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PubMed1992

The underrated benefits of oral contraception: consequences of pregnancy and induced abortion in teenagers.

If complications occur within a pregnancy planned and brought to term, they often can be dealt with and accepted. They are even more traumatic when they occur in an unwanted pregnancy that could have been prevented through contraception. Teenagers, because of their physical and psychological immaturity and also because of their social environment, seem to suffer with undue frequency from the complications of induced abortion. Its result, for the teenager, is a handicapped future in comparison to other women. Hence, access to contraception is important for all women, and especially for teenagers, in order to avoid such prejudicial situations. It is important, then, to prescribe oral contraception for its efficacy and its short- and long-term innocuousness. Because of her immaturity, the pregnant teenager is at risk: of spontaneous abortion, pre-eclampsia, anemia, hemorrhage, and prematurity. She is also at risk because of the social difficulties she will be facing. This is particularly true in families from developing countries. From birth, the child is also at risk: of low birth weight for the term, mortality in the first year of life, and all risks linked to abandonment, or education by a third party. In a proportion of 13 to 30% in western countries and in a proportion of 3% in East Asia or in Northwest Africa (Maghreb), induced abortions are a reflection of the following: early sexual activity without contraception even if fertility is still low in very young teenagers, absence of social protection or social independence, refusal of forced marriage, and presence or absence of liberal legislation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1992

Oral contraceptives and venous thromboses in adolescents undergoing elective surgery: a case report, and review of the literature.

Oral contraceptive (OC) use is a risk factor for the development of deep venous thromboses (DVT) in adolescents, particularly for those patients undergoing surgery. Adolescents have received little attention in the literature on this subject. We describe a 17-year-old female who developed a DVT while receiving OCs at the time of elective surgery. We recommend that adolescent females undergoing elective surgery discontinue OCs at least 1 month before and after the surgery and attendant immobilization.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prospects for increased contraceptive pill use in Japan.

Although oral contraceptives are not commercially available in Japan, a low-dose contraceptive pill is expected to become available soon. The current rate of pill use is less than 1 percent, but recent survey data indicate that about 10 percent of currently married women of reproductive age intend to use the pill when it comes on the market. Those who favor the pill do so because it is highly effective in preventing unwanted pregnancies, and because it reduces the need for abortions. Many other women report uncertainty about the pill because of concern about side effects. Given that Japan has a contraceptive failure rate of about 25 percent, with 29 percent of women having had at least one abortion, many women who do not yet favor the pill may shift to it once the low-dose pill comes on the market and they are reassured about its safety. Thus, the rate of pill use is likely to rise well above 10 percent.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Contraception.

The technology of fertility control has made dramatic strides in the past 25 years, offering a wider variety of safe, effective contraceptive choices than ever before. Lower dose oral contraceptives, new barrier techniques, and improved IUDs have been important recent advances, and new methods of hormonal delivery offer promise for the future. However, the search for safer, more effective, and more convenient contraceptive options must continue as a high research priority.

Contraception↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Study of the intravaginal insert (IVI): acceptability, side effects, and post-coital spermicidal activity.

The authors describe their experience with a group of 49 sexually active, already protected women in order to evaluate the acceptability, side effects and post-coital spermicidal activity of a new vaginal contraceptive. The intravaginal insert (IVI) consists of a polyester resin plug (sponge) containing a 5% solution of nonoxynol-9 bound in a cold formation process, and having a cotton loop attached to the lower end. The results of this study indicate that this new vaginal contraceptive is free of major side effects, is well accepted by users, and has strong spermicidal and mechanical activity. Future clinical testing in order to try its anti-conceptive effectiveness is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Unintended pregnancies and use, misuse and discontinuation of oral contraceptives.

Unintended pregnancies are a recognized occurrence among women using oral contraceptives (OCs) as a consequence of both user and method failure. However, OCs also influence the occurrence of unintended pregnancies through an additional, poorly recognized, route: cessation of OC use by women who do not wish to become pregnant but stop using OCs because of side effects or other reasons. Many such women fail to immediately substitute a new contraceptive and/or adopt a less reliable contraceptive. This is a particularly important consideration for the approximately 3.7 million women who begin taking OCs in the United States each year since this group commonly experiences side effects and has a high discontinuation rate. Using a decision tree to follow a cohort of OC users over one year, we estimate that over 1 million unintended pregnancies are related to OC use, misuse or discontinuation. The greatest proportion of these, 61%, occur in women who discontinue OCs; of these, 66.6% occur in women who fail to immediately substitute other contraceptives and 33.3% because of the adoption of less reliable contraceptive methods. Of continuing OC users, the majority, exhibiting good compliance, contribute 24% of pregnancies because of their large numbers. Continuing OC users who are poor compliers, though many fewer, are responsible for 15% due to their high pregnancy rate. Unintended pregnancies in women who discontinue OCs account for approximately 20% of the 3.5 million annual unintended pregnancies in the United States, incurring costs of nearly +2.6 billion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Contraception Behavior↗
PubMed1994

[Contraception for the diabetic woman].

