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PubMed1995

Anti-hyperglycemic effect of some edible plants.

The anti-hyperglycemic effect of 12 edible plants was studied on 27 healthy rabbits, submitted weekly to subcutaneous glucose tolerance tests after gastric administration of water, tolbutamide or a traditional preparation of the plant. Tolbutamide, Cucurbita ficifolia, Phaseolus vulgaris, Opuntia streptacantha, Spinacea oleracea, Cucumis sativus and Cuminum cyminum decrease significantly the area under the glucose tolerance curve and the hyperglycemic peak. Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, Allium cepa and Allium sativum only decrease the hyperglycemic peak. The glycemic decreases caused by Psidium guajava, Brassica oleracea and Lactuca sativa var. romana were not significant (P > .05). The integration of a menu that includes the edible plants with hypoglycemic activity for the control and prevention of diabetes mellitus may be possible and recommendable.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

High field NMR microscopic imaging of cultivated strawberry fruit.

The experimental conditions required for discrimination of various types of tissue in fruits of cultivated strawberry (Fragaria x Ananassa) at high fields (ca. 7 T) have been investigated. In marked contrast to soft fruits of other species, from which informative images have been derived at high fields using a variety of pulse sequences and acquisition parameters, appreciable image intensities from parenchymal and vascular tissues in healthy strawberry fruits were obtained only with a spin-echo imaging sequence using large sweep widths (ca. 100,000 Hz), and consequently small values for TE ( < 5 ms), indicating predominantly short T2 values for these tissues. Damage caused by infection by the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea is readily seen as a result of a large increase in T2 in the infected tissue, whereas ripening processes appear to be characterized primarily by small variations in the T2-weighted contrast and in the relative magnitudes of T1 between vascular and parenchymal tissue. In addition, it was possible selectively to enhance the contributions to images from the achenes ("seeds") by using very short relaxation delays, thereby enhancing T1-dominated contrast mechanisms.

Fruit↗
PubMed2005

A novel homodimeric lectin from Astragalus mongholicus with antifungal activity.

A novel lectin (AMML) was isolated from a Chinese herb, i.e., the roots of Astragalus mongholicus, using a combination of ammonium sulfate fraction and ion exchange chromatographies. The molecular mass of intact AMML was determined to be 66,396 Da by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 61.8 kDa by gel filtration, respectively. AMML was a dimeric protein composed of two identical subunits each with a molecular mass of 29.6 kDa. The lectin was a glycoprotein with a neutral carbohydrate content of 19.6%. The purified lectin hemagglutinated both rabbit and human erythrocytes, and showed preference for blood types O (native) and AB (trypsin-treated). Among various carbohydrates tested, the lectin was best inhibited by D-galactose and its derivatives with pronounced preference for lactose (3.13 mM). N-terminal amino acid sequence of AMML was determined as ESGINLQGDATLANN. The optimal pH range for lectin activity was between pH 4.5 and 7.5, and the lectin was active up to 65 degrees C. It also exerted antifungal activity against Botrytis cincerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletorichum sp., and Drechslera turcia but not against Rhizoctonia solani and Mycosphaerella arachidicola.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

First report of a novel plant lysozyme with both antifungal and antibacterial activities.

A novel lysozyme exhibiting antifungal activity and with a molecular mass of 14.4kDa in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was isolated from mung bean (Phaseolus mungo) seeds using a procedure that involved aqueous extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex, and high-performance liquid chromatography on POROS HS-20. Its N-terminal sequence was very different from that of hen egg white lysozyme. Its pI was estimated to be above 9.7. The specific activity of the lysozyme was 355U/mg at pH 5.5 and 30 degrees C. The lysozyme exhibited a pH optimum at pH 5.5 and a temperature optimum at 55 degrees C. It is reported herein, for the first time, that a novel plant lysozyme exerted an antifungal action toward Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Pythium aphanidermatum, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Botrytis cinerea, in addition to an antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

An antifungal protein from ginger rhizomes.

