hour. Male rats shed about 20 ng/min of allergen. Because of this high rate of production, substantial reduction in rooms that housed large numbers of animals required the very high air-exchange rates that were achieved with laminar flow small animal isolator racks. Measured concentrations agreed well with concentrations calculated from a mass balance equation whose terms included numbers of animals in the room, production rate by individual animals, and rates of ventilation and filtration. We suggest that this principle of considering both production and removal rates applies not only to devising means of reducing levels of rat allergens in rat rooms, but generally to other indoor allergens as well.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1968

The relationship between glomerular filtration rate and sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule of the rat nephron.

We have tested two of the hypotheses proposed to explain the adjustment in sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule that follows a change in the rate of glomerular filtration (glomerulotubular balance). Using the recollection micropuncture technique, we were able to measure the immediate and late changes in reabsorptive rate after an acute alteration in filtration rate produced by aortic constriction and release of constriction. It was found that fractional reabsorption, as measured by the inulin tubule fluid to plasma (TF/P) ratio, increased after aortic constriction and decreased after release, but that in most instances, absolute reabsorptive rate changed in parallel to glomerular filtration rate. The change was similar whether the collections were made less than 1 or more than 5 min after the change in blood pressure. The rapid time course of this adjustment in reabsorptive rate is viewed as evidence against an intrarenal humoral feedback mechanism. In the same experiments we measured the (TF/P)(In), transit time, and flow rate of fluid in single nephrons before and during aortic constriction or release of aortic constriction. The change in reabsorptive rate and the simultaneous change in calculated cross-sectional area of the tubule lumen were rarely proportional, i.e., C/pir(2) was not constant. In other experiments, these same measurements were made before and during periods of increased ureteral pressure. Despite large increments in calculated cross-sectional area, the absolute rate of reabsorption either remained relatively unchanged or fell in proportion to the change in filtration rate. It is concluded that under these conditions, reabsorptive rate is governed by some factor other than tubule geometry.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Relationship of sodium reabsorption and glomerular filtration rate to renal glucose reabsorption.

Glucose reabsorption was measured in dogs in which sodium reabsorption was stimulated by obstruction of the thoracic inferior vena cava or inhibited by volume expansion with Ringer's lactate. Glucose reabsorption was much higher during periods of enhanced sodium reabsorption than during sodium diuresis. The relationship of glucose reabsorption to glomerular filtration rate was examined using data from animals that had fractional sodium excretion rates of less than 1%. Under this condition the relationship of glucose reabsorption to glomerular filtration rate is highly linear. When points obtained during sodium diuresis (C(Na)/GFR>0.1) are plotted on the same graph, glucose reabsorption at any given glomerular filtration rate is much less than during antidiuresis. Glucose reabsorption divided by glomerular filtration rate varies inversely with fractional sodium excretion. This study demonstrates that glomerular tubular balance for glucose exists in the dog and that this balance is changed when sodium reabsorption changes.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Determinants of glomerular filtration in experimental glomerulonephritis in the rat.

Pressures and flows were measured in surface glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, and proximal tubules of 22 Wistar rats in the early autologous phase of nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NSN). Linear deposits of rabbit and rat IgG and C3 component of complement were demonstrated in glomerular capillary walls by immunofluorescence microscopy. Light microscopy revealed diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, and proteinuria was present. Although whole kidney and single nephron glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in NSN (0.8 plus or minus 0.04 SE2 ml/min and 2 plus or minus 2 nl/min, respectively) remained unchanged from values in 16 weight-matched NORMAL HYDROPENIC control rats (0.8 plus or minus 0.08 and 28 plus or minus 2), important alterations in glomerular dynamics were noted. Mean transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference (deltaP) averaged 41 plus or minus 1 mm Hg in NSN versus 32 plus or minus 1 in controls (P LESS THAN 0.005). Oncotic pressures at the afferent (piA) end of the glomerular capillary were similar in both groups ( 16 mm /g) but increased much less by the efferent end (piE) in NSN (to 29 plus or minus 1 mm Hg) than in controls (33 plus or minus 1, P less than 0.025). Hence, equality between deltaP and piE, denoting filtration pressure equilibrium, obtained in control but not in NSN rats. While glomerular plasma flow rate was slightly higher in NSN (88 plus or minus 8 nl/min) than in controls (76 plus or minus 6, P greater than 0.2), the failure to achieve filtration equilibrium in NSN rats was primarily the consequence of a marked fall in the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient, Kf, to a mean value of 0.03 nl/(s times mm Hg), considerably lower than that found recently for the normal rat, 0.08 nl/(s times mm Hg). Thus, despite extensive glomerular injury, evidenced morphologically and by the low Kf, GFR remained normal. This maintenance of GFR resulted primarily from increases in deltaP, which tended to increase the net driving force for filtration, and thereby compensate for the reduction in Kf.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Dentin permeation: comparison of diffusion with filtration.

