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PubMed2000

Population based study of coffee, alcohol and tobacco use and risk of ovarian cancer.

Coffee, alcohol and tobacco use have been examined in many epidemiologic studies of ovarian cancer but findings have generally been inconclusive. To explain prior inconsistent findings, we sought to determine whether associations with these exposures might vary by histologic subtype of ovarian cancer or menopausal status at diagnosis. We conducted a population-based case-control study in eastern Massachusetts and New Hampshire involving 549 women with newly-diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer and 516 control women selected either by random digit dialing or through lists of residents. Coffee and alcohol consumption was assessed through a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire, and information on tobacco smoking was collected through personal interview. Consumption of coffee and caffeine was associated with increased risk for ovarian cancer but only among premenopausal women. There was no increase in risk for ovarian cancer overall associated with tobacco or alcohol use in either pre- or post-menopausal women. Association of borderline significance for tobacco and invasive serous cancers and alcohol and mucinous cancers were observed but reduced after adjustment for coffee consumption. We conclude that coffee and caffeine consumption may increase risk for ovarian cancer among premenopausal women and are findings that have some epidemiologic and biologic support.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Coffee drinking and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.

The relation between ovarian cancer and coffee drinking habits was evaluated in a case-control study of 247 histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancers and 494 age-matched controls, admitted to hospital for acute conditions apparently unrelated to coffee consumption. Compared to rates for women who had never drunk coffee, the crude relative risk estimates for those who drank less than two, two or three, and four or more cups per day were 1.3, 1.5 and 1.4 respectively; however, when allowance was made for smoking habits, these risk estimates became 1.3, 1.7 and 1.8 respectively, and a significant linear trend of increasing risk with more elevated coffee consumption was evident. These results were not explained by various other potential confounding factors, including the major risk factors for ovarian cancer, but we had no information on dietary variables. The relative risk, however, did not increase with increasing duration of use. The findings of this study give apparent support in favour of the hypothesis that coffee consumption, or related dietary variables, may be associated with the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Further studies in different settings, however, are required in order to establish whether this association is real, and if so, whether it is causal.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Coffee, alcohol, smoking and cancer of the pancreas: a case-control study.

A hospital case control study on smoking, alcohol and coffee consumption as risk factors for pancreatic cancer, in which 161 cases were matched to 268 control patients, was conducted in France between 1982 and 1985. The results showed no association between tobacco or alcohol consumption and cancer of the pancreas, whereas coffee consumption was associated with an increased risk [OR of 2 or more cups per day vs. less: 2.27 (1.11-4.64) and 1.45 (0.82-2.55) among females and males respectively]. A dose-response relationship was observed with coffee consumption in both sexes, stronger among females than among males: the linear increase estimates were 2.00 (1.22-3.29) and 1.32 (0.91-1.92) respectively. No interaction was found between coffee and tobacco, whereas the effect of coffee appeared to be limited to non-drinkers of alcohol.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Lifetime consumption of alcoholic beverages, tea and coffee and exocrine carcinoma of the pancreas: a population-based case-control study in The Netherlands.

From 1984 to 1988 a population-based case-control study was carried out in the Netherlands, in collaboration with the International Agency for Research on Cancer, to examine the possible relationship between the habitual lifetime consumption of alcohol, coffee and tea and exocrine pancreatic carcinoma in 176 cases and 487 controls. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to ascertain major life events and obtain estimates of consumption (ever-never) and frequency of consumption throughout life. Logistic regression analyses yielded odds ratios adjusted for age, sex, response status, smoking, dietary intake of energy and vegetables and of alcoholic or non-alcoholic drinks. When compared with data from non-drinkers, the cumulative lifetime consumption of all types of alcohol in grams of ethanol (ORs 1.00, 0.97, 0.93, 1.25, p trend 0.55), beer, spirits, red wine and fortified wine was not related to risk. The consumption of white wine was inversely associated with risk (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.24-0.70). The uniformly reduced risk estimates for the lifetime number of drinks of white wine were based on small numbers (ORs 1.00, 0.44, 0.25, 0.40, p trend 0.001). When compared with data from non-drinkers, our findings suggest an inverse dose-response relationship for the lifetime consumption of coffee (ORs 1.00, 0.72, 0.37, 0.58, p trend 0.06), whereas lifetime consumption of tea and of ground, instant and decaffeinated coffee was not associated with risk. The absence of an effect of lifetime consumption of decaffeinated coffee may be due to the small numbers of subjects. These results further strengthen existing evidence against a positive association between consumption as well as lifetime consumption of (sources of) alcohol, tea or coffee and the development of exocrine pancreatic cancer.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1993

The relationship between coffee consumption and serum cholesterol under consideration of smoking history.

