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PubMed1989

Comparison of inoculation regimes for the experimental production of swine erysipelas arthritis. I. Clinical, pathological and bacteriological findings.

The arthritic form of swine erysipelas was induced in pigs by multiple intravenous inoculation of 2 strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. The strains differed significantly in their arthritogenicity but not in the number of cases of lameness induced. The use of 3 intravenous inoculations instead of 5 did not significantly affect the outcome. In a second trial, the more arthritogenic strain was injected in ten-fold dilutions from 5 x 10(9) to 5 x 10(4) organisms. Pigs receiving the lower doses showed high variability in their arthritic responses that precluded sensitive analysis of the dose effects on the number of arthritic and infected joints. However, slaughter weights showed a significant negative correlation with dose. Mean slaughter weights in treatment groups varied by 14.6 kg per pig, an average weight loss of 3 kg per pig for each ten-fold rise in dose of the highly virulent strain, and significantly correlated with the number of arthritic and infected joints. Culture of homogenised synovial membrane through selective horse meat-serum broth containing kanamycin, neomycin and vancomycin identified 66% and 59% more infected joints than primary blood agar culture of synovial fluid or synovial membrane homogenate, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Distribution of antibody against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in cattle.

Serum samples collected from 854 cattle in nine prefectures of Japan, from Hokkaido to Okinawa, between 1988 and 1992 were examined for presence of antibodies against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae by growth agglutination test. Most of the sera showed positive reactions, and the antibody titers ranged from below 4 to above 128. Seventy-six percent of the sera showed titers of 32 or above, and 34% showed titers of 128 or above. The titers had a tendency to be higher in the south and lower in the north and were clearly low in sera from areas with no swine industry. These results indicated that Japanese cattle had been infected with E. rhusiopathiae and that clinical cases of the disease were possible.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Non-purulent arthritis in Danish slaughter pigs. I. A study of field cases.

The pathology and microbiology of non-purulent arthritis in Danish slaughter pigs were studied in order to draw up an updated picture of the disease. Samples of one or more joints, their regional lymph nodes and the heart were collected from 101 arthritic pigs, totalling 137 joints, 86 lymph nodes and 96 hearts (group I). For another selected group including 25 pigs (group II), the preliminary diagnosis of mycoplasmic arthritis, based on the appearance of the corresponding regional lymph node, was assessed versus the appearance of the joint fluid. A total of 44 samples were examined. More than 70% of all joint samples in both groups were sterile. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated from 7% of the joints and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae from 9%. A contamination flora was isolated in 17% of the samples. Very few of the lymph nodes (5%) were infected, and none of the hearts were. In group-II M. hyosynoviae was isolated from 8% of the joints. From the remainder the isolates were contamination flora or low numbers of non-specific bacteria. The gross pathological changes of the lymph nodes and joints of the E. rhusiopathiae cases differed notably from those of the M. hyosynoviae cases. The pathological features of the lymph nodes, in particular, were type specific. This suggests that these features may be used to differentiate between the two types of arthritis. Considering the high number of sterile samples, it is necessary to test this hypothesis in greater detail. A programme is outlined to elucidate the zoonotic and hygienic consequences of a proposed alternative handling and removal procedures for the two types of arthritis at slaughter.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1986

Immunoreactivity of fractionated antigens obtained from autoclaved extracts of an arthritogenic isolate of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.

The immunoreactive antigens in heat-extracted (autoclaved) preparations of an arthritogenic strain of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (isolate VRS 229, serotype 1a) have been identified by gel diffusion precipitin (GDP) tests and a novel application of the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure. Antigens precipitated by ethanol treatment of autoclaved extracts of this strain were resolved into 4 major peaks (A,B,C and D) after gel permeation chromatography on Sephacryl S200. Peak A was confirmed as a protein peak (Lowry positive) which was excluded from the gel. This peak was identified to be ELISA-reactive when assayed with serum from pigs infected with other isolates corresponding to serotypes 1a, 1b and 2. However, it did not form precipitin lines in GDP tests. Peak B was Lowry-positive and also contained carbohydrates. It was not as reactive in ELISA tests but rapidly formed precipitin lines with serum from pigs infected with the homologous isolate, but only erratically with serums from pigs infected with other serotype 1a and 1b isolates, and not with serotype 2 isolates. Peaks C and D were high in carbohydrate and phosphate content respectively but were both non-reactive in GDP tests and only slightly so by ELISA. Since serotypes 1 and 2 are the most predominant among isolates from infected pigs it is likely that the commonly recognised A antigen is a useful ELISA reagent for the diagnosis of E. rhusiopathiae infection; B antigen on the other hand, would probably be of limited diagnostic value.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Oxford Nanopore Sequencing of Clinical DNA for Identification and Comparative Genomic Analysis of Erysipelothrix piscisicarius.

