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PubMed1998

Obsessional neurosis: a nosographic innovation by Freud.

Freud refers in a paper published in 1895 to the phobias of obsessional neurosis. James Strachey, the editor of the Standard Edition of Freud's works, comments on this as follows: The term obsessional neurosis (Zwangsneurose) makes its first published appearance in this sentence...Lowenfeld... attributed the origin of both the term and the concept to Freud. Freud himself gave no indication at this point that he was introducing a new term. It was not until 1896 that he described obsessional neurosis as his nosographic innovation. The following questions are examined in the paper: Is it true that Freud coined the term obsessional neurosis? If so why is this fact so little known? What were the views of German-language neuropathology and psychiatry in the period around 1895 concerning the symptoms subsumed by Freud under obsessional neurosis, and in what respects did Freud's contribution differ from that of his colleagues? This paper is concerned exclusively with German-language psychiatry and neuropathology; it makes only isolated reference to their French counterparts. Furthermore, it focuses solely on the symptom that Freud placed at the core of obsessional neurosis, namely obsessional ideas.

Classification↗
PubMed1998

Carl Wernicke and the concept of 'elementary symptom'.

Examination of contemporary medical conference papers reveal that the German clinician, Carl Wernicke, conducted a unique on-going inquiry into psychiatric nosology. Wernicke was searching for what he called the elementary symptoms of mental disorder, or, in other words, the single psychopathological feature, from which all others arose. From 1892 onwards, he postulated a variety of such elementary symptoms. Wernicke's theory makes sense in terms of such categories as anxiety-psychosis and hallucinosis. His work contrasts with that of Kraepelin and also with modern diagnostic criteria. Neither Wernicke nor his followers pursued the theory of elementary symptoms, but an examination of his work sheds light on modern ideas about diagnosis.

Classification↗
PubMed2000

An ode to Osler.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Canada↗
PubMed2005

Thomas Gainsborough's doctors.

During the 16 years Thomas Gainsborough (1727-88) lived in Bath he was especially friendly with two eminent physicians, Rice Charleton (1723-88) and Abel Moysey (1715-80). They both treated Gainsborough for a severe nervous illness. In return he painted portraits of them without charge. Gainsborough's two daughters were both mentally unstable and when the elder one became very ill he had to call for the services of a third Bath physician, Dr Ralph Schomberg (1714-92), who was also the subject of a fine portrait. In the final phase of his life Gainsborough moved to London, where he suffered his fatal illness, possibly squamous cell carcinoma. For this he was treated by William Heberden (1710-1801) and John Hunter (1728-93).

England↗
PubMed2003

Youthful visitors and hospitable hosts: exercises in misunderstanding.

This article explores Gordon W. Allport's account of his visit with Sigmund Freud and Milton J. Nauss's account of his visit with Albert Einstein when they were young men. The analysis focuses on how the visitors' preconceptions of their hosts influenced the conversation; on their hosts' use of humor to spare themselves more painful emotions and their visitors the painful consequences of such emotions; and on the fact that both men's subsequent accounts misunderstand their hosts' attitudes and behaviors, thus indicating that they had not learned as much as they might have learned about themselves from the encounter.

Communication↗
PubMed1995

The influence of Nietzsche on Freud's ideas.

BACKGROUND: The striking analogies between the ideas of Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche, whose works were published from one to three decades before those of Freud, have been commented upon, but no previous systematic correlation of the ideas of Nietzsche and Freud has been made. METHOD: The major works of Nietzsche were read, and each possible analogy to an idea later broached by Freud was correlated by a systematic review of his works. Any references to Nietzsche in Freud's writings and reported conversation were culled. RESULTS: Concepts of Nietzsche which are similar to those of Freud include (a) the concept of the unconscious mind; (b) the idea that repression pushes unacceptable feelings and thoughts into the unconscious and thus makes the individual emotionally more comfortable and effective; (c) the conception that repressed emotions and instinctual drives later are expressed in disguised ways (for example, hostile feelings and ideas may be expressed as altruistic sentiments and acts); (d) the concept of dreams as complex, symbolic "illusions of illusions" and dreaming itself as a cathartic process which has healthy properties; and (e) the suggestion that the projection of hostile, unconscious feelings onto others, who are then perceived as persecutors of the individual, is the basis of paranoid thinking. Some of Freud's basic terms are identical to those used by Nietzsche. CONCLUSION: Freud repeatedly stated that he had never read Nietzsche. Evidence contradicting this are his references to Nietzsche and his quotations and paraphrases of him, in causal conversation and his now published personal correspondence, as well as in his early and later writings.

Austria↗
PubMed2003

Mark Twain on phrenology.

Mark Twain was a noted 19th century American writer and humorist. He often elaborated upon the personalities of his characters, and his observational skills reflected a strong interest in psychology. Similarly, he found an interest in phrenology, a pseudoscience that purported to characterize personality traits according to elevations or depressions on the head. Twain's style is clearly reflected in the interesting essay he wrote regarding his personal experience with phrenology.

Famous Persons↗