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PubMed1981

GABA and the enteric nervous system. A neurotransmitter function?

GABA and GABA-related properties in the enteric nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract, the third and most complex division of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system, have been the subject of relatively few studies. This chapter aims at being a comprehensive review of these investigations. With respect to GABA the enteric nervous system shows in some respects similarities with, and in others, notable differences from other parts of the peripheral nervous system. Like the cell bodies of other autonomic and sensory neurons, the cell bodies of enteric neurons possess bicuculline and picrotoxin sensitive GABA receptors, the activation of which leads to depolarization, probably mediated by increase in Cl- conductance. Further, in common with other peripheral glia, the cell membrane of the enteric glial cells appears to contain beta-alanine sensitive high affinity transport sites by which they can accumulate exogenous GABA. However, the present evidence, although not completely conclusive, suggests that unlike other parts of the peripheral nervous system, the enteric ganglia may contain a population of GABA-ergic neurons; in vertebrates such neurons have hitherto been thought to be present in the brain and spinal cord only. At present the mst important single strand of evidence for this notion is the demonstration of a population of enteric neurons possessing high affinity transport sites for GABA, while it is supported by studies of GAD and GABA content, the effects of GABA receptors blockade on gut motility and GABA release.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Neuropeptides and the microcircuitry of the enteric nervous system.

The discovery of neuropeptides in enteric neurons has revolutionized the study of the microcircuitry of the enteric nervous system. From immunohistochemistry, it is now clear that some individual enteric neurons contain several different neuropeptides with or without other transmitter-specific markers and that these markers occur in various combinations. There is evidence from experiments in which nerve pathways are interrupted that populations of enteric neurons with different combinations of markers have different projection patterns, sending their processes to distinct targets using different routes. Correlations between the neurochemistry of enteric neurons and the types of synaptic inputs they receive are also beginning to emerge from electrophysiological studies. These findings imply that enteric neurons are chemically coded by the combinations of peptides and other transmitter-related substances they contain and that the coding of each population correlates with its role in the neuronal pathways that control gastrointestinal function.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The recent evolutionary origin of the phenylalanine-sensitive isozyme of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase in the enteric lineage of bacteria.

Evolutionary events that generated the three regulatory isozymes of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase present in contemporary strains of Escherichia coli have been proposed recently [Ahmad et al. (1986) J Bacteriol 165:146-154]. The phylogenetic subdivision of gram-negative prokaryotes studied (Superfamily B) includes enteric bacteria, an Oceanospirillum cluster, pseudomonad Group I (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa), pseudomonad Group V (e.g., Xanthomonas), and the Acinetobacter grouping. DAHP synthase-phe, a regulatory isozyme subject to allosteric control by L-phenylalanine, was the last member of the isozyme family to evolve. Thus, DAHP synthase-phe is absent throughout Superfamily B except within the enteric lineage. Bacteria that make up the enteric lineage (Escherichia, Klebsiella, Erwinia, Serratia, Proteus, Aeromonas, and Alteromonas) were examined in detail; DAHP synthase-phe was present in each of these organisms. Therefore, the isozyme originated between the separation of the enteric and Oceanospirillum lineages, prior to the divergence of Alteromonas putrefaciens (44% homology with E. coli by DNA:rRNA hybridization) from the rest of the enteric lineage. DAHP synthase-tyr and DAHP synthase-trp were uniformly present within the enteric lineage, although it was often necessary to derepress DAHP synthase-trp by physiological manipulation in order to demonstrate its presence.

3-Deoxy-7-Phosphoheptulonate Synthase↗
PubMed1998

Nitric oxide synthase expression in enteric neurons during development in the pig duodenum.