The genus Erysipelothrix comprises facultative anaerobic, nonspore-forming, gram-positive bacteria that can cause skin infections and severe diseases such as septicemia and endocarditis in humans. Although E. rhusiopathiae is the primary pathogen, other species may also be involved, necessitating accurate identification. However, 16S rDNA sequencing lacks sufficient resolution to differentiate among Erysipelothrix species. In this study, we used Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) to directly sequence low-quality DNA extracted from heart valve tissue of a 66-year-old female patient with a fatal case of septicemia and aortic endocarditis. In contrast to 16S rDNA Illumina sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), which incorrectly identified the pathogen as E. rhusiopathiae, direct sequencing via ONT precisely identified E. piscisicarius as the cause of infection. About 1.47 Mb genome was retrieved from nanopore direct sequencing. Within the E. piscisicarius genome, we detected genes associated with virulence. Phylogenetic analysis showed that our strain clustered with a human-derived E. piscisicarius strain from China and swine-derived strains from Brazil. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that ONT can be used to sequence low-quality DNA extracted directly from patient specimens, obtain a draft bacterial genome, and reliably distinguish between pathogenic species.

Aged↗
PubMed2026

Prevalence of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in tonsils of domestic pigs and wild boars in Sweden.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER) causes erysipelas in multiple animal species and may persist in the environment or be carried asymptomatically. It is estimated that 30-50% of apparently healthy or convalescent pigs harbour ER in their tonsils and other lymphoid tissues. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ER in the tonsils of healthy Swedish fattening pigs and wild boars. Tonsils were collected from 200 fattening pigs at slaughter from ten abattoirs across Sweden in 2017, with one pig per herd sampled. Wild boars (n = 180) were sampled during hunting, primarily in Östergötland County, in 2018. Cultures were performed using selective media and isolates were confirmed as ER by MALDI-TOF MS. ER was recovered from 6/200 pig tonsils (3.0%), all originating from three abattoirs in southern Sweden. ER was isolated from 76/167 (45.5%) of wild boar tonsils. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a high genetic diversity among the isolates with no dominant clones. Overall, these results indicate that Swedish pig husbandry, characterized by indoor rearing of fattening pigs, age-segregated rearing, sow vaccination, enhanced biosecurity, and restricted straw access largely prevents tonsillar colonization by ER aligning with the low occurrence of clinically diagnosed erysipelas in such herds. For wild boars, the high isolation rate suggests that wild boar could act as a reservoir and potential source of infection for domestic pigs. The potential zoonotic risk should also be considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Immune reactivity of piglets vaccinated at an early age with a live vaccine against erysipelas].

Studies were carried out on the immune response in pigs that had been treated at various intervals following birth with a live vaccine against erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. The pigs originated from sows that had been vaccinated against the disease on the 80th day of pregnancy. Both biologic and morphologic investigation were performed. It was found that passive immunity protected the small pigs against an experimental infection up to the age of 45 days, inhibiting during this period being the action of the vaccine applied. The young pigs built up an active immunity against swine erysipelas after their vaccination at the age of 2 months, which protected them against control challenging, while the nonvaccinated animals reacted with a rise in temperature and reddening at the site of scarification. The morphologic studies confirmed the results of the biologic experiments.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Protective effect of NaOH-extracted Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae vaccine in pigs.

A vaccine was prepared from a NaOH-extracted antigen of the Kyoto strain (serovar 2) of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E. rhusiopathiae) with an oil adjuvant, and was injected twice at 3-week intervals into SPF pigs and conventional pigs with maternal antibodies. After the second vaccination, IgG-GA titers of immunized SPF pigs were more than 256-fold at 3 weeks, and immunized pigs with maternal antibodies were 64-fold at 7 weeks. The pig with maternal antibodies vaccinated once with live vaccine had less than 4-fold titers. The ELISA antibody titers which were measured by using the NaOH-extracted antigen showed similar transition to the IgG-GA antibody titers. All immunized pigs and nonvaccinated control pigs were challenged with the strains Fujisawa (serovar 1a) or Saitama-1 (serovar 2). After challenge exposure, all pigs immunized with the NaOH-extracted vaccine showed no clinical signs and survived, and the pig immunized with the live vaccine had a local rhomboidal lesion at the site of the injection. Nonvaccinated pigs developed typical symptoms of E. rhusiopathiae infection and one of them died. After the autopsy, the challenge strains were not recovered from the main organs except tonsils of the pigs immunized with the NaOH-extracted vaccine. These results indicated that the NaOH-extracted vaccine induces a protective effect in pigs with maternal antibodies as well as in SPF pigs negative for such antibodies, and that 67-64, 62-60 kDa proteins in the NaOH-extracted antigen play an important role in protecting against E. rhusiopathiae infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae endocarditis. A case report and review of the literature].

