Unilateral cortical spreading depression: a determiner of behavior at a choice point.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Animals↗
SEARCH · Search PubMed
Results for “Choice Behavior”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Where sex and politics meet: sustaining behavior change.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Choice Behavior↗
[The drinking behavior of rats with a free choice of water, salt solutions and alcohol].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Alcohol Drinking↗
Behavioral economic analysis of food choice in obese children.
Behavioral economic analysis has shown food choice in normal weight adults is influenced by both liking and constraints on access to food. The present study assessed the contributions of food liking and environmental constraints to choice of moderately liked, low-calorie foods or highly liked high-calorie foods in obese children. Access to the moderately liked food remained on a VR2 schedule, while response requirements for the highly liked food ranged from VR2 to VR32. Subjects chose to work for the higher-rated food at comparisons up to VR2/VR4, showed no preference at VR2/VR8 and their choice shifted to the lower rated food when response requirements for the highly liked food were increased to VR16. These results show that both subjective and environmental factors contribute to children's choice of foods.
Child↗
The frequency and behavioral outcomes of goal choices in the self-management of diabetes.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and effectiveness of behavioral goal choices in the self-management of diabetes and to test goal-setting theory hypotheses that self-selection and behavioral specificity of goals are key to enhancing persistence. METHODS: Participants with type 2 diabetes in a randomized controlled trial (n = 422) completed baseline behavioral assessments using a clinic-based, interactive, self-management CD-ROM that allowed them to select a behavioral goal and receive mail and telephone support for the initial 6 months of the trial followed by additional behavioral assessments. Frequency of behavioral goal selection and 6-month behavioral data were collected. RESULTS: Approximately 49%, 27%, and 24% of the participants, respectively, set goals to increase physical activity (PA), reduce fat intake, or increase fruits and vegetables (F&V) consumed. At baseline, participants who selected PA, reduced fat consumption, or F&V were significantly, and respectively, less active, consumed more dietary fat, and ate fewer F&V regardless of demographic characteristics. Participants who selected a reduced-fat goal showed a significantly larger decrease than did those that selected PA or F&V goals. Participants who selected an F&V goal showed significant changes in F&V consumption. Participants who selected a PA goal demonstrated significant changes in days of moderate and vigorous physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: When participants are provided with information on health behavior status and an option of behavioral goals for managing type 2 diabetes, they will select personally appropriate goals, resulting in significant behavioral changes over a 6-month period.
Analysis of Variance↗
Behavioral engineering of activity choice in obese children.
This laboratory study examined whether making sedentary activities contingent upon being physically active would increase obese children's physical activity. Fourteen obese children aged 8-12 y participated in a baseline session in which they had free choice among a variety of sedentary activities and riding a stationary bicycle. Children were then randomized to either a contingent group in which watching video cassette recorder (VCR) movies and playing video games were contingent upon riding the bicycle or a control group in which all physical and sedentary activities remained freely available. Contingent group children increased physical activity and decreased television activities in comparison to the control, even though other sedentary activities remained freely available. Findings suggest that highly valued sedentary activities can reinforce physical activities and that sedentary activities do not completely substitute amongst themselves. The automated system used to make television activities contingent upon physical activity has potential for modifying activity in the treatment of obesity.
Child↗
Choice-making treatment of young children's severe behavior problems.
The choice-making behavior of 5 young children with developmental disabilities who engaged in aberrant behavior was studied within a concurrent operants framework. Experimental analyses were conducted to identify reinforcers that maintained aberrant behavior, and functional communication training packages were implemented to teach the participants to gain reinforcement using mands. Next, a choice-making analysis, in which the participants chose one of two responses (either a mand or an alternative neutral response) to obtain different durations and qualities of reinforcement, was conducted. Finally, treatment packages involving choice making via manding were implemented to decrease inappropriate behavior and to increase mands. The results extended previous applications of choice making to severe behavior disorders and across behaviors maintained by positive and negative reinforcement.
Behavior Therapy↗
Neurotransmitter basis of mollusc behavior: control of choice between the orienting and the defense response to the presentation of an unfamiliar object.