A comparison was made between the rate of iodide permeation of dentin by diffusion and by filtration. Before acid etching, filtration only doubled the rate of iodide permeation relative to that obtained by diffusion. After acid etching, filtration produced a 32-fold increase in permeation. Acid etching, by removing occluding debris, facilitates filtration more than diffusion.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2001

Timing of leukocyte filtration during cardiopulmonary bypass.

The effects of leukocyte filtration on the outcome of cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have been shown by numerous investigators. In the majority of cases a leukocyte filter is placed in the arterial line instead of a standard arterial line filter and used throughout CPB. However, protocols to optimize onset and duration of leukocyte filtration have not been sufficiently evaluated to date. In this paper, current efforts to improve such protocols are demonstrated and discussed. These efforts are based on studies of leukocyte pathogenicity during cardiac surgery. A first study (double-blind randomized) was performed in routine coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients to evaluate whether short-term leukocyte filtration during reperfusion by release of the aortic crossclamp would reduce reperfusion-associated myocardial damage. Further data compare the efficacy of three different filtration concepts to reduce CPB- and/or reperfusion-associated leukocyte pathogenicity. Clinical endpoints, standard laboratory variables and functional in vitro assays are provided and discussed.

Cardiopulmonary Bypass↗
PubMed2003

Leucocyte depletion during cardiac surgery: a comparison of different filtration strategies.

The results of leucocyte filtration during cardiac surgery are conflicting. This may be due to timing and duration of the filtration procedure, and to flow and pressure conditions in the filter. Therefore, we prospectively compared three major leucocyte filtration strategies in cardiac surgical patients. Forty patients were randomly divided into four groups. Group I: leucofiltration of arterial blood throughout cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) (associated with high-flow and pressure gradients), Group II: leucofiltration of a part of the venous return blood in the rewarming phase during CPB (associated with intermediate flow, but high pressure), Group III: leucofiltration of residual heart-lung machine blood during transfusion into the patient after CPB (associated with low flow and low pressure), Group IV: control group without leucofiltration. We measured circulating leucocyte counts, plasma elastase levels and arterial blood oxygenation. Filters were postoperatively examined using scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM). Leucocyte counts increased over time and oxygenation decreased in all groups, without significant differences between the groups. SEM demonstrated extensive protein deposits and damaged leucocytes in the deeper layers of the filters from Group I. This was not observed in the filters from Group III. The postoperative plasma elastase levels increased in Groups II and IV and decreased in Groups I and III. In conclusion, we could not demonstrate a clinical difference among the three leucocyte depletion strategies. However, our laboratory results suggest that leucocyte filtration at low flow and pressure conditions is associated with less leucocyte damage and less release of elastase.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

New rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect antibodies against bacterial surface antigens using filtration plates.

An easy and rapid ELISA system, Filtration ELISA, to detect antibodies against bacterial cell surface antigens was developed using a 96-well filtration plate fitted with a 0.22microm membrane (MultiScreen-GV, Millipore). Bacterial whole cells were used as antigens without fixing the cells with formalin etc. The whole cell antigens were washed by vacuum filtration through a filter and resuspended in washing buffer. Assay reactions could be done in the wells without losing the solution. The technique was established using antisera of mice immunized with Escherichia coli, and then evaluated by assaying antibodies to Shiga-toxin producing E. coli O157:H7 (STEC), Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus acidophilus in fecal extracts of 157 children who had eaten school lunches contaminated with STEC in comparison with 25 age-matched control children. The lunch group showed significantly higher IgA antibody titers against STEC than the control group (p<0.0005), but not against L. acidphilus. The results indicate that Filtration ELISA is a quantitative and specific technique for measuring antibodies against antigens on the surface of bacteria without extracting antigens from the bacteria. This technique is widely applicable to the assay of antibodies in various samples including serum and fecal extract against various kinds of bacteria.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Skin sparing in interventional radiology: the effect of copper filtration.