A case of acute aortic valve Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae endocarditis is reported in a 48 year old fisherman with no history of initial erysipelar and requiring emergency aortic valve replacement 48 hours after starting antibiotic therapy with Ampicillin and Gentamicin. The outcome was favourable. In the light of 32 of the 40 previously published cases, the authors discuss the difficulty in identifying the causal organism, the main epidemiological features, the occupational association of these infections, the incidence of primary infections, the involvement of the aortic valve and the more serious nature of the disease compared to non-D streptococcal endocarditis, despite high sensitivity to Penicillin G.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of inoculation regimes for the experimental production of swine erysipelas arthritis. II. Serological findings in a gel diffusion precipitin test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The serological response of pigs to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae inoculation was monitored by a gel diffusion precipitin test (GDPT) using a crude, serotype-specific, autoclaved antigen and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a heat-extracted, alcohol precipitated and molecular seived antigen previously shown to react with serum from pigs infected with serotypes 1 or 2. All pigs receiving 3 or 5 weekly intravenous inoculations of either a highly virulent (VRS 229) or a lowly virulent isolate (VRS 252) produced GDPT-reactive antibody within 3 weeks, but only 44% were still reactive at 8 to 9.5 weeks. The ELISA response was significantly higher in pigs inoculated with the highly virulent strain, and was similar in pigs receiving 3 or 5 doses of either strain. In a dose-response trial, after 3 doses of VRS 229, GDPT reactivity occurred earlier and was stronger in pigs given higher doses of E. rhusiopathiae, but the response peaked 3 to 5 weeks after the start of challenge and was short lived. GDPT reactivity correlated with dose, but not with the severity of arthritis. The ELISA demonstrated specific IgG antibody was present by 2 weeks, and persisted to at least 11 weeks. The ELISA reactivity was significantly higher in pigs with arthritis than in pigs that received low doses and were not arthritic. Within groups of pigs with arthritis a significant, dose dependent, linear ELISA response developed but did not correlate with the presence or degree of arthritis at slaughter. Non-arthritic pigs had similar low ELISA responses to uninoculated controls.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Specificity in response of vaccinated swine and mice to challenge exposure with strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae of various serotypes.

Swine and mice were vaccinated with standard erysipelas adsorbate bacterins made from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae of serotype 2 and were subsequently exposed to pathogenic strains of E rhusiopathiae, serotypes 1, 2, 4, 9, 10, and 11. Response to challenge of immunity in swine was determined by presence of urticarial lesions at the sites of intradermal injection of culture; response in mice was determined by the quantal (live-dead) method. After vaccination with standard bacterins, swine and mice were significantly more susceptible (P less than of equal to 0.01) to infection with strains of serotypes 9 and 10 than with strains of serotypes 1, 2, 4, or 11. An adsorbate bacterin made from the challenge strain of serotype 10 induced specific immunity to homologous challenge exposure in swine but not in mice. Bacterins made from the other challenge strains induced little or no immunity.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Vaccine efficacy of the attenuated Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae YS-19 expressing a recombinant protein of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae P97 adhesin against mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine.

The attenuated Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae YS-19 strain was constructed for the purpose of delivering the C-terminal portion of the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae P97 adhesin to the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract of pigs. In this study, the efficacy of the YS-19 vaccine against mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine was evaluated. Animal experiments revealed that intranasal immunization of pigs with the YS-19 strain significantly reduced the severity of pneumonic lung lesions caused by M. hyopneumoniae infection. In YS-19-immunized pigs, P97-specific serum antibodies were not detected. However, when stimulated with the P97 protein, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the YS-19-immunized pigs had a significantly higher stimulation index (P<0.05) than that of cells from control pigs at 7 days post-challenge.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗
PubMed1976

Experiments with a model of aerosol immunization of mice and swine against Erysipelothrix insidiosa (E. i.).

Whole antigens as well as antigen fractions from E.i. were tested as aerosol vaccines. The aerosol produced by a jet nebulizer (Pari, Standard 088) with a capacity of 15 1 air per min and about 10g vaccine per hour was tested by size measuring of the aerosol particles and bacteriological evidence of E.i. in lung tissue. The main concern of the studies was to test the immunogenicity for laboratory animals which were exposed to the vaccines in a modified Henderson apparatus or in boxes of 30 1 respectively. Vaccination trials with conventional mice and piglets did not produce 100% protection against challenge infection by aerosol or subcutaneous route. Experiments with gnotobiotic piglets resulted in sufficient immunity against aerosol challenge with 100 LD50 when aerosols with living avirulent bacteria (strain B 10) were applied three times for one hour or once during three hours. A commercial vaccine from lyzed bacteria immunized only when aerosols were applied three times for three hours. For further immunological evaluation the sera of piglets were tested by means of an indirect fluorescent technique and by other serological methods.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of etiological and immunological characteristics of two attenuated Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains of serotypes 1a and 2.