A large German population sample of 6820 men and 7258 women was used to investigate the relationship between coffee consumption, total serum cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. Analyses were conducted on men and women separately. Differences in age, body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, smoking habits, alcohol, fish, milk and tea consumption, physical activity and medication use were controlled for in the analyses. Interactions between coffee consumption and smoking habits in their relationship with serum cholesterol were part of the analyses. For men, a positive relationship between coffee consumption and total serum cholesterol was found among smokers and life-long abstainers but not in the group of ex-smokers. In women a relationship between coffee consumption and total serum cholesterol was also present, but very weak (only statistical significant in covariance analyses). Levels of HDL cholesterol did not correlate with coffee consumption in either men and women. Hypotheses concerning the peculiarities of the group of ex-smokers are developed, and supporting empirical evidence is given. It is suggested that the group of ex-smokers should always be analysed separately.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Influence of slow calcium-channel blockade on the cardiovascular effects of coffee.

An increase in blood pressure after coffee and caffeine has recently been reported. A possible pharmacological mechanism for this pressor response is a rise in the intracellular calcium concentration, caused by an increase in calcium influx due to a direct effect of caffeine. Accordingly, the cardiovascular effects of drinking coffee after placebo and verapamil 3 X 80 mg in 1 day in 10 normotensive volunteers have been examined in a single-blind study. After placebo, coffee led to an increase in blood pressure (7/14 mm Hg), and a fall in heart rate (-7 beats/min); forearm blood flow did not change. Plasma epinephrine rose (257%), plasma norepinephrine did not change and the plasma renin activity fell significantly. The haemodynamic and humoral changes after coffee were not altered by pretreatment with verapamil. It is concluded that increased transmembrane calcium influx after caffeine does not appear to be an important pharmacological mechanism for the circulatory effects of coffee.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Organochlorine pesticide residues in raw and roasted coffee and their degradation during the roasting process].

An analysis method for determination of organochloro pesticides in green and roasted coffees was developed. 17 Arabica and 2 Robusta coffees originating from 11 countries were investigated. With the exception of two samples the amounts of pesticide residues found in the green coffees were considerably lower than the amounts permitted, according to the "Höchstmengenverordnung". In 2 coffees no residues were detectable. The residues were reduced to insignificant amounts during the roasting process. The degradation rates ranged from 85% to 100%. Since the residues detected in all of the roasted coffees were insignificant, no further investigation of the corresponding beverages was necessary.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1994

Analysis of free amino acids in green coffee beans. I. Determination of amino acids after precolumn derivatization using 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate.

For the determination of free amino acids in green coffee beans, 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate was applied successfully as the precolumn derivatization agent. The separation of the 27 free amino acids of green coffee as yet identified or quantitatively determined is almost complete. The paper describes in detail the conditions of extraction, derivatization and resolution and presents reproducible data of standard curves and of quantitative results. It has been demonstrated that by applying the extraction procedure described, 99.8% of the free amino acids detectable by this method are extracted. On principle, Arabica and Robusta coffees contain the same main and minor amino acids. It was possible for the first time to determine the free amino acids ornithine, beta-alanine and pipecolic acid quantitatively in Arabica and Robusta coffees as well as hydroxyproline in Arabica coffees.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1989

Modulation of putative preneoplastic foci in exocrine pancreas of rats and hamsters. Interaction of dietary fat and coffee.