There are very few reports on antifungal proteins from rhizomes and there is none from the family of Zingiberaceae. An antifungal protein with a novel N-terminal sequence was isolated from ginger rhizomes utilizing a protocol that involved ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, and fast protein liquid chromatography on Superdex 75. The protein was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel. It exhibited an apparent molecular mass of 32kDa and exerted antifungal activity toward various fungi including Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Mycosphaerella arachidicola, and Physalospora piricola.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Vulgarinin, a broad-spectrum antifungal peptide from haricot beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).

From the seeds of haricot beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), an antifungal peptide with a molecular mass around 7 kDa was purified by using a simple protocol consisting of affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel and gel filtration on Superdex 75. This peptide named vulgarinin manifested an antifungal activity toward fungal species such as Fusarium oxysporum, Mycosphaerella arachidicola, Physalospora piricola and Botrytis cinerea, and an antibacterial action on Mycobacterium phlei, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis and Proteus vulgaris. It also inhibited proliferation in leukemia cell lines L1210 and M1 and breast cancer cell line MCF-7. This peptide could reduce the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and inhibited translation in a cell-free rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. Its antifungal activity was retained after incubation with trypsin.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Microbial contamination of cell cultures: a 2 years study.

Cell line contamination is a major drawback of main cell banks of the world and it has cost of losing important biological products or valuable research. The causative agents are different chemicals, invertebrates, bacteria, fungi, parasites, viral species and even other cell lines. In this retrospective study, cell lines from various species such as human, fish, insect, animals either offered or accessed through usual official accession in CGBRI were studied during 2 years (2002-2004) to detect their microbial contaminations and the causative organisms. Samples were taken for sterility test upon cell lines receipt and upon each cell line sub-culture. Samples were examined for bacterial (including mycoplasmas) and fungal contamination using conventional microbiological techniques. The study excluded parasites, viruses and other contaminating agents. This study revealed 39% of specimens were contaminated. The major contaminating agents were mycoplasmas (19%) followed by mixed infection (8%), fungi (8%) and bacteria (4%). Among various bacterial species (except mycoplasmas) Bacillus sp., Enterococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. are main bacterial agents and among various fungi Aspergillus sp. followed by Penicillium sp., Sepedonium sp. and Botrytis sp. were main fungal causative agents of CGBRI cell line contamination. Our study also delineates each cell line contamination rate and its causative agents. This is the first report of cell culture contamination from cell banks of Middle-East countries like Iran.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Use of composted sewage sludge in growth media for broccoli.

In this study, the use of composted sewage sludge (CSS) as a binary component with peat (P) in growth media for a horticultural crop, broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Botryti cv. Marathon), was evaluated. Four treatments were established, based on the addition of increasing quantities of composted sewage sludge to peat (0%, 15%, 30% and 50%, v/v). Physical, physico-chemical and chemical analyses of the different mixtures of CSS and P were made. Plant growth, biomass production and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg), micronutrient (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn) and heavy metal (Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr) contents of plants were determined. The addition of CSS to P increased plant nutrient and heavy metal contents of plants and electrical conductivity (EC) and bulk density values of the substrates. The use of CSS did not affect the germination rate, even at 50% compost. For broccoli growth, the highest yield was obtained with the medium prepared by mixing the peat with 30% of compost; however, the mixture with the most sewage sludge compost (50%) had the greatest contents of macro and micronutrients.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Laccase induction in fungi and laccase/N-OH mediator systems applied in paper mill effluent.

