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PubMed1995

Comparison of the anticaries efficacy of dentifrices containing fluoride as sodium fluoride or sodium monofluorophosphate.

The dominance of the marketplace by dentifrices containing fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate and sodium fluoride has given rise to great academic and commercial interest regarding the comparison of those two fluoride species. Since the 1970's, several comparative clinical trials have been conducted to investigate the relative anticaries efficacy of dentifrices containing these two agents, generally giving rise to equivocal results. Recently, attention has been turned to investigative efforts which employ information derived from the collective body of relevant comparative clinical studies available in the literature to establish an omnibus conclusion concerning this issue. Beginning with the sign test of Beiswanger & Stookey (1989), and continuing through the meta-analyses of Johnson (1993) and Proskin (1993), this line of research remains vital today. The recent publication of two studies (Marks et al, 1994; Stephen et al, 1994) previously documented in the literature only in abstract form (Conti et al, 1993; Stephen et al, 1993) has given rise to the need for the present meta-analytic reconsideration of the available data. As in the previous meta-analyses, the quantitative results obtained depended on the studies which provided data for the calculations. However, as also indicated in previously-documented meta-analyses, the clinical interpretation of the results, which was based on the guidelines published by the American Dental Association (Council on Dental Therapeutics, 1988), did not vary according to study selection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

American Dental Association↗
PubMed1993

Microbiological effects of new agents in dentifrices for plaque control.

The incorporation of antimicrobial agents in dental products has been proposed for many years as a possible valuable adjunct to mechanical plaque control. Out of the diverse collection of potential agents, relatively few can be formulated into dentifrices. Several products have been developed based on Triclosan, a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent. By itself, Triclosan has only moderate antiplaque activities; consequently, it has been combined with other molecules in attempts to boost its clinical efficacy. The combination of Triclosan with a copolymer (polyvinyl methyl ether maleic acid) has been shown to increase the retention of Triclosan to surfaces, and to raise its antiplaque and antimicrobial activity in a range of laboratory tests. Other studies, however, have found greater inhibitory effects on both liquid and biofilm mixed cultures when Triclosan was combined with either pyrophosphate or zinc citrate. Both of these combinations were selectively inhibitory to those species implicated in gingivitis and advanced periodontal diseases. There is little microbiological data on the clinical efficacy of a combination of Triclosan with pyrophosphate, but as pyrophosphate has only a bacteriostatic mode of action and is lost rapidly from the mouth, this may limit the significance of any of its potential antimicrobial effects in vivo. In contrast, zinc citrate is a proven inhibitor of bacterial metabolism and growth, and is retained in the mouth for prolonged periods. Several clinical studies have confirmed an additive, complementary and selective inhibitory antimicrobial effect on dental plaque of a dentifrice containing Triclosan and zinc citrate, without any adverse effects on the natural microbial ecology of the mouth.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1993

Scanning laser microscopic surface profiles of human enamel and dentin after brushing with abrasive dentifrice in vitro.

Automatic brushing with and without commercial dentifrice containing calcium hydrogen phosphate as an abrasive, commonly available in Japan, was performed on the tangential ground surfaces of sound enamel and dentin in human young premolar teeth with loading of about 120 g for 10 minutes in vitro. Their brushed surfaces were observed with a scanning electron and a scanning laser microscope. Brushing with abrasive dentifrice caused rough surfaces to appear and the abrasion of the enamel and the dentin was measured to be about 0.1 and 1.5 microns/min in mean depth, respectively. Under brushing with only distilled water, however, the enamel surfaces remained intact while the dentin surfaces became smoother.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The relative caries-inhibiting efficacy of amine fluoride and sodium fluoride in compatible dentifrices--results of a consensus conference.

A conference concerning the caries-inhibiting efficacy of dentifrices that contain amine and sodium fluorides compared relevant clinical studies and found that both fluoride compounds contribute to the maintenance of dental health. Because of the differing test conditions, the study results cannot, however, be compared. Thus, there is no definite scientific proof of the superiority of one fluoride compound, and no such proof will exist until dentifrices containing amine fluoride and sodium fluoride are tested in a direct clinical comparison.

Amines↗
PubMed1992

The effect of strontium chloride hexahydrate dentifrices on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation.

2 strontium chloride hexahydrate-containing dentifrices (SCH), similar except for their respective abrasive systems, diatomaceous earth or silica-based, were compared for their effects on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation as part of a 2-month randomised double-blind parallel clinical study. No attempt was made to change the patients' oral hygiene prior to participation in the study. Plaque was assessed using the Silness & Löe index and the gingival condition by the Löe & Silness index GI. There was a slight and non-significant increase in plaque accumulation at 2 weeks from baseline, but relatively negligible change thereafter, the effect being identical in both groups. Similarly, the gingival condition showed a slight index change from baseline, although it tended to be slightly higher in the diatomaceous earth group. The results do not support the conclusions of previous studies which indicated that SCH dentifrices increased plaque accumulation. Neither plaque accumulation nor gingival condition significantly changed from baseline levels during the course of the study.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enamel de/remineralization on teeth adjacent to fluoride releasing materials without dentifrice exposure.