The effects of coffee and dietary fat (alone and in combination) on the development of preneoplastic lesions in exocrine pancreas were investigated in rats and hamsters, treated with azaserine or N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine, respectively. The animals were given the respective diets (5% or 25% corn oil) and coffee (instead of drinking water) within one week after the treatment with carcinogen. At four months postinitiation, the pancreata were quantitatively examined for the number and size of preneoplastic foci. In rats, coffee alone inhibited growth of acidophilic foci and, moreover, slightly inhibited the positive modulating effect of fat on growth of these foci, pointing to a negative rather than a positive interaction between these two life-style factors. In hamsters, coffee alone enhanced growth of cystic foci, whereas fat alone enhanced growth of ductular foci. An interaction between fat and coffee on pancreatic carcinogenesis in hamsters could not be demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Coffee and cancer: a prospective study of 43,000 Norwegian men and women.

Relationships between coffee drinking and cancer incidence were examined in a 10-year complete follow-up of 21,735 men and 21,238 women aged 35-54 years. The study population participated in a cardiovascular screening in three countries in Norway during 1977-82. Data on coffee and smoking habits were based on information from a self-administered questionnaire. There was no association between coffee consumption and overall risk of cancer. A positive association was found between coffee drinking and risk of lung cancer, also after adjustment for age, cigarette smoking, and county of residence. Residual confounding by cigarette smoking and other lifestyle factors cannot be ruled out. A negative association was found with cancer of buccal cavity and pharynx and with malignant melanoma in women. No significant associations were found between coffee drinking and incidence of cancer of the pancreas or the bladder.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Relation between coffee drinking and blood pressure: analysis of 6,321 subjects in the Paris region.

The possible link between coffee drinking and blood pressure (BP) was studied in a cross-sectional epidemiologic survey of 6,321 adults in the Paris region. Systolic and diastolic BP levels were higher among the 5,430 coffee drinkers than among the 891 nondrinkers (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.01). BP levels adjusted for age by covariance analysis increased gradually from the non-coffee consumption category (125.6/79.8 +/- 15.0/10.5 mm Hg [mean +/- standard deviation]) to the highest consumption category (greater than or equal to 5 cups/day) (128.1/80.6 +/- 15.6/10.2 mm Hg) (p less than 0.001 for systolic BP and p less than 0.002 for diastolic BP). The positive association between coffee consumption and systolic, but not diastolic, BP remained significant in a multivariate analysis after controlling for age, sex, body mass index, alcohol consumption, tobacco consumption and socioeconomic category (p less than 0.02 for systolic BP and p = 0.16 for diastolic BP). It is concluded that coffee consumption is a significant but not strong contributor to the variation in BP levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Cardiovascular effects of coffee and caffeine.

This study evaluated the cardiovascular effects and elimination kinetics of coffee and caffeine in 54 volunteers selected according to 3 gradations of daily caffeine consumption, cigarette smoking status and the presence of caffeine intolerance. After 24 hours of caffeine abstinence, subjects received coffee and 2.2 mg/kg of caffeine (equivalent to 2 cups of coffee). Blood pressure, heart rate, systolic time intervals and plasma concentrations of caffeine were measured before and at timed intervals after coffee and caffeine. There were no differences in response to coffee and caffeine. The average systolic/diastolic blood pressure increased 9/10 mm Hg. The maximal decrease in heart rate averaged 10 beats/min, and there were small increases in the systolic time intervals. There were no cardiovascular differences among the various groups. Caffeine in the smokers and heavy caffeine users had a shorter half-life (3.2 and 4.1 hours) than that in nonsmokers and nonusers (5.1 and 5.3 hours). In the caffeine-intolerant group it had a longer half-life, while the cardiovascular effects were similar to those of the other groups. Thus, irrespective of the amount of daily caffeine consumption, smoking status or caffeine intolerance, the cardiovascular responses were similar and tolerance, if present, was gone by 24 hours.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Short-term effect of coffee on blood fibrinolytic activity in healthy adults.