Complex and lengthy interventional radiological techniques have resulted in a number of patients developing skin reactions in recent years. To safeguard against these side effects, we have investigated the degree to which entrance skin dose can be reduced by inserting 0.18 mm and 0.35 mm copper filtration in the incident beam. The potential reduction was measured on a 22 cm water phantom for each of eight models of a fluoroscopy unit. Using the catheter laboratory fluoroscopy unit on which radiofrequency ablations are routinely performed, we assessed the relative effectiveness of adding filtration and increasing the kV:mA ratio. Image quality was subjectively assessed for diagnostic and therapeutic acceptability in two groups of 10 patients undergoing radiofrequency ablations, pacemaker insertions or electrophysiology studies. One of the groups was screened with 0.35 mm copper filtration in place and the other group acted as the control. Maximum patient skin dose proved difficult to measure directly because of the unpredictable dose pattern. This pattern was studied in four patients using a film method in conjunction with thermoluminescent dosemeters. Copper filtration 0.35 mm thick inserted in the beams of the eight fluoroscopy units produced a mean reduction in entrance dose to the phantom of 58% with a mean increase in tube loading of 29%. At 100 kV the increased loading on the X-ray tube was equivalent to increasing the anteroposterior separation of the patient by 2 cm. Measurements on the catheter laboratory unit showed that the tube voltage would need to be raised above the normal diagnostic range to obtain an equivalent entrance dose reduction without the filter. The blackening of films under the patients showed complex patterns, but the estimated skin doses were consistent with those predicted by the phantom experiments. All six cardiologists considered there to be insignificant detriment to image quality in the procedures investigated.

Copper↗
PubMed1992

Effects of additional filtration on image quality in dental radiography: comparison of niobium with aluminium.

Niobium filtration was compared with additional aluminium filtration with respect to the image quality of dental radiographs. An aluminium phantom was constructed which produced densities similar to those found in periapical regions and in enamel. Eight beam qualities were investigated and objective evaluation of the films was made by 20 observers with respect to any effects on radiographic contrast and successful identification of a pattern of holes in the phantom. Radiographic contrast decreased linearly as the half-value layer increased (r2 = 0.960, P < 0.0005), confirming the negative relationship between contrast and half-value layer as previously shown. No specific effect of niobium filtration on radiographic contrast was demonstrated. The number of successful identifications decreased with increasing half-value layer. A regression analysis in the total and dark zones yielded r2 values of 0.937 and 0.943 (P < 0.0005). Similar analyses for both the light and overall zones showed weaker relationships (r2 = 0.734 and 0.742: P = 0.007 and 0.006 respectively). Niobium reduces successful identification to the same extent as equivalent aluminium filtration.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1995

Perceptibility of defects in an aluminum test object: a comparison of the RVG-S and first generation VIXA systems with and without added niobium filtration.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the first generation VIXA (Gendex, Milan, Italy) and the RVG-S (Trophy Radiologie, Vincennes, France) for detection of defects in an aluminium test object at various exposures both with and without added niobium filtration. METHODS: Images of a 7 mm aluminium test object with defects ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 mm with standardized projection geometry. Seven dentists acted as observers. Perceptibility curves were developed for both sensors under the various filtration conditions and exposures. RESULTS: At optimum exposures both the VIXA and the RVG-S permitted the same number of defects to be observed. The optimum exposures were similar for the two systems, but the dynamic range was greater for the RVG-S. Addition of niobium filtration did not appreciably alter the radiation dose required to perceive a given number of defects using either system. CONCLUSIONS: The two systems performed equally at optimum exposure when the dose is approximately the same irrespective of the presence or absence of niobium filtration. Beyond the optimal level, the RVG-S outperformed the VIXA system.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2004