The various contraceptive methods available today are examined here: natural methods; sterilization; intrauterine devices; oral contraceptives. The analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each of them indicates that in the diabetic woman low dosages of estrogen-progestins are the most suitable for short-term contraception since they do not seem to influence diabetic control. Once the patient has completed her family, the choice of method for long-term contraception is intrauterine devices or sterilization.

Contraception↗
PubMed1994

Women's satisfaction with Norplant as compared with oral contraceptives.

BACKGROUND: Women's satisfaction with their chosen method of contraception has seldom been evaluated, especially in the primary care setting. This study compared women who use Norplant with those who use oral contraceptives with regard to patient satisfaction with, and the perceived advantages and disadvantages of, their birth control method. METHODS: We sent questionnaires to 115 Norplant users and 148 oral contraceptive users. The questionnaire asked for demographic data; a rating of level of satisfaction with their contraceptive; whether they would choose their method again; whether they would recommend their contraceptive to a friend; and what they perceived as its advantages and disadvantages. RESULTS: Sixty percent of responding Norplant users were satisfied with their method as compared with 72% of oral contraceptive users (P > .05). Sixty-three percent of Norplant users indicated that they would use their method again, compared with 88% of oral contraceptive users (P < .05). Seventy-four percent of Norplant users said they would recommend their method to a friend as compared with 97% of oral contraceptive users (P < .05). Oral contraceptive users reported significantly less menstrual bleeding and cramping than did Norplant users (P < .05), and Norplant users reported significantly more acne and bleeding irregularities (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, the majority of responding Norplant and oral contraceptive users were satisfied with their current method of contraception. However, Norplant users reported being less willing to use their method again or to recommend it to a friend, as compared with women using oral contraceptives. Norplant users noted more bleeding irregularities, more cramping, and increased acne.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexual activity, family life education, and contraceptive practice among young adults in Banjul, The Gambia.

This report presents results from a 1986-87 two-stage probability sample survey of 2,507 young men and women aged 14-24 living in the Greater Banjul region of The Gambia. Although premarital sexual activity was common and began at an early age, lack of knowledge and limited access to modern contraceptives were obstacles to the use of family planning. Of all ever sexually active single persons, only 21 percent of the young women and 7 percent of the young men had practiced contraception at the time of first intercourse. Almost half of the sexually active young adults had ever used contraceptives, with oral contraceptives and condoms being the methods most widely known and used. Results of logistic regression analyses show that attendance at family life education lectures in school had significant positive relationships to both knowledge and use of contraceptives among the young people surveyed. The study presents encouraging evidence that acceptance of modern contraceptive use is beginning to take hold among young people in urban Banjul.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Unsuccessful contraception among patients seeking abortion on demand].

We have conducted a prospective study aimed to analyse contraceptive use among women seeking for legal abortion in the State University Hospital "Maĭchin dom"--Sofia. Our date demonstrate that the patients were well informed about the existing contraceptive methods. On the contrary the percentage of women-using contraception and especially those, using highly effective ones is relatively low. The patients claim the possible side effects of the high effective contraception as a reason against use.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1998

[Rationale for prescribing oral contraceptives].

Strategies for prescribing oral contraceptives (OC) are explained with particular emphasis on individual conditions which can be helpful to optimize the selection process out of the numerous on the market. While contraceptive efficacy unequivocally is regarded as high additional non-contraceptive benefits become substantial criteria for an individual decision. Antiandrogenic properties of progestogens like cyproteroneacetate clearly determine their preference in the presence of unwanted clinical signs and symptoms of hyperandrogenism. In most of the non androgen-related conditions the estrogenicity of a preparation as a result of the dose of ethinylestradiol and dose as well as antiestrogenic potency of the progestogen accounts for the majority of non contraceptive effects. Different progestogens are evaluated with respect to their antiestrogenic property. It is suggested to start treatment after selection of an appropriate progestogen with the lowest daily dose of both hormonal components and to continue intake at least for 3 to 4 cycles as long as no serious adverse events occur. In cases of persisting problems i.e. bleeding irregularities doses or dosing-schemes should be altered preferentially without switching to another gestagen.

Androgen Antagonists↗