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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Mechanisms for the inhibition of genital vascular responses by antidepressants in a female rabbit model.

Vaginal and clitoral vasodilator responses (genital vascular responses; GVRs) to pelvic nerve electrical stimulation in female rabbits were measured by laser Doppler flow needle probes. The intravenous administration of various treatments was evaluated. GVRs were attenuated by a nitric-oxide synthase inhibitor (48.5 and 51.8% of control at 8 Hz in the vagina and clitoris, respectively) and norepinephrine (NE) (78.5 and 61.5%), whereas serotonin (5-HT) had no inhibitory effect. The selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) escitalopram did not modify GVRs, whereas the SSRI paroxetine dose-dependently inhibited GVRs in female rabbits (43.3 and 53.1% at 5 mg/kg). GVRs were also significantly inhibited by the 5-HT and NE reuptake inhibitors venlafaxine (53.4 and 52.6% at 5 mg/kg) and duloxetine (40.9 and 37.4% at 1 mg/kg). L-arginine prevented the inhibitory effects of paroxetine (105.5 and 115.3%) and partially prevented duloxetine-induced reduction of GVRs but had no effect on the inhibition of GVRs induced by venlafaxine. Conversely, the alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker phentolamine had no effect on paroxetine-induced reduction of GVRs, partially prevented the inhibitory effects of duloxetine, and fully prevented the effects of venlafaxine (93.0 and 96.7%). Duloxetine-induced inhibition of GVRs was completely prevented by combined administration of L-arginine and phentolamine (123.5 and 103.6%). Although 5-HT or the highly selective SRI escitalopram did not inhibit GVRs, NE or inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis did. Inhibition of the NO pathway by paroxetine and duloxetine or activation of alpha-adrenergic mechanisms by venlafaxine and duloxetine lead to antidepressant-induced inhibition of GVRs in female rabbits.

Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors↗
PubMed1981

Bacteriological and serological studies of haemophilus equigenitalis, agent of contagious equine metritis.

Seventeen strains of haemophilus equigenitalis isolated from the cervix, clitoris, and urethra of mares were biochemically characterized with the API 10E and APIZYM test kit systems, conventional biochemical tests, and the porphyrin test. Antisera were prepared in rabbits. All of the strains were positive to the porphyrin test, and the requirement for factor X (hemin) or V (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) was not shown. Catalase, oxidase, phosphatase, and phosphoamidase tests were positive with all of the strains. Aminopeptidase (arylamidase) activity has been detected on beta-naphthylamide derivatives of eight amino acids and of di- and tripeptides. No glycosidase activity was found. Antisera prepared in rabbits strongly agglutinated all H. equigenitalis strains, but none of the various other bacterial strains. These characteristics should prove to be useful in the identification of H. equigenitalis.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1995

Pseudoangiosarcomatous carcinoma of the genitourinary tract.

Two cases of pseudoangiosarcomatous carcinoma of the genitourinary tract, arising in the vulva in one and the bladder in the other, are presented. In case 1, an 84 year old woman, the vulvectomy specimen contained an irregular ulcerated tumour, infiltrating the left labia and extending into the clitoris. In case 2, a 59 year old woman, the excised bladder showed diffuse thickening of its wall by infiltrating haemorrhagic tumour. Both tumours showed focal keratinisation. This, in association with the presence of atypical squamous epithelium, immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural analysis, led to a diagnosis of pseudosarcomatous carcinoma in both cases. Pseudoangiosarcomatous carcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of malignant angiomatoid tumours, particularly those that arise at sites, like the genitourinary tract, where angiosarcoma is rare.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Pseudoelephantiasis induced by donovanosis.

In a recent survey the incidence of pseudoelephantiasis induced by donovanosis was found to be 5%. The ratio of women to men was 3:1. The incubation period was two to 20 days, and the duration was two to 24 months. The disease was contracted through premarital or extramarital sexual intercourse. The morphological features were characterised in women by globular pedunculated verrucous surfaced swellings affecting the labia majora and the clitoris and accompanying ulceration or its aftermath (depigmentation), or both. Constitutional symptoms were absent. Intracytoplasmic Donovan bodies in the tissue or a smear from the ulcers were diagnostic. Immune markers, such as total T lymphocytes and their subsets (T4 (helper/inducer) and T8 (suppressor/cytotoxic), B lymphocytes, immunoglobulins G, A, and M, and the pivotal complement component C3 were largely inconsequential.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Heifer sterility associated with single-birth freemartinism.