There has been increasing interest in extracellular enzymes from white rot fungi, such as lignin and manganese peroxidases, and laccases, due to their potential to degrade both highly toxic phenolic compounds and lignin. The optimum cultivation conditions for laccase production in semi-solid and liquid medium by Trametes versicolor, Trametes villosa, Lentinula edodes and Botrytis cinerea and the effects of laccase mediator system in E1 effluent were studied. The higher laccase activity (12756 U) was obtained in a liquid culture of T. versicolor in the presence of 1 mM of 2,5-xylidine and 0.4 mM copper salt as inducers. The effluent biotreatments were not efficient in decolorization with any fungal laccases studied. Maximum phenol reduction was approximately 23% in the absence of mediators from T. versicolor. The presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole did not increase phenol reduction. However, acetohydroxamic acid, which was not degraded by laccase, acted very efficiently on E1 effluent, reducing 70% and 73% of the total phenol and total organic carbon, respectively. Therefore, acetohydroxamic acid could be applied as a mediator for laccase bioremediation in E1 effluent.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2006

Fungicidal property of active component derived from Acorus gramineus rhizome against phytopathogenic fungi.

The fungicidal property of Acorus gramineus rhizome-derived materials against Botrytis cineria, Erysiphe graminis, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia recondita, Pyricularia grisea, and Rhizoctonia solani was tested using a whole plant method in vivo, and was compared with a synthetic fungicide and seven commercially available A. gramineus rhizome-derived components. The responses varied according to the plant pathogen tested. At 2000 mg/l, the hexane fraction of A. gramineus rhizomes showed strong fungicidal activities against R. solani and P. infestans. The results indicated at least one of the fungicidal actions of alpha-asarone and asaronaldehyde derived from A. gramineus rhizomes.

Acorus↗
PubMed2004

2-pyrones possessing antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.

The 2-pyrone sub-unit is found in a number of natural products possessing broad spectrum biological activity. Such compounds are validated as being capable of binding to specific protein domains and able to exert a remarkable range of biological effects. In an effort to identify synthetic 2-pyrones with interesting biological effects, herein we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-substituted-6-methyl-2-pyrones. Synthetic routes to 4-alkyl/alkenyl/aryl/alkynyl-6-methyl-2-pyrones have been developed utilising Sonogashira, Suzuki and Negishi cross-coupling starting from readily available 4-bromo-6-methyl-2-pyrone. Specific conditions for each organometallic protocol were required for successful cross-coupling. In particular, a triethylamine/acetonitrile--base/solvent mixture was crucial to Sonogashira alkynylation of 4-bromo-6-methyl-2-pyrone, whereas thallium carbonate was a mandatory base for the Suzuki cross-coupling of trialkylboranes. The 2-pyrones demonstrate potent inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Botrytis cinerea. The growth inhibitory activities of selected 2-pyrones were determined in A2780 human ovarian carcinoma and K562 human chronic myelogenous leukaemia cell lines using an in vitro cell culture system (MTT assay). These studies demonstrate that 4-phenylethynyl-, 4-tetrahydropyranylpropargyl ether- and 4-ethynyl-6-methyl-2-pyrones have excellent potential as a new class of anticancer agents.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Stereoselective synthesis and fungicidal activities of (E)-alpha-(methoxyimino)-benzeneacetate derivatives containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring.

Fifteen novel (E)-alpha-(methoxyimino)-benzeneacetate derivatives, the analogues of strobilurins, which contain two pharmacophoric substructures of (E)-methyl methoxyiminoacetate moiety and 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring were stereoselectively synthesized. It was first found that the coupling reaction could give stereoselectively the key intermediate (E) and (Z)-methyl 2-(hydroxyimino)-2-o-tolylacetate 2 with a ratio of 14:1. The preliminary bioassays indicated that all the compounds 1 showed potent fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinereapers, Gibberella zeae, Physalospora piricola and Bipolaris mayclis, and all of the tested compounds 1a-1o had more potent fungicidal activities against R. solani than Kresoxim-methyl.

Acetates↗
PubMed2005

Seed-borne fungi and ochratoxin A contamination of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the Republic of Croatia.