The expression of the constitutive neural isoform of nitric oxide synthase (bNOS) is dynamic and thus forms an ideal parameter to evaluate whether development and region affect the enteric nervous system. By applying NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry on whole-mount preparations of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses and by using the 'unbiased counting frame', a qualitative and quantitative description of bNOS-expression in enteric neurons in the pig duodenum in various developmental stage and region was obtained. Examinations were carried out on the oral and aboral duodenum of fetal pigs from the second half of gestation, of 1-2-day-old pigs and of 6-8-week-old pigs. In the pig duodenum, three enteric plexuses were readily distinguished: the inner submucous, the outer submucous and the myenteric plexuses. All three plexuses already harboured, to different degrees, bNOS-expressing neurons at midgestation. Although the enteric nervous system was present at midgestation, the enteric neurons had not yet reached their adult phenotype and morphology. During gestation, the number of inner submucous bNOS-expressing neurons increased approximately 50-fold, whereas after birth that number fell to about 10% of the prenatal value. During further postnatal development it returned to prenatal values. In addition, the number of bNOS-expressing myenteric neurons doubled postnatally. These changes favour a role for NO in mediating the development of enteric neurons and point to a greater necessity for inhibitory innervation in the adult pig as compared with the fetal pig. Furthermore, the number of bNOS-expressing outer submucosal and myenteric neurons was significantly higher in the oral duodenal segment compared with the aboral duodenal segment. This regional difference suggests that the oral duodenal segment is more prominently involved in the regulation of NO-mediated gastrointestinal processes than the aboral one. The developmentally and regionally dependent bNOS-expression can be explained by shifts and differences in the balanced system of hormones, presynaptic input and target-derived signals that affects neurotransmitter expression.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

The enteric toxins of Clostridium perfringens.

The Gram-positive pathogen Clostridium perfringens is a major cause of human and veterinary enteric disease largely because this bacterium can produce several toxins when present inside the gastrointestinal tract. The enteric toxins of C. perfringens share two common features: (1) they are all single polypeptides of modest (approximately 25-35 kDa) size, although lacking in sequence homology, and (2) they generally act by forming pores or channels in plasma membranes of host cells. These enteric toxins include C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), which is responsible for the symptoms of a common human food poisoning and acts by forming pores after interacting with intestinal tight junction proteins. Two other C. perfringens enteric toxins, epsilon-toxin (a bioterrorism select agent) and beta-toxin, cause veterinary enterotoxemias when absorbed from the intestines; beta- and epsilon-toxins then apparently act by forming oligomeric pores in intestinal or extra-intestinal target tissues. The action of a newly discovered C. perfringens enteric toxin, beta2 toxin, has not yet been defined but precedent suggests it might also be a pore-former. Experience with other clostridial toxins certainly warrants continued research on these C. perfringens enteric toxins to develop their potential as therapeutic agents and tools for cellular biology.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Colonization characteristics of enteric neural crest cells: embryological aspects of Hirschsprung's disease.

This study explores the development of the enteric nervous system in avian embryos. Particular emphasis was given to colonization characteristics of neural crest cells present in primitive enteric ganglia. By coculturing neuronal and aneuronal gut of quail and chicken embryos, we investigated if and when neural crest cells in primitive enteric ganglia could detach from these ganglia, migrate, and colonize adjacent chicken gut. Quail neural crest cells were identified using the quail nucleolar marker and the HNK-1 antibody. Enteric neurons were identified using three monoclonal antibodies directed against neurofilament proteins. We found that neural crest cells detached from primitive ganglia in neuronal quail gut from E6 till E9, whereas neural crest cells did not leave enteric ganglia from E10 gut. These observations show that there is a transient phase during which enteric neural crest cells can leave the gut. To determine whether neural crest cells could colonize neuronal gut we cocultured neuronal gut or the neural primordium and neuronal chicken gut (E11). We found that quail neural crest cells do not colonize neuronal E11 gut, whereas they do colonize aneuronal gut of the same age. We suggest that aneuronal gut attracts neural crest cells by diffusing factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Excitatory innervation of the rabbit rectococcygeus muscle by enteric nerves from the terminal large intestine.

