Density of dormitory living and stress: mediating effects of sex, self-monitoring, and environmental affective qualities.
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Adult↗
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Results for “Environmental monitoring”
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Use of environmental seclusion monitored.
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Humans↗
Signalization, monitoring and evaluation of environmental pollution using biological indicators.
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Animals↗
[Relationship between air pollution and children's prevalence of carrying Streptococcus hemolyticus alpha, beta on the nasal mucosa Environmental Health Monitoring Department of the Nanning Anti-Epidemic Station].
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Air Pollution↗
The monitoring of environmental mutagens/carcinogens. A perspective on tests predicting chemical mutagens/carcinogens in man.
The current interest in the subject of environmental mutagenesis/carcinogenesis has prompted much investigation into ways of identifying chemicals which may pose a genotoxic risk to man and his progeny. Various systems have been developed which measure gene mutation, chromosome damage and DNA repair. The main test systems are briefly discussed as well as their usage and limitations.
Animals↗
Evaluation of methyl bromide exposure on the plant quarantine fumigators by environmental and biological monitoring.
The study was undertaken to assess the potential risk of exposure to methyl bromide (MB) gas of plant quarantine fumigators who wore full facepiece gas masks with respirator canisters. The mean ambient concentrations of MB determined by a personal sampling device exceeded the TLV-ACGIH level of 5 ppm in the degassing processes at three fumigation sites except at the silos. The mean urinary bromine concentration of 379 non-MB workers was 6.3 +/- 2.5 mg/l with 95% confidence limits of 10 mg/l. There were 44.6% of 251 MB workers whose urinary bromine levels exceeded the 10 mg/l. There was a significantly positive correlation between the urinary bromine concentrations of the MB workers and the ambient MB concentrations in the degassing process. The MB levels in the workers' exhalation were positive in the degassing process, while those were below the detection limit in the dispersion process. Three possible routes through which the workers are exposed to MB gas are considered to exist: leakage through the interstice between the facepiece of a gas mask and the wearer's face, breakthrough of MB gas in the respirator canister, and percutaneous absorption of MB gas. Biological monitoring of urinary bromine and exhalatory MB as well as environmental monitoring of the ambient MB provided useful information for evaluating exposure of workers to MB.
Air Pollutants↗
Surveillance monitoring of soils for radioactivity: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 1976 to 1992.
Environmental monitoring of soils at the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California has been conducted for more than 20 years. The purposes of the program are to determine the effects, if any, of LLNL's operations on the surrounding areas near its two separate sites and to determine if there are any long-term trends. Data from 1976 to 1992 were analyzed to determine their appropriate statistical distribution, and differences among locations and changes with time were evaluated. The data generally followed lognormal distributions, and results for 239 + 240Pu and 137Cs data were consistent with previously reported values for world-wide fallout. Although all values for 239 + 240Pu were small, 239 + 240Pu data for locations downwind from the Livermore site were found to be statistically significantly higher than for upwind locations. Results for 238U at Site 300 locations near where 238U is used were significantly higher than background locations. Results for 137Cs and 40K were not significantly different between sites, whereas results for 232Th were significantly higher for Site 300 than for the Livermore site. Doses for all radionuclides were below acceptable levels, and doses for most radionuclides were negligible. Evaluation of trends with time yielded small or statistically insignificant changes for all radionuclides.
Cesium Radioisotopes↗
Modular separation-based fiber-optic sensors for remote in situ monitoring.
A modular separation-based fiber-optic sensor (SBFOS) with an integrated electronically controlled injection device is described for potential use in remote environmental monitoring. An SBFOS is a chemical monitor that integrates the separation selectivity and versatility afforded by capillary electrophoresis with the remote and high sensitivity capabilities of fiber-optic-based laser-induced fluorescence sensing. The detection module of the SBFOS accommodates all essential sensing components for dual-optical fiber, on-capillary fluorescence detection. An injection module, similar to injection platforms on micro-analysis chips, is also integrated to the SBFOS. The injection module allows for electronically controlled injection of the sample onto the separation capillary. The design and operational characteristics of the modular SBFOS are discussed in this paper. A micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography mode of separation is employed to evaluate the potential of the sensor for in situ monitoring of neutral toxins (aflatoxins). The analytical figures of merit for the modular SBFOS include analysis times of between 5 and 10 min, separation efficiencies of approximately 10(4) theoretical plates, detection limits for aflatoxins in the mid-to-low nanomolar range, and controllable operation that results in sensor performance that is largely immune to sample matrix effects.