Thirty-four heifers not conceiving to three or more inseminations or natural service were bled and karyotyped by leucocyte culture. Twelve were found to be sex-chromosome chimeras of which five were single-born. Three out of the five singleton sex-chromosome chimeric heifers were slaughtered and at post mortem examination abnormalities of the reproductive tract were observed. Two the the slaughtered animals were Friesian heifers that had shown normal oestrous cycles and had reproductive organs apparently normal on clinical examination; however, one of them with 5 per cent male cells had a nonpatent cervix, while the other with 12 per cent male cells had non-patent uterine horns. Both heifers possessed functional ovaries, the former had an active corpus luteum and the latter had a developing follicle. The third heifer with 45 per cent male cells had a normal vagina, enlarged clitoris, seminal vesicles and gonads resembling fetal testes with both primitive ovarian and testicular structures. The Old Gloucester and Friesian heifers with 2-5 per cent and 12-0 per cent male cells are alive and have normal external genitalia but rudimentary uterine horns with no palpable gonads. Cytogenetic examination has demonstrated for the first time the existence of single-born freemartins resulting from the death of their male co-twins after fetal vascular anastomosis has been established.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Anatomical, cytogenetic and behavioural studies of freemartin ewes.

The external phenotype and reproductive behaviour of 21 freemartin sheep and two male pseudohermaphrodite sheep were recorded with the aim of identifying any characteristics which might be used to predict a failure to breed. The size and shape of the vulva and clitoris, the length of the vagina, the size of the teats, the presence or absence of inguinal gonads, and the ultrasonographic characteristics of the inguinal gonads were recorded. A subjective assessment of the masculinity of each animal's body form was also made, and its behavioural responses to a virile ram and to an oestrus ewe were recorded. A number of physical and behavioural abnormalities were detected but the only consistent finding in all 23 animals was a short vagina which varied in length from 3.1 to 7.0 cm, compared with 10 to 14 cm in normal animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Anatomical, histological and genetic investigations of a sexually anomalous goat.

An apparently female goat was masculine in appearance and had strong male-pattern libido and behaviour. The goat's DNA was subjected to PCR analysis and its reproductive system was examined anatomically and histologically. The external genitalia consisted of an apparent vulva in the normal position and a grossly enlarged clitoris. Two masses could be palpated lying subcutaneously in the inguinal region; when they were removed they had the macroscopic appearance of hypoplastic testes, and histologically they had atrophic tubules and prominent interstitial tissues. To exclude sex chimaerism, X and Y chromosome-specific targets were amplified by PCR, using bone marrow and muscle DNA templates. The goat had some Y chromosome-specific sequences such as SRY and BRY.I but lacked others, such as BOV97M.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Mixed gonadal dysgenesis and precocious puberty.

A girl aged 5 years and 6 months presented with premature thelarche in our outpatient clinic. During long-term observation, we recorded growth acceleration, advanced bone age, and elevated oestradiol levels which together were taken to confirm the diagnosis of precocious puberty. The patient was successfully treated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, but in view of the poor growth prognosis, recombinant human growth hormone was administered concurrently. At the age of 9 years and 6 months a mild clitoris enlargement and conspicuous muscle development without any further signs of virilization were noticed. Laboratory findings showed high values for testosterone and normal basal values for 17-hydroxyprogesterone and dehydroepinadrosterone sulphate. Explorative laparotomy revealed a gonadoblastoma arising from testicular structures on the left, a female streak gonad on the right side, and normal uterus and fallopian tubes. The karyotype was 46,XY/45,X. These findings confirmed the diagnosis of mixed gonadal dysgenesis with testosterone-producing gonadoblastoma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Abnormalities of external and internal genitalia].

The gynecologic examination of the female genitalia of children and young adults belongs in the hands of specialists and should be performed in the appropriate environment. The most important task of such an examination is the distinction between true developmental anomalies and anatomical findings mimicking such anomalies. Even newborn females can be successfully examined without any large effort expenditure. In most cases, the external inspection of the vestibule is enough to reach a diagnosis. In other case scenarios, vaginoscopy and gynecological speculum examination may be necessary. Additional imaging studies include abdominal sonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Normal variations of a child's hymenal membrane, fusion of the labia minora, hymenal polyps and hypertrophy of the preputium of the clitoris are the entities most likely to be mistaken for real developmental malformations. The most important asymptomatic developmental anomaly of the vagina and the uterus is the Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome (uterine and vaginal agenesis). Developmental malformations, such as hymenal atresia, vaginal septum formation and Millerian anomalies in general, tend to be symptomatic, presenting with hematometra, hematocolpos or dysmenorrhea. The treatment of genital developmental anomalies is generally not difficult but requires the appropriate clinical and surgical expertise.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Freemartinism in river buffalo: clinical and cytogenetic observations.