Effect of beam energy and filtration on the signal-to-noise ratio of the Dexis intraoral X-ray detector.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the Dexis charge-coupled device (CCD) intraoral X-ray detector, with special reference to the influence of beam energy and filtration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Digital radiographic images were made of a nine-step dental aluminium step wedge using a Dexis intraoral detector. The X-ray generator was a GE 1000 operating at 10 mA with 2.7 mm aluminium filtration. The peak tube voltage settings applied were 50 kVp, 60 kVp, 70 kVp, 80 kVp and 90 kVp. Various exposure times were used at each beam energy and the exposures (in micro C kg(-1)) were determined in each case using a 3 cl beryllium-windowed ionization chamber. SNR was defined using the surrogate measure of mean pixel value (surrogate for signal) divided by the standard deviation of the pixel value (surrogate for noise). SNRs were measured at separate regions of interest (ROIs) at the centre and at both sides of the detector for each aluminium step as well as without the step. RESULTS: For beam energies of 50 kVp and 60 kVp, the estimated SNR improved both with increased exposure and with increased filtration (thickness of the aluminium step), and image saturation did not occur within the exposure time range permitted by the Dexis software. At 70 kVp and above, the SNR was optimized in the middle of the exposure range: 4 micro C kg(-1) with 290:1 at the ninth step (13.5 mm Al) for 70 kVp; 3.5 micro C kg(-1) with 240:1 at the ninth step (13.5 mm Al) for 80 kVp; 3.5 micro C kg(-1) with 160:1 at the ninth step (13.5 mm Al) for 90 kVp. Saturation did occur at these beam energies within the exposure time range permitted by the Dexis software. CONCLUSION: For the Dexis intraoral radiographic imaging system, estimated SNR improved both with higher filtration and with lower kVp. The Dexis detector was capable of generating acceptable images of the step wedge at a wide range of kVp settings.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2002

Effect of air filtration systems on asthma: a systematic review of randomized trials.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the evidence of randomized trials evaluating the effects of residential air filtration systems on patients with asthma. DATA SOURCES: We searched for published and unpublished studies using MEDLINE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and the Cochrane Collaboration. We reviewed all reference lists for additional articles of relevance, and contacted experts in the field and air filter manufacturers. STUDY SELECTION: We identified 10 relevant randomized controlled trials that examined the influence of a residential air filtration system on patients with asthma. DATA EXTRACTION: In duplicate and independently, we abstracted data on the methodologic quality, population, intervention, and outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS: Five of 10 studies enrolled adults only. One study included children only. The sample size ranged from 9 to 45 participants in each study, for a total of 216 patients across all studies. Two studies reported a statistically significant decrease in airway responsiveness associated with air filter utilization. Air filters were associated with significantly lower total symptom scores (weighted mean difference of 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 0.25) on a 10-point scale, and lower sleep disturbance score (weighted mean difference of 0.93; 95% CI, 1.44 to 0.42); however, heterogeneity of results weakens the inferences from these trials. Air filtration systems were not associated with any differences in medication use or morning peak expiratory flow values. None of these trials employed validated scales to measure clinical symptoms or quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with allergies and asthma, use of air filters is associated with fewer symptoms. Rigorous sufficiently powered randomized clinical trials are needed to more precisely define the influence of air filtration on health-related quality of life and symptom control for asthmatic patients.

Air Conditioning↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between plasma creatinine concentration and glomerular filtration in preterm newborn infants.

Fluid management and dosage regimens of drugs in preterm infants should be based on the glomerular filtration rate. The current methods to determine glomerular filtration rate are invasive, time-consuming, and expensive. In contrast, creatinine clearance can be easy obtained and quickly determined. The purpose of this study was to compare plasma creatinine on the third and seventh day of life in preterm newborn infants, to evaluate the influence of maternal creatinine, and to demonstrate creatinine clearance can be used as a reliable indicator of glomerular filtration rate. We developed a prospective study (1994) including 40 preterm newborns (gestational age < 37 weeks), average = 34 weeks; birth weight (average) = 1840 g, in the first week of life. Inclusion criteria consisted of: absence of renal and urinary tract anomalies; O2 saturation >/= 92%; adequate urine output (>1ml/kg/hr); normal blood pressure; absence of infections and no sympathomimetic amines in use. A blood sample was collected to determine plasma creatinine (enzymatic method) on the third and seventh day of life and creatinine clearance (CrCl) was obtained using the following equation: [formula: see text], k = 0.33 in preterm infant All plasma creatinine determinations showed normal values [third day: 0.78 mg/dl +/- 0.24 (mean +/- SD)and seventh day: 0.67 mg/dl +/- 0.31 - (p>0.05)]. Also all creatinine clearance at third and seventh day of life were normal [third day: 19.5 ml/min +/- 5.2 (mean +/- SD) and seventh day: 23.8 ml/min +/- 7.3 - (p>0,05)]. All preterm infants developed adequate renal function for their respective gestational age. In summary, our results indicate that, for clinical practice, the creatinine clearance, using newborn length, can be used to estimate glomerular filtration rate in preterm newborn infants.

Creatinine↗