Interproximal caries presents a continual clinical concern. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of fluoride-releasing materials to remineralize incipient caries lesions on adjacent teeth, at the interproximal site with and without exposure to a fluoridated dentifrice. Thirty extracted teeth had Class II preparations placed, then equal numbers were restored with amalgam (Tytin (3-Kerr), glass ionomer (Ketac Fil-ESPE) or composite (Heliomolar-Ivoclar). Thirty additional teeth had 1 x 5 mm artificial caries lesions formed at the interproximal contact point. One hundred mu thick sections were obtained at the caries sites and polarized photomicrographs were taken. The sections had varnish placed, leaving only the external section site exposed, and were situated back into the original tooth. These teeth were then mounted with the artificial lesion having an interproximal contact with the adjacent tooth restoration. Specimens were placed in closed environments of artificial saliva for two weeks; the saliva was changed every forty-eight hours. All teeth were cycled through an artificial caries system for thirty minutes, three times per day. Half the specimens in each group were brushed with Crest (Procter and Gamble) for two minutes, twice per day. The same sections were again photographed under polarized light and areas of the lesions were digitized quantitatively. Results demonstrated the mean (+/- S.D.) percent change in lesion size (water imbibition) for each material nonexposed and exposed to fluoridated dentifrice to be: Amalgam -64.1 +/- 22.0, -1.0 +/- 8.5; Glass Ionomer 2.2 +/- 10.6, 14.0 +/- 7.2; Composite -28.1 +/- 11.7, 18.2 +/- 6.7. Negative numbers represent demineralization and positive numbers represent remineralization. Duncan's analysis indicated the nonbrushed fluoride-releasing glass ionomer and composite resin to have significantly greater demineralization inhibition compared to the nonbrushed amalgam group and remineralization enhancement effects on adjacent interproximal lesions (p < 0.05) compared to the brushed amalgam group.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2001

[Historical investigation of dentifrice in China].

A herbal literature survey was carried out on data concerning historical pharmacognostical changes of "dentifrice" in China and how diseases of the teeth and gums had been treated there in ancient times. It had been considered to be a matter of utmost importance that to prevent teeth from decaying, only the brushing of teeth with a toothbrush was necessary. Over time, various tooth agents have been found to treat oral diseases the teeth and gums. Glycyrrhizae Radix, Ginseng Radix, Scutellariae Radix, Menthae Herbal, and salt were widely used materials. Investigations from all approaches are being carried out to develop remedies for oral diseases, including Kampo medicine and the pharmacological effects of numerous crude drugs. When tracing the pharmacognostical changes of dentifrice in ancient China, we felt wonder at and admiration for the abundance of clinical experiences described in the old herbal and medical literature we researched.

China↗
PubMed1992

The motivational benefits of a dentifrice containing baking soda and hydrogen peroxide.