During the last five years forty phenotypic female river buffalos with reproductive problems and two phenotypic male co-twins of females, raised in the provinces of Caserta and Salerno (southern Italy) underwent cytogenetic investigation. Of the 42 animals studied, 10 freemartins (8 females and 2 males) were found with variable percentages of male and female blood cells, the majority however showing similar percentages of both. Of the eight females, six showed normal body conformation, vagina and clitoris, while two showed some male traits (tight pelvis). The two males were apparently normal with only a reduced size of one testicle in one animal. Clinical observations performed in the internal reproductive organs of the female carriers by both rectal palpation (5 females) and direct observation after mating (3 females) revealed serious damages varying from complete lack of internal sex adducts (closed vagina) to hypoplasia of Mullerian ducts and absence (or atrophy) of ovaries. All freemartin females were sterile. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed description of freemartinism in river buffalo by combining clinical and cytogenetic analyses.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Dexamethasone-suppressible hypercorticosteronism in two 46,XX subjects with ambiguous genitalia and ovarian cysts. Partial defect of 17 alpha-hydroxylase or 17-20-desmolase.

The paradoxical association of female pseudohermaphroditism and androgen deficiency was observed in two 46,XX subjects with high corticosterone plasma levels. Subject 1 has been declared a boy due to clitoris enlargement; she had no vagina and uterus. Subject 2 had ambiguous external genitalia. In both, at age 27 and 17 years, fusion of outer labia, impuberism, ovarian cysts, and histologically normal ovarian tissue were observed. Blood pressure was normal. Basal cortisol levels were normal but unresponsive to ACTH. Progesterone levels were 40 and 62 ng/ml and rose after ACTH (50 and 79 ng/ml). 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels were 25 and 21 ng/ml and did not rise after ACTH. Corticosterone levels were 70 and 92 ng/ml and rose after ACTH (110 and 180 ng/ml). All three steroids were suppressed by dexamethasone. Androgen and estrogen levels were at or below the lower limit for normal women. The sex steroid levels obtained by radioimmunoassay in plasma and a follicular cyst fluid were confirmed by isotope dilution-mass spectrometry. We suggest that the sexual ambiguousness resulted from an excessive production of gestagenic steroids during fetal life, and that the enzyme defect is either a partial 17 alpha-hydroxylase defect combined with a peripheral production of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, or else a partial 17-20-desmolase defect with a secondary 21-hydroxylase defect limited to the cortisol pathway.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Testicular feminization syndrome. An experimental model for the study of hormone action on sexual behavior.

Truly feminine consciousness of gender identity, normal extragenital erotogenic sensitivity, suppressed or very reduced clitoris sensitivity and reaction, normal reaction of the labia minora and the vagina which deepens with the renewal of intercourse, realization of pleasure climax without clonicotonic orgasm and followed by resolution, and a normal maternal attitude seem to characterize sexual behavior in a complete or almost complete testicular feminization syndrome. These features allow one to clearly distinguish, without ignoring multiple psychologic mechanisms, the factors related to androgens and to estrogens in normal feminine sexual behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Transient ovarian testosterone and androstenedione hypersecretion: a cause of virilization or premature pubarche in prepubertal girls.

In 2 girls with signs of androgen overproduction, the usual causes were excluded. Patient 1 (3.6 years) presented with hypertrophy of the clitoris, patient 2 (7.8 years) with pubic and axillary hair. Urinary steroids and plasma dehydroepiandrosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and estradiol were normal, but testosterone and androstenedione elevated in both cases. Echography showed polycystic ovaries. Testosterone and androstenedione returned to normal after laparotomy and removal of ovarian cysts in patient 1, and spontaneously in patient 2, in whom puberty started later appropriately for bone age.

Androstenedione↗
PubMed1988

Testosterone-secreting adrenocortical tumor in a pubertal girl. Case report and review of the literature.