The role of the serotoninergic and opioid systems in the choice between a passive defensive and an orienting response of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis to the presentation of an unfamiliar object was studied. Under the influence of 5-HTP, a metabolic precursor of serotonin, orienting and investigatory behavior was activated; the number of protective reactions decreased. Under the influence of naloxone, an antagonist of opiate receptors, the proportion of orienting responses decreased, and the number of passive defensive avoidance and freezing reactions increased. The influence of the agents investigated on the attitude of the snail to a novel object was found to be well coordinated with their influence on other forms of behavior and the behavioral state of the mollusc as a whole.
5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
Speed choice versus celeration behavior as traffic accident predictor.
INTRODUCTION: The driver celeration behavior theory predicts that this variable is superior to all other variables as a predictor of individual traffic accident involvement, including the ever-important speed parameter. The study was undertaken to test this prediction. Also, it was expected that most variables would associate fairly strongly. METHOD: The use of speed choice as a predictor of individual traffic accident record was discussed, and four different variants of this variable (maximum, net mean, gross mean, and standard deviation of speed) identified. These variables were then compared to celeration behavior as predictors of accident record of bus drivers in the same set of data. RESULTS: Celeration behavior was found to be slightly superior, in accordance with the prediction made from the driver celeration behavior theory, although the differences were not significant. Furthermore, the predictor variables were found to associate fairly strongly between themselves, with the exception of gross mean speed, and to have fair stability over time, especially when aggregated. CONCLUSIONS: These results tentatively confirm some of the predictions made from the driver celeration behavior theory. As the results for accidents were in the expected direction, but not significant, and the maximum speed variable may have suffered from a ceiling effect, the conclusion is provisional. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The correlations found were strong enough to warrant the use of celeration behavior as a predictive variable for transportation companies in their safety work.
Acceleration↗
Buspirone and lorazepam abuse liability in humans: behavioral effects, subjective effects and choice.
This study compared behavioral and subjective effects of two anxiolytics, the benzodiazepine lorazepam and the azaspirodecanedione buspirone, in healthy male volunteers with histories of sedative drug abuse. Placebo, lorazepam (1, 2, 4, 8mg/70kg) and buspirone (15, 30, 60, 120mg/70kg) were administered p.o. in a mixed sequence in a double-blind, cross-over design. Lorazepam, but not buspirone, decreased psychomotor/cognitive performance. Both drugs produced similar increases in ratings of drug strength, however the onset and offset times for lorazepam were later than for buspirone. Lorazepam increased ratings of liking in contrast to buspirone which produced negative mood-related subjective effects (e.g. increases in ratings of disliking, bad/unpleasant effects, and tension-anxiety). Lorazepam was categorized by subjects as producing effects similar to barbiturates or benzodiazepines in contrast to buspirone which was not. When subjects were given a choice between self-administering an intermediate dose of lorazepam (4mg/70kg) or buspirone (60mg/70kg), which produced similar ratings of drug strength, eight out of nine subjects chose lorazepam. This study provides the clearest human experimental evidence to date that the abuse liability of buspirone is lower than that of a prototypic benzodiazepine, even at supratherapeutic doses.
Journal Article↗
Localized lesions of arcopallium intermedium of the lateral forebrain caused a handling-cost aversion in the domestic chick performing a binary choice task.
Behavioral effects of handling cost (time and/or energetic cost for food consumption) on choice were examined using domestic chicks trained in operant task reinforced by delayed food rewards. When scattered sesame was delivered in more demanding conditions, a colored cue bead associated with six grains ('large' and 'costly' reward) was chosen progressively less frequently against another bead associated with one grain ('small' and 'not costly' reward). The choice thus proved to be highly sensitive to the anticipated handling cost. Excitotoxic lesion of the bilateral arcopallium intermedium also selectively reduced the choice of the six grains, while leaving actual cost investment (number of pecks and handling time) unaltered. No significant changes occurred in choices between one grain of sesame ('small' and 'not costly' reward) and one grain of barley (or a ball composed of six sesame grains glued by starch; 'large' and 'not costly' reward), indicating that choice based on anticipated food amount was not impaired. On the other hand, lesion of the ventral striatum did not change the choice ratio in any trial types. Operant peck latencies somewhat depended on food rewards, but were not affected by lesions of the arcopallium or the ventral striatum. The arcopallium could contribute to foraging behaviors by enabling chicks to overcome the handling cost, thus gaining more beneficial food. Furthermore, the present results indicate doubly dissociated functional roles of the ventral striatum and the arcopallium, the former in the cost of traveling for food and the latter in the cost of handling food, respectively.