Chromatography↗
External quality assurance program for biological monitoring in occupational and environmental medicine.
Biological monitoring of chemical exposure in the workplace and in the environment has become increasingly important in assessing health risk. The analysis must be carried out under a quality assurance scheme to guarantee that the results obtained in biological monitoring are comparable with the threshold limit values and results from other laboratories. Since 1982, the German Society for Occupational and Environmental Medicine has offered 28 intercomparison programs. These programs cover 96 analytes in urine, blood, and plasma for 47 substances and cover most parameters that are relevant in occupational and environmental medicine. The data obtained in these programs provide a good overview of the current quality of the determination of analytes that are assessed in occupational and environmental toxicological laboratories. For the analyses of inorganic substances in blood and urine, the tolerable variation ranges from 7.5% to 43.5%. For organic substances in urine, the tolerable variation ranges from 12% to 48%. For organic substances in urine, the tolerable variation ranges from 12% to 48%. The highest variations (36% to 60%) were found for the analysis of organochlorine compounds in plasma. The tolerable variations for determining solvents in blood by head space gas chromatography range from 26% to 57%. The overall average success rates for the participants of the external quality programs range from 65% to 75%.
Environmental Monitoring↗
Perchloroethylene in alveolar air, blood, and urine as biologic indices of low-level exposure.
We studied the reliability of biologic indices for monitoring perchlorethylene (PCE) exposure at low environmental solvent concentrations. Environmental monitoring was performed by personal sampling, biologic monitoring by measuring PCE in alveolar air (PCE-Alv), blood (PCE-B), and urine (PCE-U) in 26 low-exposed dry-cleaners. Correlation coefficients (r) between environmental PCE and PCE-B, PCE-Alv, and PCE-U were 0.94, 0.81, and 0.67 respectively. A high correlation was also found among biologic indices: r value was 0.96 between PCE-B and PCE-Alv, 0.95 between PCE-B and PCE-U, and 0.87 between alveolar PCE-Alv and PCE-U. The examined biologic indices proved sensitive enough for biologic monitoring of low exposure to PCE and can give substantially similar information in terms of exposure evaluation. PCE-Alv offers some advantages because it correlated better with exposure and is analytically simpler.
Adult↗
Quality assurance of biological monitoring in occupational and environmental medicine.
Biological monitoring of chemical exposure in the workplace has become increasingly important in the assessment of health risk as an integral part of the overall occupational health and safety strategy. In environmental medicine biological monitoring plays also an important role in the assessment of excessive, acute or chronic exposure to chemical agents. To guarantee that the results obtained in biological monitoring are comparable with threshold limit values and results from other laboratories, the analysis must be carried out with tested and reliable analytical methods and accompanied by a quality assurance scheme. Confounding influences and interferences during the pre-analytical phase can be minimised by recommendations from experienced laboratories. For internal quality control commercially available control samples with an assigned concentration are used. External quality control programs for biological monitoring are offered by several institutions. The external quality control program of the German Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine has been organised since 1982. In the meantime the 27th program has been carried out offering 96 analytes in urine, blood and plasma for 47 substances. This program covers most of the parameters relevant to occupational and environmental medicine. About 350 laboratories take part in these intercomparison programs. At present, ten German and 14 international laboratories are commissioned to determine the assigned values. The data evaluated from the results of the intercomparison programs give a good overview of the current quality of the determination of analytes assessed in occupational and environmental toxicological laboratories. For the analysis of inorganic substances in blood and urine the tolerable variation ranges from 7.5 to 43.5%. For organic substances in urine the tolerable variation ranges from 12 to 48%. The highest variations (36-60%) were found for the analysis of organochlorine compounds in plasma. The tolerable variations for the determination of solvents in blood by head space gas chromatography range from 26 to 57%. If the recommendations for the pre-analytical phase, the selection of reliable analytical methods by the laboratory and the carrying out of adequate quality control are observed, the pre-requisites for reliable findings during biological monitoring are fulfilled
Chromatography↗
Nanostructured oxide-based selective gas sensor arrays for chemical monitoring and medical diagnostics in isolated environments.