Two acriflavine-fast attenuated Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains Koganei 65-0.15 of serotype 1a (strain Kg-1a) and 2 (strain Kg-2) were comparatively characterized. Biochemical characterization showed the similar reactions with slight variation between the strains. Strain Kg-2 was more resistant to acriflavine dye than strain Kg-1a. Pathogenicity of strain Kg-2 was higher than strain Kg-1a in mice of strains ddY. C3H/He and A/J. Significant differences of clinical signs between strains Kg-1a and Kg-2 were observed in occurrence of arthritis (P < 0.05) and systemic signs (P < 0.01) of only ddY mice. C3H/He mice was more resistant than ddY and A/J mice to the infection of strains Kg-1a and Kg-2. Three culture fractions, whole culture: WC, culture filtrate: CF and killed cells: KC, of strain Kg-2 were more protective than those of strain Kg-1a in ddY mice. CF of strain Kg-2 was most protective in all fractions. Heating at 56 degrees C and 100 degrees C or treatment with trypsin completely reduced the protective activity of WC of the two strains, indicating that major protective antigens of WC were protein. The present results demonstrated that immunogenicity and pathogenicity for mice were different between the two attenuated strains.

Acriflavine↗
PubMed2002

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae YS-1 as a live vaccine vehicle for heterologous protein expression and intranasal immunization of pigs.

We have developed a system in which a foreign antigen is delivered and expressed on the surface of an attenuated strain of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae YS-1 and have examined the ability of a such recombinant E. rhusiopathiae strain to function as a mucosal vaccine vector. The C-terminal portion, including two repeat regions, R1 and R2, of the P97 adhesin of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain E-1 was successfully translocated and expressed on the E. rhusiopathiae YS-1 cell surface after it was fused to SpaA.1, a cell surface protective antigen of E. rhusiopathiae. BALB/c mice subcutaneously immunized with the E. rhusiopathiae recombinant strains developed specific antibodies against SpaA.1 protein and were protected from lethal challenge with the highly virulent homologous E. rhusiopathiae Fujisawa-SmR strain, showing the efficacy of this heterologous-antigen expression system as a vaccine against E. rhusiopathiae infection. To determine whether protective immune responses are induced in target species, newborn, specific-pathogen-free piglets were immunized intranasally with a recombinant strain designated YS-19. The immunized piglets developed specific anti-SpaA.1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in their serum and were protected from death by erysipelas, showing that mucosal vaccination of piglets with YS-19 induces systemic immune responses. Furthermore, YS-19-immunized piglets showed higher levels of P97-specific IgA antibodies in the respiratory tract than did YS-1-immunized piglets. Thus, E. rhusiopathiae YS-1 appears to be a promising vaccine vector for mucosal delivery that can induce local and systemic immune responses.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗
PubMed2004

Detection of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in clinical and environmental samples.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is pathogenic for both animals and humans, causing erysipelas in swine and erysipeloid in humans. In swine, disease may be either acute or chronic, resulting in the development of arthritis and endocarditis. In Japan, erysipelas remains an animal hygiene problem causing great economic loss as infected swine are disused. Human infection closely resembles that seen in swine, with both acute and chronic forms also. The most common presentation is erysipeloid, a localized cutaneous infection. In Western Australia, an erysipeloid-like infection referred to as "crayfish poisoning" occurs in lobster fishermen and handlers. A second type of presentation is a generalized cutaneous form involving lesions that progress from the initial site of infection or appear in remote areas. The third and most serious form of disease is a septicemia that is almost always linked to endocarditis. The mortality rate in Erysipelothrix endocarditis is still high (38%) and can be explained by the use of vancomycin (to which Erysipelothrix spp. are inherently resistant) as empirical therapy. Therefore, it is critical to have an early diagnosis of E. rhusiopathiae infection.Unfortunately, several problems exist with the diagnosis of E. rhusiopathiae infections by conventional cultural procedures, and these infections are often incorrectly diagnosed. First, because of their very small colony size and slow growth rates, it is difficult to isolate E. rhusiopathiae from heavily contaminated specimens. Various selective media have been described to improve the isolation of E. rhusiopathiae from contaminated specimens; however, not all contaminants are inhibited. The development of two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods has created an opportunity to greatly improve the efficiency with which these organisms are detected and identified. Makino et al. designed a PCR method that amplifies a 407-bp DNA fragment derived from the 16S rRNA coding sequence. The primers in this method are specific for the genus Erysipelothrix and do not differentiate between the species. A second set of primers designed by Shimoji et al. amplifies a 937-bp DNA fragment which is derived from a sequence associated with virulence of E. rhusiopathiae. These primers are specific for E. rhusiopathiae only. Shimoji et al. also utilized a selective enrichment medium based on tryptic soy broth containing ethidium bromide and sodium azide.

Air Microbiology↗