The rectococcygeus muscle extends from the longitudinal layer of the external muscles of the terminal colon, anchoring the large intestine to the coccygeal vertebrae. The muscle is thought to assist the colon during defaecation, drawing the large intestine partly into the pelvic cavity. In the rabbit, many fine nerves run between the wall of the colon and a ganglionated nerve plexus on the ventral face of the rectococcygeus muscle. Extracellular recordings of evoked and spontaneously occurring multiunit discharges from these nerve bundles indicated that they may take their origin from the enteric nervous system of the large intestine. Enteric nerves (as we have called them) conducted bursts of spontaneously occurring multiunit discharges, each burst associated with a twisting movement of the rectococcygeus and the colon. Electrical stimulation of enteric nerves elicited cholinergically mediated contractions of the rectococcygeus; however, nerve stimulation failed to elicit relaxation of muscle tone induced by carbachol. Therefore, enteric nerves appeared to supply the rectococcygeus with an excitatory innervation only. These excitatory nerves appeared to remain uninterrupted by a ganglion synapse as they travelled to the rectococcygeus. Stimulation of enteric nerves caused the left and right hemirectococcygeal muscle strips to twist and deform the colo-rectal region to which they were attached. From these results, it is suggested that the rectococcygeus may delay the movement of luminal contents from colon to rectum by forming a weak valve which partially occludes the colo-rectal region. The enteric nerves to the rectococcygeus may assist in the maintenance of continence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The effect of a fibre free and fibre supplemented polymeric enteral diet on normal human bowel function.

Although the effects of dietary fibre in a normal diet on intestinal function are well known, the effects of supplementing enteral diet with fibre on intestinal function are not so clear. The aims of the present study were two fold: firstly to compare intestinal function during ingestion of a self selected diet and fibre free polymeric enteral diet and secondly to investigate the effect of adding the fibre source, soy polysaccharide to the same polymeric diet, on bowel function. Six healthy subjects were randomly assigned to 3 treatment periods (7 days) of a self selected diet (SSD), 2 l polymeric enteral diet (ED), or 2 l of the same polymeric enteral diet supplemented with 20 g/l of soy polysaccharide fibre (SPED). Parameters measured were bowel frequency/day, mean daily wet stool weights and whole gut transit time. Highest stool wet weights (g/24 h +/- SEM) were obtained from subjects consuming a SSD (180.3 +/- 30.6). This was significantly higher (p < 0.02) than those consuming an ED (81.9 +/- 14.5) but not a SPED (123 +/- 22.3). Whole gut transit (h +/- SEM) on a SSD (47 +/- 5.9) was significantly (p < 0.05) quicker than on an ED (73 +/- 4.9), but not significantly different from those ingesting a SPED (54 +/- 5.5). Bowel frequency/day (+/- SEM) in subjects consuming a SPED (1.0 +/- 0.1) was significantly (p < 0.02) higher than in subjects ingesting an ED (0.8 +/- 0.1) but was not significantly different when compared to a SSD (1.0 +/- 0.2). We conclude that ingestion of an ED results in significantly longer whole gut transit time, significantly decreased daily stool wet weights and decreased bowel frequency when compared to a SSD. The ingestion of 30 g of soy polysaccharide in a polymeric enteral diet not only tends to normalise whole gut transit time and daily stool wet weights, but also significantly increases bowel frequency when compared with values seen during the consumption of a fibre free polymeric enteral diet.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Clostridium perfringens type E enteritis in calves: two cases and a brief review of the literature.

Toxigenic types of Clostridium perfringens are important causes of enteric disease in domestic animals, although type E is putatively rare, appearing as an uncommon cause of enterotoxemia of lambs, calves, and rabbits. We report here two geographically distinct cases of type E enterotoxemia in calves, and diagnostic findings which suggest that type E may play a significant role in enteritis of neonatal calves. The cases had many similarities, including a history of diarrhea and sudden death, abomasitis, and hemorrhagic enteritis. In both cases, anaerobic cultures of abomasum yielded heavy growth of C. perfringens genotype E. Four percent of > 1000 strains of C. perfringens from cases of enteritis in domestic animals were type E, and all (n=45) were from neonatal calves with hemorrhagic enteritis. Furthermore, type E isolates represented nearly 50% of all isolates submitted from similar clinical cases in calves. Commercial toxoids available in North America have no label claims for efficacy against type E infections. Consideration should be given to type E-associated enteritis when planning for the health care of calves.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Salmonella paratyphi A enteric fever mimicking viral meningitis.