Algorithms↗
Why carve out? Determinants of behavioral health contracting choice among large U.S. employers.
Many U.S. employers have carved substance abuse and mental health services out of their medical plans, changing the way millions of people access care. Employers that take this approach contract directly with specialized vendors, bypassing their general health plans. Since carving out may alter access and treatment, there is a need to understand why employers take this approach. This article reviews various hypotheses about why purchasers carve out and tests them using data from a survey of America's largest employers, the Fortune 500 firms. Size is the strongest predictor of an employer's decision to carve out behavioral health once other characteristics are controlled for. Employers that report they value coordination are less likely to carve out, while those that value special expertise are more likely to carve out. Employers are less likely to carve out enrollees in health maintenance organizations (HMOs) than those in other types of plans.
Employer Health Costs↗
Inconsistent behavior in lottery choice experiments.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adult↗
Using interpretative phenomenology to understand the food-related experiences and beliefs of a select group of low-income UK women.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to provide an in-depth account of the beliefs and experiences pertaining to food and health from a specific group of low-income women in the United Kingdom. DESIGN: Data for this in-depth, qualitative study were collected using audiotaped semistructured interviews. PARTICIPANTS: Fourteen white, European women (aged 40 to 60 years) from a defined low-income group were recruited using systematic, nonprobabilistic sampling. Participants lived in a small city in a largely rural region of the United Kingdom. ANALYSIS: Interview transcripts were analyzed using an interpretative phenomenological approach. They were evaluated independently by several investigators, and, following discussions, a series of "shared themes" were agreed upon. RESULTS: All of the shared themes identified could be grouped into three superthemes or "drivers," which seemed to govern the women's attitudes and behaviors toward food choice and health. "Egocentric systems" related to the uniqueness of the participants and the social worlds they inhabit. "Information characteristics" described what information the participants were exposed to and how it was processed. Finally, "control issues" described how perceptions of control influenced attitudes toward food and health. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The study highlights the need for health professionals to consider the different value systems of target groups in health promotion policies. The impact of "New Age" beliefs and the Human Genome Project on public health nutrition are two areas that particularly merit further research.
Adult↗
Aging, nutrient choice, activity, and behavioral responses to nutrients.
We directly measured nutrient consumption, activity patterns, and behavior in young volunteers and healthy elderly volunteers (N = 86) living in an identical environment. Compared to the young subjects, the elderly adults consumed fewer calories and less carbohydrate and fat, but not less protein, after adjustment for differences in body weight. Males of both ages consumed more protein than females after adjustment for body weight. All subjects snacked predominantly on carbohydrate-rich foods. The elderly subjects, however, consumed significantly fewer snacks than the young. Patterns of mood and activity also differed between age groups: the elderly volunteers were more active and alert than the young, especially early in the day, as measured by activity monitors and self-report questionnaires. We also examined the behavioral effects of high-protein and high-carbohydrate meals on these subjects because of the effects such meals can have on brain serotonin levels. The subjects ingested isocaloric carbohydrate- or protein-rich breakfasts and dinners and then participated in a series of behavioral tasks. Significant interactions between the type of meal consumed (protein versus carbohydrate) and the time at which they were ingested (breakfast versus dinner were observed. A protein meal consumed at breakfast induced more fatigue and sleepiness than an isocaloric carbohydrate meal; this was reversed in the evening when a carbohydrate meal induced more fatigue. Elderly subjects were less sensitive to sleepiness induced by carbohydrate in the evening. Overall, the young and old adults exhibited significant differences in calorie and carbohydrate intakes and also mood and activity, even when they chose their foods from an identical selection of food items and followed the same basic daily routines while living in a controlled study environment.
Adult↗
Food choice and eating behavior among obese, lean, and normal individuals.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adolescent↗
Sex differences in health attitudes and choice of health behaviors.
College students (82 men, 166 women) were assessed on a variety of physical fitness measures and completed questionnaires regarding health behaviors and attitudes. The men's health behaviors focused on physical activity while women's focused on dietary changes for better health.
Adult↗
[A quantitative analysis of primate motor activity in a situation of delayed spatial choice. The individual behavioral reactions].
Speed of movements in food getting responses of baboons, total time of the response, trajectories of the movements and other parameters revealed obvious changes during formation of conditioned activity. The data obtained suggest that many quantitative characteristics of the primate motor activity are specifically related to various aspects of complex behavioral responses.
Animals↗