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Two methods for the assessment of the amount of crowding or spacing (measuring and assessment by eye) are compared. Both methods are well comparable and reproducible. Assessment by eye has the practical advantage that it takes considerable less time.
Tertiary crowding, especially in the lower dentition, is shortly discussed. Two cases are illustrated that show the uncertainty regarding the often stated influence of the third molars in this respect.
A problem in the diagnosis of Papanicolaou smears--the interpretation of "hyperchromatic crowded groups" (HCGs)--is identified and analyzed. HCGs usually represent benign entities such as endometrial cells, syncytial aggregates in severe atrophy, or fragments of endocervical tissue, the latter being seen with increasing frequency due to the use of the endocervical brush. Tubal metaplasia is another common, benign source of HCGs. However, occasionally HCGs represent serious lesions, such as carcinoma in situ, invasive squamous cell carcinoma, and glandular neoplasia, either in situ or invasive. The distinction among these various entities is not always easy, but guidelines are presented.
To evaluate the effect of crowding on cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), a benthic cephalopod, the behavior of captive-reared cuttlefish was monitored for a period of 1 month. One group of 6 cuttlefish was housed in a tank 6.1 m in diameter (4.87 m2 per cuttlefish); another group of 6 was housed in a tank 1.5 m in diameter (0.29 m2 per cuttlefish). Cuttlefish spaced themselves within each tank so as to avoid other cuttlefish. Those in the small tank hovered more and sat on the bottom less, showed more zebra patterns and Intense Zebra Displays (associated with aggression), ate less food, and were displaced by other cuttlefish 3 times as often as those in the large tank. Most aggression resulting in displacement was directed at females by males and sometimes resulted in physical injury to the females. Subjects' body patterns were highly predictable, using the following variables: activity, sex, tank, and number of nearby cuttlefish. Analysis of results indicated that behavior was strongly affected by housing conditions and suggested that this species is probably semi-solitary in natural conditions.
The treatment of a 12-year-old girl with a Class I malocclusion, severe anterior crowding, and posterior crossbite is described. The patient, who had limited growth potential and exhibited a straight facial profile, was treated with rapid maxillary expansion and nonextraction edgewise mechanics.
The formation of liquid-crystalline dispersions from DNA-chitosan complexes in polyethyleneglycol-containing solutions was studied. It was shown that the molecular crowding affects neither the efficiency of binding of chitosan molecules to DNA nor the mode of spatial packing of DNA-chitosan complexes in particles of liquid-crystalline dispersions.
An average of 4.9 tapeworms were discovered on day 7 of a low-abundance H. diminuta infection of rats of race WAG alb. After 11 months, the mean was only relatively slightly lower at 3.6. These means represent 97.1 and 71.4% of the 5 cysticercoids supplied. In turn, 7 days and 11 months after rats were supplied with 110 cysticercoids, the respective percent-ages were 85.1 and 56.0. All 7- and 12-day tapeworms from the low-abundance and crowded infrapopulations were characterized by the presence of a terminal proglottid of lingulate shape, in which the excretory canals joined. In contrast, older (48-day and 11-month-old) worms showed typical apolysis of gravid proglottids. There were no reports of the destrobilation of tapeworms, and the relatively large number of tapeworms persisting 11 months into the infection is particularly noteworthy. The results point to the lack of any rapid rejection of tapeworms of the kind characterized in many other studies on H. diminuta.
In this study, cephalometric and dental cast variables relating to 30 male and 20 female children, 8 to 13 years old with chronic nasal mucosal swelling, were compared with those relating to age- and sex-method controls. These controls were orthodontically untreated subjects with no histories of airway obstruction. The children with chronic nasal mucosal swelling had been referred because of chronic difficulties with nasal breathing to the Department of Otolaryngology Airflow Laboratory at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. Previously active posterior rhinomanometry with a head-out volume displacement plethysmograph had been used to measure nasal resistance in 1000 consecutive subjects. Participants in the study reported here were selected from subjects whose nasal resistance fell markedly following administration of a decongestant spray. The subjects selected were found to have significantly (p less than 0.001) more mandibular incisor crowding, significantly (p less than 0.01) smaller mandibular arch widths than the controls, and significantly (p less than 0.001) smaller maxillary arch widths than the controls. The male subjects had significantly (p less than 0.01) smaller mandibular arch widths than the male controls.