Enteric fevers are caused by invasive strains of Salmonella. Classic enteric fever is caused by S. typhi and usually less severe enteric fevers are caused by S. paratyphi A, B, or C. We present a case of S. paratyphi A enteric fever aseptic meningitis. Headache was so prominent in the case presented that a lumbar puncture was performed to rule out meningitis. Rose spots were not apparent in this dark-skinned patient. Our patient did not have increased serum transaminases and did not have leukopenia, which are common findings in enteric fever. The absence of these findings and the relative bradycardia may be explained by the antimicrobial therapy the patient received before admission. After ruling out malaria, clinicians should suspect enteric fever in patients recently returning from endemic areas, in patients presenting with acute fevers without localizing signs.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

In vitro evaluation of coating polymers for enteric coating and human ileal targeting.

Recombinant interleukin-10 producing Lactococcus lactis is an alternative therapy for Crohn's disease. For in vivo interleukin-10 production, thymidine, the essential feed component of these recombinant bacteria should be coadministered. Different coating polymers were evaluated in vitro for enteric properties and targeting suitability to the ileum, the major site of inflammation in Crohn's disease. To guarantee ileal delivery, the polymer must dissolve from pH 6.8 and allow complete release within 40 min. Aqoat AS-HF coated pellets (15%) showed poor enteric properties and thymidine was released below pH 6.8. Eudragit FS30D coated pellets (15%) showed good enteric properties, but no thymidine was released within 40 min at pH 6.8. Eudragit S coated pellets (15%) showed good enteric properties after curing at elevated temperature while no thymidine was released within 40 min at pH 6.8. In another approach to pass the proximal small intestine intact, pellets were coated with 30% Eudragit L30D-55. At pH 6.0, they showed a lag-phase of 20 min. No influence of layer thickness was seen above pH 6.5. Alternatively, pellets were coated with a mixture of Eudragit FS30D/L30D-55 but they showed poor enteric properties and thymidine was released below pH 6.8. In conclusion, none of the tested polymers/mixtures ensured enteric properties and ileal targeting.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Predictors for medical students entering a general surgery residency: National survey results.

BACKGROUND: The number of general surgery (GS) residency applicants had been decreasing before 2003. This national survey of fourth-year medical students elucidates factors related to the basic surgery clerkship that are associated with the decision to enter a GS residency. METHODS: A national sample of 2250 fourth-year medical students from all 4-year allopathic US medical schools was surveyed in spring 2002. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify mutable predictors for students entering GS. RESULTS: Data from 1531 fourth-year medical students from 121 different medical schools (response rate=68%) showed that 5.6% planned to enter GS. In multivariate analyses, the strongest predictor of entering GS was satisfaction with the quality of attending teaching (odds ratio 2.14, P <.01) in surgery clerkships. Several clerkship factors, such as frequency of call nights and total hours worked., were not as strongly associated with entering GS residency, Subsequent analyses showed that predictors of satisfaction with the quality of attending teaching included intraoperative activities (ie, suturing, cutting, and stapling), having attending-led rounds, and performing a history and physical with an attending. Significant negative predictors of satisfaction included observing or retracting only in surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In this national survey, factors are identified that are significantly associated with students entering a GS residency. Some of these mutable factors may increase the pool of GS residency applicants.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Outcomes with the selective use of enteric exocrine drainage in pancreas transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Bladder drainage of the exocrine secretions of pancreas transplants has been the standard of practice as it affords the ability to monitor for rejection and is thought to be associated with decreased morbidity. Recently, there has been renewed interest in avoiding the urinary tract complications and metabolic derangements that accompany bladder drainage by draining pancreatic exocrine secretions into the jejunum (enteric drainage). We sought to determine whether enteric drainage of pancreas transplants is safe and offers advantages without compromise in graft function or longevity. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all pancreas transplants performed at the University of Washington between 2000 and 2003. Selection of the exocrine drainage method was based on the length of cold ischemia time and whether the pancreas was transplanted alone or in combination with a kidney. Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests were used for statistical comparisons in complications or rejections between the groups. RESULTS: Thirty-four pancreas transplants were performed with exocrine drainage into the bladder used in 17 and enteric drainage in 17. The complication rate was 53% in the bladder-drained group and 41% (P=.49) in the enteric-drained group. The incidence of pancreas rejection was 24% in the bladder-drained versus 29% in the enteric-drained patients (P=.50). One graft failed, which was in the bladder cohort. CONCLUSIONS: We found comparable rejection and complication rates between groups. We conclude that enteric drainage is safe when used selectively, and entails no increased risks compared with bladder drainage.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Differences in perception of dysentery and enteric fever and willingness to receive vaccines among rural residents in China.