MoO3 and MoO3-WO3-based resistive type sensors/arrays have been used for the detection of toxic gaseous compounds important to environmental monitoring and to medical diagnostics. The responses of the sensing elements when exposed to 400 ppm of methanol, 10 ppm of isoprene, and 15 ppm of ammonia at temperatures between 400 degrees C and 500 degrees C have been assessed. A correlation was made between the crystallography of the nanostructured oxide sensing films and their relative gas selectivity to the analytes of interest. Arrays of selective sensing elements are proposed as valuable tools for the survival of humans in isolated environments and for space exploration.
Ammonia↗
Selecting agri-environmental indicators to facilitate monitoring and assessment of EU agri-environmental measures effectiveness.
Since its introduction in the early 1960s, the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has demonstrated a capacity to adapt and change in the face of new challenges. The reformed CAP, under AGENDA 2000, encourages more environmentally friendly farming practices. In the context of their rural development plans, Member States are required to link policies on agriculture with protection of the environment and to ensure that farmers meet environmental standards. Additionally, Member States should maintain and restore the quality of both their aquatic and adjacent terrestrial ecosystems according to the Directive 2000/60/EU, 'Establishing a framework for Community Action in the field of Water Policy'. Within this framework, agri-environmental indicators play an important role in planning and implementing CAP guidelines. However, selection and use of the proper indicators remains unresolved, considering that ecosystem processes are complex and interactions in most cases not obvious. This paper proposes a methodology for assessing the environmental state and impacts of current land use and management when implementing agri-environmental measures of CAP. The proposed methodology includes a modified Driving forces-Pressures-Impacts-Responses (DPSIR) framework, identification of Zones of Specific Functional Interest (ZSFI), and criteria for selecting agri-environmental indicators, which assess the functional performance of each zone and meet existing legislation. The Mygdonia Watershed (Greece) is an example where through use of both the appropriate Minimum Data Set of agri-environmental indicators at the identified zones and the proposed modified DPSIR, the functioning performance of each ZSFI can be assessed to evaluate the applied agri-environmental measures.
Agriculture↗
Learning to see the invisible: discovery and measurement of ozone.
Ozone is a key trace constituent of the atmosphere that is interesting for multiple reasons, including its ability to serve both as a screen against harmful solar radiation and as an aggressor against human health. However, methods for accurately detecting and measuring ozone were required before the behavior of ozone in the atmosphere and the effect of human activity on that behavior could be understood. This paper traces out the history of technologies and practices in ozone monitoring that have made this understanding possible, from nineteenth century chemical indicators to modern, laser-based detection technologies. Key insights include the importance of interactions between theorizing and observation in the process of scientific discovery, the importance of intercomparisons between different types of instruments, the way in which public policy concerns changed the pace and direction of ozone monitoring in the 1970s, and the importance of long-term environmental monitoring data to both improving our understanding of earth systems and protecting human health and the environment.
Air Pollutants↗
Metals and metallothionein in the liver of raccoons: utility for environmental assessment and monitoring.
The relationship between metallothionein levels and concentrations of several metals and radionuclides was examined in liver tissues of raccoons (Procyon lotor, n = 47) from the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site in South Carolina to determine the applicability of metallothioneins as an initial screening device for exposure assessment in free-living mammals and environmental monitoring. Using a fluorescent marker and a cell sorter to measure metallothionein, a significant positive correlation was found across animals between levels of metallothioneins and concentrations of selenium (Pearson's r = .30), mercury (Pearson's r = .3 1), and copper (Pearson's r = .30) in liver tissue. Arsenic, cobalt, silver, thallium, and tin were below detection limits in most or all liver samples. Other metals, including cadmium, chromium, radiocesium (137-Cs), copper, lead, manganese, strontium, and vanadium, showed only weak and nonsignificant correlations with metallothionein. Concentrations of mercury were correlated with concentrations of selenium (Pearson's r = .73), manganese (Pearson's r = .56), and strontium (Pearson's r = .57). In an a posteriori test, there was a still unexplained positive correlation between mercury (Pearson r = .56), selenium (Pearson r = .54), and radiocesium (Pearson's r = .38) concentrations and background cellular autofluorescence, and a negative correlation of strontium with the latter (Kendall tau = -.38). Background cellular autofluorescence may represent a generalized cellular stress response, or a yet unidentified biomarker. To better understand which metals contribute to the induction of metallothionein, principle component analysis (PCA) was performed. The first three principle components explained 78% of the variance, with highest loadings being from mercury and radiocesium. Metallothionein levels did not correlate well with the principal components from the metals and radiocesium, while autofluorescent background levels tended to correlate better.