The study was designed to identify seed-borne fungi on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crops grown in 13 counties of the Republic of Croatia and their association with ochratoxin A (OTA) production. Bean samples (N=45) were collected in Croatia in 2001 shortly after the harvest and were stored at -20 degrees C for mycological and mycotoxin analyses. The most common fungi isolated were Cladosporium spp. (98%) Alternaria spp. (75%), Aspergillus spp. (73%), Rhizopus spp. (73%), Penicillium spp. (69%), Fusarium spp. (38%), Botrytis spp. (27%), Trichothecium spp. (24%), and Chaetomium spp. (18%). OTA was found only in samples contaminated with Penicillium and Aspergillus spp. Using HPLC (detection limit 0.25 microg/kg), OTA was found in 17 out of 45 samples (38%), and the mean concentration in positive samples was 0.41+/-0.21 microg OTA/kg. Beans from south Croatia (Adriatic coast) were OTA-free and the least mould-infected, while the mean OTA concentration and mould infection of samples from other regions were similar. The OTA contamination of beans in our country is low. Although beans are not severely contaminated with OTA, their consumption may contribute to the exposure to OTA from other commodities.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed2005

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: when "to be or not to be" a pathogen?

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is unusual among necrotrophic pathogens in its requirement for senescent tissues to establish an infection and to complete the life cycle. A model for the infection process has emerged whereby the pathogenic phase is bounded by saprophytic phases; the distinction being that the dead tissues in the latter are generated by the actions of the pathogen. Initial colonization of dead tissue provides nutrients for pathogen establishment and resources to infect healthy plant tissue. The early pathogenicity stage involves production of oxalic acid and the expression of cell wall degrading enzymes, such as specific isoforms of polygalacturonase (SSPG1) and protease (ASPS), at the expanding edge of the lesion. Such activities release small molecules (oligo-galacturonides and peptides) that serve to induce the expression of a second wave of degradative enzymes that collectively bring about the total dissolution of the plant tissue. Oxalic acid and other metabolites and enzymes suppress host defences during the pathogenic phase, while other components initiate host cell death responses leading to the formation of necrotic tissue. The pathogenic phase is followed by a second saprophytic phase, the transition to which is effected by declining cAMP levels as glucose becomes available and further hydrolytic enzyme synthesis is repressed. Low cAMP levels and an acidic environment generated by the secretion of oxalic acid promote sclerotial development and completion of the life cycle. This review brings together histological, biochemical and molecular information gathered over the past several decades to develop this tri-phasic model for infection. In several instances, studies with Botrytis species are drawn upon for supplemental and supportive evidence for this model. In this process, we attempt to outline how the interplay between glucose levels, cAMP and ambient pH serves to coordinate the transition between these phases and dictate the biochemical and developmental events that define them.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2005

A novel pentacyclic triterpene from Leontodon filii.

A novel oleanene triterpenetetrol was isolated from the chloroform extract of the aerial parts of Leontodon filii. Its structure was shown to be 2beta,3beta,15alpha,21beta-olean-12-ene-2,3,15,21-tetrol by chemical and spectroscopic methods. The fungicidal efficacy of the chloroform and methanol extracts of the plant was also evaluated, a protective effect being found against Plasmopara viticola, Botrytis cinerea, particularly powerful against Pyricularia oryzae.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2005

Mould and yeast flora in fresh berries, grapes and citrus fruits.

Fresh fruits are prone to fungal contamination in the field, during harvest, transport, marketing, and with the consumer. It is important to identify fungal contaminants in fresh fruits because some moulds can grow and produce mycotoxins on these commodities while certain yeasts and moulds can cause infections or allergies. In this study, 251 fresh fruit samples including several varieties of grapes, strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, and various citrus fruits were surface-disinfected, incubated at room temperature for up to 14 days without supplemental media, and subsequently examined for mould and yeast growth. The level of contamination (percent of contaminated items/sample) varied depending on the type of fruit. All raspberry and blackberry samples were contaminated at levels ranging from 33% to 100%, whereas 95% of the blueberry samples supported mould growth at levels between 10% and 100% of the tested berries, and 97% of strawberry samples showed fungal growth on 33-100% of tested berries. The most common moulds isolated from these commodities were Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus (in strawberries), Alternaria, Penicillium, Cladosporium and Fusarium followed by yeasts, Trichoderma and Aureobasidium. Thirty-five percent of the grape samples tested were contaminated and supported fungal growth; the levels of contamination ranged from 9% to 80%. The most common fungi spoiling grapes were Alternaria, B. cinerea and Cladosporium. Eighty-three percent of the citrus fruit samples showed fungal growth at levels ranging from 25% to 100% of tested fruits. The most common fungi in citrus fruits were Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Fusarium and yeasts. Less common were Trichoderma, Geotrichum and Rhizopus.