A girl aged 12 years and 10 months presented with deepening of the voice first noted 7 months earlier. Pubertal development was almost completed. The girl had regular monthly menses and no signs of hirsutism, clitoris enlargement or Cushing's disease. Serum testosterone was about threefold above normal, whereas dehydroepiandrosterone was in the upper normal range. The 17-ketosteroids as well as the gas-chromatographically analyzed 5 alpha and 5 beta derivatives of testosterone from urine were slightly increased. Other serum and urinary steroids were normal. Dynamic tests of the endocrine function exhibited inconclusive results. Ultrasonography revealed no ovarian cysts. A small, left-sided adrenal mass was identified by computed axial tomographic scan and removed by surgery. There were no signs of local metastasis nor of vascular extension. The histopathological diagnosis was adrenocortical carcinoma. 5 months after surgery, the preoperatively elevated steroid levels had returned to normal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

-Inguinal irradiation versus no lymph node therapy in small vulvar carcinoma with clinically negative lymph nodes (T1, NO-1)-.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this retrospective study was to determine if groin radiation was superior to no therapy in patients with small vulvar cancer with not palpable or not suspicious inguinal lymph nodes (T1, N0-N1). METHODS: From 1974 to 1990, 135 patients with invasive T1, NO-1 vulvar cancer underwent radical vulvectomy with hot knife, groin nodes were left in situ. In 65 patients vulvectomy was followed by inguinofemoral irradiation: 70 patients had none. There were more cases with clitoris carcinoma (p < 0.04) in the group with groin irradiation but no other significant difference in prognostic factors was found. RESULTS: The actuarial 5-year survival was 93.7% with groin irradiation versus 92.4% without lymph node therapy. Inguinal relapses occurred in only 4.6% of cases with groin irradiation versus 10% without lymph node treatment (n.s.). CONCLUSIONS: Radiation therapy to the groin seems to reduce groin relapses in early vulvar cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Vaginocavernosus reflex. Clinical significance and role in sexual act.

The action and clinical significance of the vaginocavernosus reflex was studied in 17 healthy women with a mean age of 36.6 years. The response of the bulbo- and ischiocavernosus muscles to rapid vaginal distension by balloon was recorded by a needle electrode inserted in each muscle and displayed on the screen of an EMG apparatus. The two cavernosus muscles contracted on vaginal distension; the amplitude of contraction increased with the increase of volume of vaginal inflation. The reflex contraction was not evoked after frequent successive or slow inflations or upon inflation of the anesthetized vagina. The latency of the reflex decreased with increased volume of vaginal inflation. The reflex cavernosus muscle contraction on vaginal distension during the sexual act seems to enhance both the clitoris and penile erection. This is believed to result from the compression exerted on both the deep dorsal vein of the penis and the erectile cavernous tissue. Also, cavernosus muscles contraction may help to milk the semen in the penile urethra into the vagina while the penis is being withdrawn from the vagina after ejaculation. Furthermore, vaginal distension by the fetal head during delivery induces cavernosus muscles contraction, which is suggested to support the head during its descent and prevent vaginal and perineal tears.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1999

Passions in girls and women: toward a bridge between critical relational theory of gender and modern conflict theory.

This paper considers (1) some aspects of the lack of dialogue among psychoanalytic schools; (2) Brenner's (1982) conception of drives and drive derivatives as inextricably linked to relationships, and some of its less-appreciated implications; (3) the debate over the importance of childhood sexuality in mental life; (4) the attempts by relational theorists to address and reintegrate the role of sexuality and gender, particularly in the study of feminine psychology; (5) the problematic role of aggression in psychoanalytic theories of women; (6) the avoidance by both men and women of women's passions and their anatomical loci, especially the clitoris, whose only function is the provision of pleasure; and (7) the suggestion that an integrated theory, including an understanding of the role of the body as well as of the passions and the defenses against them, results in the most effective clinical psychoanalytic approach. It then suggests that a bridge could be built between a relational point of view that takes into consideration the role of bodily experiences, and a classical point of view in which drive is seen as inextricably linked to relationships from birth on.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Near strangulation as a result of hair tourniquet syndrome.

Hair tourniquet syndrome has been a recognized clinical entity for many decades. In this syndrome, hair becomes tightly wrapped around an appendage, usually that of an infant. Body parts involved include the finger, toe, penis, clitoris, and uvula. The end result of necrosis is also well documented. In this report, an 11-month-old girl with hair tourniquet syndrome causing signs and symptoms of an acute strangulation is presented.

Airway Obstruction↗