On a 23-year-old woman who came to our hospital for anterior teeth crowding accompanied with severe periodontal tissue disease, from which she wanted to be recovered within 2 years, as cc, treatment of the paradental disease was performed for a year, then 55/44 were extracted and length discrepancy was improved in a year according to the edgewise method. Both these treatments removed all of the inflamatory symptoms such as local bleeding, drainage, etc, which had been noted before treatment, leading to normally functional occlusion. X-ray didn't reveale alveolar crest and or root resorption following the orthdontic tooth movement but, there is rather a considerable elevation of the alveolar line of the 2 1 1 2 region.
Crowding in the dental arch is an indication for planned extraction of the appropriate teeth, provided that this is accomplished on time. The authors describe a case where extraction of both upper premolars was to be followed by treatment with a monomaxillary plate. After the extraction the patient was unable to attend for further treatment. When he returned three month later, spontaneous regulation had already occurred. The final outcome is illustrated by photographs.
The Bolton indices in Kl II/1, Kl II/2 and Kl I anomalies with frontal crowding are examined.
Recently, emergency departments across the continent have become crowded with patients requiring non-urgent care. To alleviate this situation at The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, receptionists in the emergency department direct patients requiring urgent care to the emergency room and those requiring non-urgent care to a screening clinic (triage). During a two-month period, 13,551 patients visited the emergency department. The triage receptionist sent 8368 patients to the emergency room and 5183 to the screening clinic. About 45% of patients visiting the emergency room had suffered accidents and injuries, and 19% had respiratory illness; 15% of patient visits resulted in admission to hospital. In contrast to this, 49% of patients sent to the screening clinic had respiratory illness and 18% had infective disease; less than 1% of patients needed hospitalization.
Diarrhoeal diseases are common in Djakarta, Indonesia, especially among infants and young children. A study has been made of possible bacterial and parasitic causes of outbreaks in a group of 156 infants in a crowded area of the city. Before the study was complete, 60 infants had left the area and 30 had died; diarrhoea was probably the direct or indirect cause of 13 of the deaths.Diarrhoea was associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli in about 20% of the cases studied; other causes of diarrhoea were Shigella, less frequent, and rare among infants below the age of 6 months; Salmonella, insignificant; Giardia lamblia, common, but not usually associated with diarrhoea; Entamoeba histolytica and Isospora belli, relatively rare. The role of Trichuris trichiura was probably important, but was difficult to assess.Many diarrhoea cases were not associated with either pathogenic bacteria or parasites. Other potential causes, not considered in this study, include enteropathogenic virus infection, parenteral infections, faulty diet and malnutrition. Further investigation is considered desirable.
Today's crowded marketplace demands that health care organizations use sophisticated marketing techniques. One technique is for the organization to differentiate itself in order to attract clients away from competing organizations. Another is for the organization to focus its resources on a limited number of market segments with the understanding that it will not devote resources to segments that have not been specifically designated as target markets.
The relative stabilities of conformers of the syn and anti-diastereomers of the fjord and bay-region diol-epoxides of benzo(c)phenanthrene (BCP) and benzo(a)anthracene (BA) have been calculated. Steric crowding in the fjord-region of BCP is shown to stabilize the syn-diequatorial and anti-diaxial conformers of BCP. In contrast, the most stable conformers of the bay-epoxides of BA are found to be the syn-diaxial and anti-diequatorial.
Crowded lymphocytoblasts produce a factor (or factors) that inhibits the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogens. This factor is destroyed by pepsin in 1 hr but not by neuraminidase. No activity was lost when the factor was incubated with packed human red blood cells, human lymphocytes, mouse spleen cells, or tissue culture cells. An antiserum was made to the factor which was capable of partially inhibiting its activity. The factor is active at about 25 mug/ml of protein. Maximal inhibition occurs if the factor is present for the duration of the culture period. This factor may play a regulatory role in the immune response.
A case is reported of a patient who presented with severe buccal segment crowding, poor oral hygiene and a reluctance to wear orthodontic appliances. The premolar alignment was improved by extracting four second permanent molars.
The patient presented with constriction of both arches, moderate crowding and an unerupted and impacted maxillary cuspid. The Crozat appliance therapy efficiently developed the arches, reduced skeletal asymmetry on the sagittal plane, and distalized the upper left posteriors although this was aided by the removal of the second molar. Alignment and the development of a good functional occlusion was accomplished efficiently with the straight wire appliance. Facial balance and good lip support was maintained. No stripping was present and the periodontal health remains excellent. A significant improvement was made in the patient's smile. The teeth have been stabler during the two-year period following the initial placement of retainers. And the patient is very pleased with the treatment results.