Twenty-two family practice dentists, in a large metropolitan area, were recruited to act as independent examiners in a study to evaluate the compliance of their patients to accept a good oral hygiene regimen with the use of a fluoride dentifrice, containing hydrogen peroxide and baking soda, dispensed from a dual dispensing package. To evaluate compliance, the dentists attended an orientation seminar and were trained to assess gingival health using the CPITN periodontal probe. Each dentist evaluated the gingival health status of five to seven of his own patients, initially and after one and three months of product use following hygiene instruction and product assignment. One-hundred and thirty-one patients successfully completed the study. After one month of using the hydrogen peroxide/baking soda toothpaste, the mean reduction in bleeding sites was 53%; at three months the reduction was 62%. The hydrogen peroxide/baking soda dentifrice was well accepted by dentist and patient, and a discernible improvement in oral health of the patients was achieved when the product was used in a conscientious oral hygiene program.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The inhibitory effect of an arginine bicarbonate/calcium carbonate CaviStat-containing dentifrice on the development of dental caries in Venezuelan school children.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the effect of an arginine bicarbonate/calcium carbonate (CaviStat)-containing dentifrice on caries development, mainly in 11- to 12-year-old Venezuelan children over a two-year period. METHODOLOGY: Children (726) with a DMFT between 3 and 6 were examined at baseline, six months, and one and two years using a mirror, probe, and DMFS scoring. Subjects who completed the study consisted of two groups; 304 test and 297 control. The test group received a CaviStat-containing dentifrice, and the controls used a commercially available 1100 ppm fluoride toothpaste. All subjects were instructed to brush three times a day for 1 minute followed by swishing for 30 seconds. RESULTS: After six months, the mean DMFS scores increased only slightly from baseline in both groups, 6.93 +/- 0.22 in the control and 6.59 +/- 0.22 in the test subjects. After one year, the mean DMFS score in the control group rose to 8.00 +/- 0.24 and leveled off at 7.92 +/- 0.30 at two years. In contrast, the mean DMFS score in the test group decreased to 5.50 +/- 0.24 after one year before rising to 6.99 +/- 0.28 at two years. DMFS difference between the two groups was highly significant (p < 0.001), but mainly due to the large difference seen at one year. Dissection of the data showed that the erupted first molars dominated the overall DMFS changes. At the beginning of this study, first molar scores started at high values and showed a pattern thereafter like that seen for the total data. In contrast, premolars/molars, which erupt 4-6 years later (and at the start of the study had a mean DMFS score slightly above zero), showed a clear rise in the DMFS score in the control group during the first year of the study, which continued to rise until the end of the investigation. In contrast, the CaviStat group showed no change in the premolar/second molar DMFS score from baseline during the first year (giving the impression of 100% inhibition at one year), but showed a delayed rise thereafter that paralleled that seen in the controls between one and two years (58.3% inhibition at two years). Reversal of the development of early dental caries lesions in the CaviStat subjects and limitations of the diagnosis of very early caries lesions with standard dental explorers was suggested for the interesting first molar, first year data. Inhibition of caries initiation and caries progression in the CaviStat group was also observed and easier to see in the premolar/second molar, second year data where the DMFS scores were very low at baseline and reversals are not a significant issue. The results were subjected to statistical analysis including analysis of covariance. Largely because of the first year and first molar data, the difference between control and experimental groups was highly significant (p < 0.001). Similar comparison with the later-erupting premolar/molar teeth showed the CaviStat effect was also significant but at a lower level (p < 0.05). The differences could not be due to examiner error since the Kappa for 10% of the subjects randomly selected and re-examined was 0.898 overall and 0.914 for the first molar data. The data also suggested CaviStat inhibition of caries progression because of a slower rate of rise of missing+filled teeth in the CaviStat vs. the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A CaviStat-containing toothpaste was more effective both clinically and statistically in inhibiting caries initiation and progression than the fluoride toothpaste control, and manifested its effects differently in the already-erupted first molars than in the later-erupting premolars and second molars.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

The value of dentifrices and mouthrinses in caries prevention.

This paper reviews the current place of dentifrices, toothbrushes and rinses in the personal dental products market using data from the United States as an illustration. The clinical evolution of fluoride in dentifrices and rinses is briefly outlined, as is the changing view of the balance between the systemic and topical effects of the element on preventing dental caries. Issues involved in the current scientific arena are described as are issues related to caries trends and preventive technologies that deserve attention in the future.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed1980

Plaque-inhibiting effect in orthodontic patients of a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride.

The present investigation was undertaken to study the plaque-inhibiting effect of a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride/stannous pyrophosphate during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. The test toothpaste was compared with sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste and paste without fluoride and tin. When applied directly on the teeth, the test paste was found to reduce plaque growth significantly for 24 hours (P < 0.001). A double-blind cross-over designed study with twenty-one subjects showed statistically significant plaque inhibition after a 3-week test period on subjects showed statistically significant plaque inhibition after a 3-week test period on subjects showed statistically significant plaque inhibition after a 3-week test period on teeth with the appliances placed more than 1.5 mm. from the gingival margin (P < 0.01). Plaque reduction on teeth with the appliances placed close to the gingival margin was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). No statistically significant improvement in the gingival condition and no side effects were observed. It is concluded that because of its dual action on plaque and teeth stannous fluoride/stannous pyrophosphate toothpaste may be recommended as supplement to and not substitute for other forms of fluoride supplementation in this category of patients.

Dental Plaque↗
PubMed2006

Determination of glycerophosphate and other anions in dentifrices by ion chromatography.

Simple, reliable and sensitive analytical methods to determine the anions, such as fluoride, monofluorophaosphate, glycerophosphate related to anticaries are necessary for basic investigations of anticaries and quality control of dentifrices. A method for the simultaneous determination of organic acids, organic anions and inorganic anions in the sample of commercial toothpaste is proposed. Nine anions (fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, monofluorophaosphate, glycerophosphate and oxalic acid) were analyzed by means of ion chromatography using a gradient elution with KOH as mobile phase, IonPac AS18 as the separation column and suppressed conductivity detection. Optimized analytical conditions were further validated in terms of accuracy, precision and total uncertainty and the results showed the reliability of the IC method. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of the retention time and peak area of all species were less than 0.170 and 1.800%, respectively. The correlation coefficients for target analytes ranged from 0.9985 to 0.9996. The detection limit (signal to noise ratio of 3:1) of this method was at low ppb level (<15 ppb). The spiked recoveries for the anions were 96-103%. The method was applied to toothpaste without interferences.