Animals↗
Analysis of environmental microbial communities by reverse sample genome probing.
Development of fast and accurate methods for monitoring environmental microbial diversity is one of the great challenges in microbiology today. Oligonucleotide probes based on 16S rRNA sequences are widely used to identify bacteria in the environment. However, the successful development of a chip of immobilized 16S rRNA probes for identification of large numbers of species in a single hybridization step has not yet been reported. In reverse sample genome probing (RSGP), labelled total community DNA is hybridized to arrays in which genomes of cultured microorganisms are spotted on a solid support in denatured form. This method has provided useful information on changes in composition of the cultured component of microbial communities in oil fields, the soil rhizhosphere, hydrocarbon-contaminated soils and acid mine drainage sites. Applications and limitations of the method, as well as the prospects of extending RSGP to cover also the as yet uncultured component of microbial communities, are evaluated.
Bacteria↗
Accumulation of heavy metals by intestinal helminths in fish: an overview and perspective.
Intestinal helminths of fish are of increasing interest as potential bioindicators for heavy metal contamination in aquatic habitats. Among these parasites cestodes and acanthocephalans in particular have an enormous heavy metal accumulation capacity exceeding that of established free living sentinels. Metal concentrations several thousand times higher in acanthocephalans than in host tissues were described from field and laboratory studies. Whereas larval stages inside their intermediate hosts are not able to take up high quantities of metals, young worms begin to take up metals immediately after infection of the final host. After four to five weeks of exposure, the parasites reach a steady-state concentration orders of magnitude higher than the ambient water level. Thus, acanthocephalans are not only very effective in taking up metals, but they can also respond very rapidly to changes in environmental exposure. The mechanism which enable acanthocephalans to take up metals from the intestinal lumen of the host appears to be based on the presence of bile acids, which form organo-metallic complexes that are easily absorbed by the worms due to their lipophilicity. Investigations of the environmental conditions affecting metal uptake have shown that the parasites are more consistent and reliable indicators for metal pollution than the host tissues as metal levels of the latter are much more dependent on the water chemistry. Thus, after some years of research on the uptake of metals by acanthocephalans and on the factors affecting metal accumulation in intestinal parasites it should be asked if acanthocephalans meet the criteria commonly accepted for sentinels. If parasites can be considered as promising sentinels, we need reasons for the establishment of 'new' indicators. Therefore, this review summarises the present knowledge about parasites as bioindicators and compares the accumulation properties of parasites and established free living indicators. Finally, this review presents possible answers to the question why it could be advantageous to have new and even more sensitive indicators for environmental monitoring purposes.
Acanthocephala↗
[The study of biological monitoring of inorganic arsenic exposure].
This review will describe method for biological monitoring of inorganic arsenic exposure, that delineates the chemical species of arsenic measured in urine. The studies established a method for exposure-level-dependent biological monitoring of inorganic arsenic exposure. Low-level exposure could be monitored only by determining the urinary inorganic arsenic concentration. High-level exposures clearly produced increased urinary inorganic arsenic, methylated arsenic (MA), dimethylated arsenic (DMA) and the sum of urinary inorganic arsenic and its metabolites (inorganic arsenic+MA+DMA) could be determined. Urinary arsenobetaine proved to be specifically seafood-derived arsenic, which could be distinguished from occupational arsenic exposure. There is increased use of gallium arsenide and indium arsenide in the semiconductor industry today. The determination of arsenic in ambient air is difficult to carry out in semiconductor factories. Monitoring arsenic exposure by determining the arsenic in the hair appeared to be of value only when used for environmental monitoring of arsenic rather than for biological monitoring.
Arsenic↗