Ingestion of coffee was followed after one-half and one hour by shortening of whole blood fibrinolysis time. The amount of coffee was equivalent to a heaped teaspoonsful and a standard brand of instant coffee was tested. The effect was laregly lost when decaffeinated coffee was taken. It appears that the caffeine in the amounts of coffee ordinarily consumed stimulates fibrinolytic activity but 2 of the 12 subjects were resistant to the effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Lack of an association between coffee consumption and lipoprotein lipids and apolipoproteins in young adults: the Beaver County Study.

The relationship between coffee consumption and lipoprotein lipids and apolipoproteins was examined in 472 white men and women (20-24 years of age) in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, during 1981-1982. Coffee intake, expressed as nondrinker, one to two cups per day, and three or more cups per day, was unrelated to total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or apoproteins AI, AII, or B. After covariate adjustment for cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index, and adherence to a diet low in cholesterol and saturated fat, the results remained essentially unchanged. The only statistically significant finding was that women who consumed three or more cups of coffee per day had significantly lower triglyceride concentrations compared with coffee nondrinkers (P less than 0.05). Thus, these findings fail to substantiate a significant association of low to moderate coffee intake with an increased lipid and apoprotein risk profile in these young adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Confounders contributing to the reported associations of coffee or caffeine with disease.

The role of caffeine or coffee in causing or promoting the incidence of serious disease is equivocal. Two design factors may account for the discrepancies in reported findings on the effects of coffee drinking: (a) imprecision of measurement and (b) confounding variables. A study of 2,714 white U.S. adults disclosed that, of 32 risk factors analyzed by linear and logistic regression, only sex and cigarette smoking were found to be important potential confounders of caffeine and coffee intake. Partial R2 values of the other 30 risk factors were relatively small and were inconsistent for each sex. It is unlikely that any of these factors could explain any of the reported associations between caffeine or coffee consumption and certain diseases. However, certain weak associations with caffeine or coffee intake should be included in the study design when they are known to be risk factors of a disease under investigation. These factors for men are dietary fat intake, vitamin C intake, and body mass index; and for women are vitamin use, alcohol intake, stress, and perceived health status.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Sulfite suppresses the mutagenic property of coffee.

The mutagenicity of instant and freshly brewed coffee on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98 without S9 mix was inactivated by sodium sulfite. Sulfite ion at a dose of 200 ppm almost completely inactivated the mutagenicity of coffee made in the ordinary way (5-15 mg dry weight/ml). Sodium bisulfite and potassium metabisulfite had similar effects. On the contrary, L-ascorbic acid enhanced the mutagenicity of coffee. Sodium sulfite also inactivated the phage-inducing activity of coffee in inductest III. Sodium sulfite completely suppressed the mutagenicities of 1,2-dicarbonyls, namely diacetyl and glyoxal. Diacetyl is present in coffee, beer, butter and other foods and drinks. Because sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite and potassium metabisulfite are widely used as food additives, they should be useful in reducing the levels of mutagens in foods.

Bacteriophage lambda↗
PubMed1983

Roasting coffee beans produces compounds that induce prophage lambda in E. coli and are mutagenic in E. coli and S. typhimurium.

Freshly brewed blended coffee, instant coffee and instant caffeine-free coffee induced prophage lambda in lysogenic E. coli K12, strain GY5027. Because coffee prepared from green beans by the same extraction method as used for freshly brewed blended coffee had no prophage-inducing activity, this activity may be attributed to compounds produced in the roasting process. Roasting also produced compounds that were mutagenic in S. typhimurium TA100 and E. coli WP2 uvrA/pKM101.

Bacteriophage lambda↗
PubMed1990

Coffee and the immune system.

The effect of coffee consumption on the immune system, studied in 15 men and women, showed that the responses to PHA and Con A were about one-third lower during coffee drinking compared to a period of abstinence from coffee (117335, 99856 and 181236, 153315, P less than 0.004, 0.009 respectively). There was no effect on total T- or B-cells. There was no statistically significant change in the number of suppressor T-cells (20, 26; P = 0.1) or NK cells (20, 26; P = 0.014). Chemotaxis was higher in the coffee period at all concentrations. This exploratory study suggests that coffee intake modifies various measures of the immune function. The clinical relevance of the findings is not clear, and further studies aimed at delineating the constituents responsible for the effects observed are recommended.

Adult↗