Anions↗
PubMed1979

Tooth stain during 2 years' use of chlorhexidine- and fluoride-containing dentifrices.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fluoride upon the stain-inducing capacity of chlorhexidine. Ninety-one children, 13 years of age, volunteered for the experiment. Three test dentifrices were used, containing 0.1% NaF, 0.1% NaF + 2% chlorhexidine, and 2% chlorhexidine respectively. The experiment was carried out as a double-blind test, and the degree of staining was recorded after 1 and 2 years. Four methods were used for stain scoring. The results after 1 year showed that chlorhexidine induced less stain when applied together with fluoride than when applied alone. After 2 years this difference disappeared, indicating that fluoride only retarded chlorhexidine-induced staining of teeth.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of effects of application of a citroxain-containing dentifrice.

The benefits to the patient of the removal of tooth deposits is well documented. Should such removal provide the additional effect of "whitening" the tooth surface, an additional cosmetic benefit would be provided. This study documents that a Citroxain-containing dentifrice provides all of these benefits.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The role of Triclosan in dentifrice formulations, with particular reference to a new 0.3% Triclosan calcium carbonate-based system.

AIM: To discuss the role of Triclosan in dentifrice systems and demonstrate the enhanced efficacy of Triclosan in calcium carbonate-based systems when the level of the antimicrobial agent is raised from 0.2% to 0.3%. Triclosan is the most commonly used antimicrobial agent in oral care products, being compatible with a wide range of ingredients found in toothpaste formulations, whilst having no negative sensory features (e.g. taste, staining) that are associated with some other antimicrobial/anti-plaque agents. Triclosan is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent, with additional anti-metabolic and anti-inflammatory properties. When delivered to the mouth in oral care products, Triclosan can selectively inhibit Gram negative anaerobic bacteria implicated in gingivitis and periodontal diseases, while leaving species associated with oral health relatively unaffected. Worldwide, attempts have been made to boost delivery/activity of Triclosan, either by use of copolymers or by combination with other agents such as zinc citrate. However, Triclosan has also been shown to maintain clinical efficacy against plaque and gingivitis when present as the sole antimicrobial in toothpaste formulations.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1987

The oral clearance of zinc and triclosan after delivery from a dentifrice.

Oral delivery and retention of zinc and triclosan were measured in man after use of an anti-plaque dentifrice containing these antibacterial agents. Triclosan (25% of the dose) and zinc (24%) were retained in the mouth immediately after toothbrushing and a single mouthrinse. Salivary concentrations fell from 7.5 micrograms g-1 (triclosan) and 7.0 micrograms g-1 (zinc) after 5 min to 0.5 micrograms g-1 (triclosan) and 1.2 micrograms g-1 (zinc), 2 h after brushing.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A comparison of increment and incidence density analyses in evaluating the anticaries effects of two dentifrices.

This study aimed to determine whether incidence density (ID) calculations of caries incidence rates would provide a more sensitive means of detecting caries-preventive effects than would traditional techniques. A secondary analysis was conducted using data from a 1981 study in which three dentifrices were compared in a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Subjects were examined at baseline and 1, 2 and 3 years after baseline. Three-year DMFS increments were calculated for 1,754 subjects attending the baseline and 3-year examinations. Caries ID rates then were calculated for 2, 661 subjects who had at least two examinations, using each surface's net increment (-1, 0 or +1) as the numerator and the surface's time at risk as the denominator. Despite theoretical advantages, the ID method did not alter the conclusions drawn using DMFS increments, apparently because (a) subjects lost to follow-up were similar to those completing the study, and (b) loss to follow-up was similar among treatment groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oral fluoride retention in saliva following toothbrushing with child and adult dentifrices with and without water rinsing.

Ten healthy adult volunteers were recruited to participate in this double-blind randomised 18-leg crossover designed study. The subjects either rinsed their mouth with 10 ml de-ionised distilled water for 10 s or just spat out once after 1-min brushing with one of nine different toothpastes: NaF (500, 1,000 and 1,450 ppm F), SMFP (525, 1,000, 1,450 ppm F), AmF (250, 1,400 ppm F) or fluoride-free dentifrice. Samples of whole mixed unstimulated saliva were collected at different time intervals. The results showed that the use of the AmF toothpaste (1,400 ppm F) resulted in the highest fluoride content of saliva without water rinsing after 120 min (0.52 ppm F, CI 0.23, 0.81). Two hours after brushing with fluoride toothpaste containing AmF and NaF, the salivary fluoride levels were still higher than baseline levels.

Adult↗