Citrus↗
PubMed2006

Occurrence of pathogenic fungal species in Tunisian vineyards.

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi detected in food, such are grapes. OTA was evaluated in ten handle musts from different Tunisian vineyard. This mycotoxin was found at levels 1.1 mug/L to 4.3 mug/L. A survey was conducted to assess the contamination of the Tunisian vineyard with pathogenic fungal species, in particular those responsible of the OTA production. The results were evaluated for the first time in parcels cultivated in the North, in the Centre and in the South of the country. Italia Muscate and Superior Seedless varieties were concerned at three developmental stages of the berry, setting, veraison and maturity. Carigon variety was used as positive control for musts contaminating by OTA. The main fungal species isolated were Aspergillus spp. (33.32%), Botrytis cinerea (23.32%), Alternaria spp. (12.80%), Cladosporium spp. (10.59%) and Penicillium spp. (8.3%). The isolates of the Aspergillus genus were identified as Aspergillus niger aggregate (77%), Aspergillus carbonarius (15%) and Aspergillus flavus (8%). Their presence was characterized by a significant decrease in the Centre during the veraison and a slight increase in the North and the South during the maturity stage. Furthermore, when comparing Superior Seedless and Italia Muscate cultivated in the same area, the aspergilli were particularly less abundant at the setting stage in the case of Superior Seedless. There is no correlation between the OTA amount in musts and the contamination by Aspergillus species in different vineyards and for grape varieties studied.

Alternaria↗
PubMed2026

Mulberry-derived endophytic Bacillus velezensis suppresses gray mold and promotes mulberry growth via reshaping the root metabolism and microbiome.

INTRODUCTION: Gray mold is an important fungal disease caused by Botrytis cinerea which threatens global agriculture. As chemical control faces limitations, biological control using Bacillus has gained attention for its environmental friendliness and growth promotion. However, their ecological basis and application potential in mulberry gray mold control remain insufficiently understood. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the biocontrol efficacy of the mulberry derived endophytic strain Bacillus velezensis ZJU_268 and to investigate its associated effects on plant growth, root-associated microbiomes, and metabolic profiles. METHODS: Greenhouse assays were combined with genomic and comparative genomic analyses, amplicon sequencing, non-targeted metabolomics, and functional validation of isolated microbes and metabolites to assess the effects of ZJU_268 and its cell free supernatant (CFS) on mulberry seedlings. RESULTS: This study isolated a mulberry derived endophytic bacterium, B. velezensis ZJU_268, which exhibits strong antifungal activity and reduces the incidence of gray mold in mulberry seedlings. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomic analyses revealed strain-specific regions and genes associated with root colonization, stress adaptation, and antimicrobial biosynthesis. Both live cells and CFS significantly promoted seed germination, seedling growth, and biomass accumulation in a dose dependent manner. Amplicon sequencing showed that ZJU_268 and its supernatant reshaped the mulberry root microbiome, enriching beneficial bacterial and fungal taxa while reducing potentially pathogenic members. Cultivable members of the enriched microbiota displayed strong antifungal activity against B. cinerea and promoted mulberry growth. Metabolomic profiling further showed that ZJU_268 and its supernatant were associated with marked metabolic shifts in mulberry roots, accompanied by the accumulation of selected metabolites that supported the growth of representative enriched isolates. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that ZJU_268 suppresses gray mold and promotes mulberry growth in association with direct antagonistic activity, microbiome restructuring, and holobiont-level metabolic shifts, providing a promising biological strategy for sustainable mulberry disease management.

Bacillusvelezensis↗