BACKGROUND: Enteric diseases including dysentery and enteric fever remain significant public health problems in China. While vaccines offer great potential in controlling these diseases, greater understanding of factors influencing acceptance of vaccines is needed to create effective enteric disease control programs in rural China. DESIGN: Cross-sectional quantitative study with randomly sampled households from two sites in China, one experiencing high rates of shigellosis (Zengding) and the other of typhoid/paratyphoid (Lingchuan). METHODS: Sociobehavioral survey data were collected through face-to-face interviews from 501 respondents (56% female) in Zhengding regarding dysentery and 624 in Lingchuan (51% female) regarding enteric fever. Vaccine acceptability was measured by expressed need for vaccination and willingness to pay. Comparative and associative analyses were conducted to assess disease perception, vaccination service satisfaction, likelihood of improvements in water and sanitation, and vaccine acceptability. RESULTS: Nearly all respondents in Lingchuan considered enteric fever to be prevalent in the community, while only one half of the respondents in Zhengding considered dysentery to be problematic (p < 0.01). Nevertheless, more respondents in Zhengding were fearful that a household member would acquire dysentery than were Lingchuan respondents worried that a household member would acquire enteric fever (p < 0.01). Perceived vulnerability of specific subgroups (odds ratios ranging from 1.6 to 8.1), knowing someone who died of the disease (odds ratio reached infinity) and satisfaction with past vaccination services (odds ratios reached infinity) were consistently associated with perceived need for vaccines of target populations of all age groups while the association between perception of sanitary improvement and vaccine need was limited. Perceived need for a vaccine was associated with willingness to pay for the vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: Perceptions of enhanced vulnerability of specific subgroups to a disease and satisfactory experiences with vaccination services may increase the perceived need for a vaccine, leading to increased willingness to pay for vaccine. Vaccines are not perceived as important for the elderly.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Development of the enteric nervous system in the moth. I. Diversity of cell types and the embryonic expression of FMRFamide-related neuropeptides.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) of the larval moth Manduca sexta consists of two small ganglia and several nerve networks that lie superficially along the alimentary tract. Within this system are approximately 600 neurons that exhibit a spectrum of biochemical and morphological characteristics and that express these features in a definable sequence during development. The accessibility of both the neural and nonneural components of the moth ENS throughout embryogenesis makes it a potentially useful model in which to examine the developmental regulation of transmitter phenotype. In this paper, we have focused on the differentiation of the enteric plexus (EP) cells, a heterogeneous population of enteric neurons that are distributed across the foregut-midgut boundary. Unlike many neurons of the CNS in insects, the cells of the enteric plexus are not uniquely identifiable. While the total number of EP cells is constant, their locations vary significantly from animal to animal. However, several distinct classes of neurons can be identified within this population on the basis of morphology and transmitter phenotype, including one class that contains substances related to the molluscan peptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide (FMRFamide). Expression of this FMRFamide-like material within the enteric plexus is position-specific, occurring only in neurons on the midgut and not in those on the foregut. FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity first appears in approximately one-third of these cells at 65% of development; this pattern is retained without apparent modification throughout subsequent embryonic and postembryonic development. In the following paper, we describe the sequence of stereotyped cell migration that precedes the expression of this peptidergic phenotype and that underlies the formation of the enteric plexus during embryogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Enteral glutamine supplementation for very low birth weight infants decreases morbidity.

