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[Association of lung function decline with the microsatellite polymorphism in the heme oxygenase-1 gene promoter, in a general population sample. Results from the Longitudinal European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS-France)].

Heme oxygenase (HO1) acts against oxidants which are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A (GT)n repeat polymorphism in the HO1 gene promoter can modulate the transcription of this gene in response to oxidative stress. We postulated that this polymorphism might be associated with the degree and decline of lung function in subjects exposed to oxidative stress (smokers). We genotyped 749 French subjects (20-44 years, 50% men, 40% never-smokers) who were examined in both 1992 and 2000 as part of the ECRHS. Lung function was assessed by measuring FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second) and the FEV1/FVC (Forced Ventilatory Capacity) ratio. We compared long (L)-allele carriers ((GT)n > or = 33 repeats for one or two alleles) to non-carriers. During the 8-year study period, the mean annual FEV1 and FEV1/FVC declines were -30.9 +/- 31.1 ml/year and -1.8 +/- 6.1 units/year, respectively. The FEV1/FVC decline was steeper in L-allele carriers than in non-carriers (-2.6 +/- 5.5 vs -1.5 +/- 6.4, p = 0.07). There was a strong interaction between allele L and smoking. In 2000, allele L was associated with lower FEV1 and FEV1/FVC values in heavy smokers (J20 cig/day) only (p for the interactions, 0.07 and 0.002 respectively). Baseline heavy smokers carrying allele L showed the steepest FEV1 decline (-62.0 +/- 29.5 ml/year) and the steepest FEV1/FVC decline (-8.8 +/- 5.4 units/year) (p for the interactions, 0.009 and 0.0006). These results suggest that a long (L) HO1 gene promoter increases the risk of airway obstruction in heavy smokers.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[MUG-lauryl sulfate bouillon--an optimal medium for the detection of total coliforms and fecal coliform bacteria in relation to hygienic evaluation of bathing waters according to the European Community Guideline 76/160 EWG].

In the monitoring of bathing waters according to the EC-guideline, total coliform and faecal coliform bacteria were obtained from 97 samples of river waters by the comparison of two fluorogenic assays using MUG-Lauryl Sulfate Broth and MUG-BRILA Broth with an usual method with MacConkey Broth, Tryptophane Broth and BRILA Broth. MUG-BRILA Broth had the lowest average counts and proved to be not an appropriate medium. Compared with the usual method, however, MUG-Lauryl Sulfate Broth yielded similar high counts, reduced the investigation period from four to two days and diminished the expenditure of work by one third. In addition, the indole test for the confirmation of presumptive faecal coliforms might be abolished. Therefore, the examination with MUG-Lauryl Sulfate Broth can be recommended.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed1990

[Vocational education of the handicapped in the European Community--experiences from the network of vocational rehabilitation services].

Organized cooperation in the field of vocational rehabilitation has been established at EC-level more than fifteen years ago, the first meeting of the community network of rehabilitation centres having taken place on the 20th of October, 1975. This cooperation has been intensified and extended by HELIOS, the second action programme on behalf of disabled persons adopted by the Council of Ministers in April 1988, to continue the efforts started by the initial action programme. In the fields of occupational qualification, languages, and new technologies, "Europe 92" will give rise to new challenges that imperatively ask for closer cooperation among rehabilitation workers in the Community. In the framework of HELIOS, this cooperation has already been started.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1990

[Criticism and recommendations for improvements of the drinking water regulation and of the European Community guideline 80/778/EWG].

The prevention of possible outbreaks as they occurred hundred years ago is still the object of the control of drinking water by the EC-guideline and the Drinking Water Regulations, respectively. At that time, the principle of faecal indicator bacteria was developed and it proved very useful. Now, however, drinking water is no longer supplied by wells but by plants. In comparison with the situation during the last century the relative risks of infectious diseases by faecal organisms are now drastically lower. An intelligent strategy of prevention of drinking water epidemics has to take into consideration that enteropathogens have become too rare so that it is hardly possible to detect them by the frequently occurring faecal markers E. coli and total coliforms. The alternative is the control of the "good manufacturing practices" (GMP) during the processing of drinking water. The colony counts seem to be better markers than the coliforms. Today, more than 90 per cent of infections by drinking water are due to legionellas and ubiquitous mycobacteria occurring in warm water. Therefore, warm water has to be included in the normal control. Furthermore, legionellae and ubiquitous mycobacteria should be tested regularly. Against that, the investigation of total coliforms and/or faecal streptococci seems superfluous. Finally, the future safety of drinking water demands the investigation of at least two additional chemical contaminants, i.e. asbestos and radon, whereas the cyanide test does not appear necessary.

Colony Count, Microbial↗