Glutamine, described as a "conditionally essential" amino acid for critically ill patients, has not been routinely added to parenteral amino acid formulations for critically ill neonates and is provided in only small quantities by the enteral route when enteral intake is low. We conducted a blinded, randomized study of enteral glutamine supplementation in 68 very low birth weight neonates randomly assigned to receive glutamine-supplemented premature formula versus premature formula alone between days 3 and 30 of life. Primary end points consisted of hospital-acquired sepsis, tolerance to subsequent enteral feedings (days with no oral intake), and duration of hospital stay. Hospital acquired sepsis was 30% (control group) and 11% (glutamine group). Logistic regression with birth weight as a covariate showed that: (1) feeding group was significant (p = 0.048) in determining the probability of developing proven sepsis over the course of hospitalization and (2) the estimated odds of developing sepsis were 3.8 times higher for infants in the control group than for those treated with glutamine. Glutamine-supplemented infants had better tolerance to enteral feedings as measured by percent of days on which feedings needed to be withheld (mean percentage of 8.8 vs 23.8, p = 0.007). Analysis of T cells demonstrated a blunting of the rise in HLA-DR+ and CD16 subsets in glutamine-supplemented infants. There were no differences in growth; in serum ammonia, urea, liver transaminase, or prealbumin concentrations; or in mean hospital stay. This study provides evidence for decreased morbidity in very-low-birth-weight neonates who receive enteral glutamine supplementation.

Diet Therapy↗
PubMed1999

Splanchnic utilization of enteral alanine in humans.

The splanchnic bed extracts the majority of the enteral nonessential amino acids glutamine and glutamate, while extracting a much smaller proportion of essential amino acids such as leucine and phenylalanine. Alanine is an abundant nonessential amino acid that plays an important role in hepatic gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis. However, its enteral fate has not been studied. Twelve normal healthy postabsorptive adults received a 7-hour infusion of [1-13C]alanine, 3.5 hours intravenously (IV) and 3.5 hours via a nasogastric tube (NG). The order of infusion was randomized among subjects. Alanine kinetics were calculated from the enrichments of plasma alanine 13C and expired 13CO2. The alanine appearance rate (Ra), measured during the IV tracer infusion, was 279+/-17 micromol/kg/h; 92%+/-2% of the IV-infused and 86%+/-2% of the NG-infused [1-13C]alanine tracer was recovered as 13CO2. From the difference in plasma alanine 13C enrichment between IV-infused and NG-infused tracers, we determined that the splanchnic bed extracted 69%+/-1% of the enterally delivered alanine tracer on the first pass during absorption. Only one third of the enteral alanine passed intact through the splanchnic bed and was made available to systemic tissues. Of the enteral alanine extracted, 83%+/-3% of the carboxyl-carbon label was recovered as CO2, leaving only 17% of the sequestered alanine available for use in splanchnic protein synthesis. Thus, the splanchnic bed, presumably the liver, extracts and metabolizes most of the enterally delivered alanine.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Molecular analysis of the S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein of respiratory and enteric bovine coronavirus isolates.

It is unclear whether respiratory and enteric bovine coronavirus (BoCV) strains are distinctive in biological, antigenic and genetic characteristics. In the present study, we analyzed the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the S1 subunit of the S glycoprotein, including the cleavage site, of both respiratory (n=5) and enteric (n=3) BoCV isolates including two paired isolates from the same feedlot animals and compared them with the prototype Mebus and two enteric and one respiratory BoCV strains from Quebec. A total of 75 polymorphic nucleotides were identified in the S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein of BoCV isolates compared with the Mebus strain. These polymorphisms led to 42 amino acid changes at 38 distinct sites. The amino acid changes were distributed throughout the S1 subunit with clustering around residues 40-118, 146-179, and 458-531. Among these variations, only 19 amino acid substitutions altered the charge, hydrophobicity and surface probability of the protein. Based on phylogenetic analysis, our respiratory and enteric isolates clustered into two major groups with two subgroups. Although, there were only a few amino acid changes between the respiratory and enteric paired isolates, the other two respiratory isolates, one isolated from the same farm as a paired strain and the other from a different farm, showed more sequence diversity. Amino acid alterations in residues 113, 115, 118, 146, 148, 501, 510 and 531 of respiratory isolates conferred significant changes in the predicted secondary structure compared with the prototype winter dysentery (WD) and the calf diarrhea (CD) strains of BoCV. In conclusion, the data suggests that respiratory strains of BoCV may differ genetically from the classical calf enteric and adult WD strains.

Alleles↗